Kaiti yakuda ku Russia ndizofala. Ndi ma thermophilic, chifukwa chake amapita kumadera ofunda m'nyengo yozizira, koma nthawi yotentha kulira kwawo kokhazikika kumamveka mlengalenga, ndipo mbalamezi zimauluka pang'onopang'ono mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikupanga mapiko awo osowa. Sakonda kusaka, amakonda kudya zovunda ndi zinyalala.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Black Kite
Kaiti yakuda idafotokozedwa ndi P. Boddert mu 1783 ndipo adalandira dzina lachilatini lotchedwa Milvus migrans. Pali mitundu ingapo ya mbalameyi, iwiri ingapezeke ku Russia: othawa kwawo omwe ali ndi mutu wopepuka, amakhala ku Europe komanso ku Europe gawo la Russia; lineatus imakhala kumadera akum'mawa kwa Urals.
M'mbuyomu, ma kite, monga mbalame zina zazikulu, amatchulidwa ndi dongosolo la mphamba, koma asayansi apeza kuti dongosolo lofanana ndi la mphamba liyeneranso kusiyanitsidwa - ngakhale ali ndi zina zomwe zimawabweretsa pafupi ndi amphamba, mzere wina wosinthika udawatsogolera. Ndi chifukwa chake ma kite amatumizidwa. Imeneyi, pamodzi ndi ena, mwachitsanzo, akadzidzi ndi rakshiformes, ndi a mbalame zaku Africa, zotchedwa komwe adachokera. Nthambiyi idatulukira pomwe Cretaceous-Paleogene adatayika, kapena ngakhale izi zisanachitike.
Kanema: Black Kite
Zotsalira zakale kwambiri sizikhala ngati mbewa, koma oimira gulu lofanana ndi nkhono, ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 50 miliyoni ndipo ali mbalame yotchedwa Masiliraptor. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, mitundu ya oimira lamuloli idayandikira masiku ano, ndipo zaka 30 miliyoni zapitazo, genera lomwe tsopano likudziwika linayamba kuonekera. Ma kite okha adayamba posachedwa: zakale kwambiri zapeza zaka 1.8 miliyoni, ndipo iyi ndi mitundu yatha ya Milvus pygmaeus - ndiye kuti, mphamba wakuda udawonekeranso pambuyo pake.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ma Kites amatha kusintha osati mwachangu chabe, koma mwachangu kwambiri, kwenikweni pamaso pathu - chifukwa, chifukwa ku United States mtundu watsopano wa nkhono, ma kite omwe amadya slug omwe amakhala kumeneko asintha pamibadwo iwiri. Nkhono zatsopanozi zidakulirakulira kasanu kuposa momwe zimakhalira masiku onse, ndipo sizinali bwino kuti ma kite azigwire ndi milomo yawo - nthawi zonse amaponya nyama yawo.
Zotsatira zake, milomo idakulirakulira, monganso kulemera kwa mbalame yonseyo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti azitha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa anapiye (kuyambira 9 mpaka 62%). Zosinthazo zidachitika mwachindunji mu DNA ya mbalameyo. Zotsatira zake, anthu omwe amadya slug, omwe kale anali atatsala pang'ono kutha, awonjezeka kwambiri pasanathe zaka khumi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe mphamba wakuda amawonekera
Ngakhale kuti kaiti imawoneka ngati yayikulu kuthawa, kwenikweni siyikulu kwambiri: ndi 40-60 cm kutalika, ndipo imalemera magalamu 800 mpaka 1200. Ndiye kuti, kukula ndi kulemera kwake, ndikotsika kwa akhwangwala amtundu wa corvus corax. Koma mapiko ake ndi akulu, pafupifupi ngati thupi lonse - 40-55 cm, ndipo kutalika kwake kumatha kupitirira mita imodzi ndi theka. M'malamulo ake onse, kaiti imawoneka yopepuka chifukwa cha mapiko ake ndi mchira wake wautali. Miyendo yake ndi yaifupi komanso yofooka - amaigwiritsa ntchito pang'ono. Ma kite akuluakulu ndi ofiira kwambiri, amawoneka akuda patali. Achichepere ndi owala kwambiri ndipo atha kukhala abulauni. Mutu ndi wopepuka kuposa thupi lonse, wotuwa.
Kuwona konse kwa kaiti kumakhala kowoneka bwino komanso kolanda nyama, mawonekedwe ake ndiwodziwika kwambiri: maso amayang'ana kutsogolo, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amawoneka ngati akukwiyitsa nthawi zonse. Ndikosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi mbalame zina zazikulu ngakhale patali ndi mchira wake wafoloko. Pakuthawa, mapikowo ali mundege imodzi ndi thupi, imangowuluka kwambiri, ndikupanga mapiko ake osowa.
Imayendetsa ndi mchira wake, imatha kuchita ziwerengero zomwe ndi zovuta kukula kwake, ngakhale sizingafanane ndi mbalame zanzeru komanso zosunthika. Korshuns ndiosavuta kuzindikira ndi mawu awo osokosera - nthawi zina amasewera trill yayitali yomwe imamveka ngati "yurl-yurrl-yurrrl". Kwenikweni, amapanga mawu osiyana - obwereza kubwereza "ki-ki-ki-ki". Pali mamvekedwe ena osiyanasiyana, omwe amatha kumveka pafupipafupi, chifukwa ma kite amawapanga m'malo apadera.
Kodi mphamba wakuda amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kaiti yakuda yakuda
Mulingo wake umaphatikizapo madera akuluakulu omwe atha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: madera omwe amakhala chaka chonse, malo okhala nthawi yachilimwe, malo ozizira. Ndiye kuti, ma kite ena samasamukira kwina, koma makamaka amathawira nthawi yachisanu.
Khalani chaka chonse mu:
- Australia;
- New Guinea;
- China;
- Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia;
- India;
- Africa.
Amangoyenda kupita kumalo osungira zinthu ku Palaearctic - nthawi yozizira kumakhala kozizira kumeneko. M'nyengo yotentha, ma kite amakhala m'magawo:
- gawo lalikulu la Russia;
- Central Asia;
- Nkhukundembo;
- ambiri a mayiko a ku Ulaya;
- kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa.
Mwinanso, madera omwe nthawi yachisanu imagwirizana ndi omwe amakhala ndi ma kite okhazikika, koma nthawi zambiri amasiyana chifukwa chofunafuna gawo laulere. Chifukwa chake ma kite ambiri amathawira nthawi yozizira kumayiko akumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, komwe anthu osakhalitsa amakhala ochepa. Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito ku Middle East: Syria, Iraq, kumwera kwa Iran - nthawi yotentha mulibe ma kite wakuda kapena alipo ochepa. Makamaka achinyamata amakhala nthawi yotentha kumeneko, ndipo popita nthawi amayambanso kuwulukira kumpoto.
Mu Russia, amakhala madera ambiri, koma osagwirizana: kumpoto taiga iwo ndi osowa, kumadzulo ndi Urals, iwo amakhala pafupipafupi, ndipo amakhala makamaka mu steppe. Si zachilendo kwa mbalame zazikuluzikulu zomwe mbalamezi zimasonkhana m'magulu akulu kuti zisamuke. Amakonda kukhazikika m'malo osakanikirana, ndiye kuti, komwe kuli tchire ndi mitengo, komanso malo otseguka. Amakhalanso m'nkhalango. Monga lamulo, ma kite amapezeka pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi midzi. Amatha kumanga ngakhale m'mizinda, kuphatikiza yayikulu.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kaiti yakuda imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe mdani uyu amadya.
Kodi mphamba wakuda amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyemba yakuda ikuthawa
Mbalameyi imatha kusaka bwino, koma nthawi zambiri imakonda kusachita izi ndikusaka njira zina zopezera chakudya chawo. Amakhala wochenjera, mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amangoyang'ana anthu kapena nyama, ndikuwona komwe amapeza chakudya. Chifukwa chake, ma kite amatha kutsata asodzi, ndipo amawatsogolera kumalo ophera nsomba. Koma ngakhale atapeza malo a tirigu, nthawi zambiri samathamangira kukasaka paokha, koma amadikirira mpaka kena katsalira.
Amadya mosavuta zinyalala zosiyanasiyana ndi zowola - ichi ndiye maziko azakudya zawo. Kawirikawiri, maiti ambiri amazungulira m'malo ophera nyama nthawi imodzi, kudikirira zinyalala, kapenanso kubwera kudzala. Nyama zazikulu mofananamo sizisakidwa chifukwa choti zidutswa zawo ndizofooka, ndipo sangathe kunyamula nyama yayikulu: ndizovuta kuti azigwire ndi zala zazifupi. Kaiti imangotenga mwana wankhuku kapena nsomba kukula kwake ngati nsomba.
Kuchokera kuzinyama zamoyo zomwe amagwira:
- makoswe;
- nsomba;
- amphibiya;
- abuluzi;
- zamoyo zopanda madzi;
- tizilombo;
- nkhanu;
- nyongolotsi.
Nthawi zambiri, awa amakhala m'madzi kapena pafupi ndi madzi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ma kite amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, chifukwa pali nyama zambiri kumeneko, ndipo ndizosavuta kuzigwira - chinthu chachikulu pa mbalameyi. Ndipo ngakhale nthawi yosakira, imagwira makamaka nyama zodwala komanso zofooka. Izi ndizodziwika kwambiri ndi ma kite kuposa ena owadya: amayang'anitsitsa nyamayo pasadakhale, ndikuzindikira yemwe adzagwiritse ntchito khama kuti agwire. Chifukwa chake, ndizothandiza, ndipo ziweto zomwe zimakhala pafupi nawo sizivutika kwambiri, popeza sizisaka nyama zathanzi, pomwe zikuwongolera bwino.
Nthawi yomweyo, nthawi zina amawerengedwa ngati tizirombo: ngati pali ma kite ambiri m'derali, nkhuku, ankhaka, ndi anapiye amatha kudwala. Mbalame zanzeru izi zimatha kuzunguliranso alendo ndipo, zikangosiyana ndi zomwe amapereka, nthawi yomweyo amayesa kuba kena kalikonse. Ndipo pafupifupi chilichonse kuyambira masoseji ndi ma cutlets kuti aumitse pasitala ndi chimanga ndi abwino kwa iwo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyemba yakuda kumwamba
Ma Kites amatha kuuluka m'mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali osagwedeza mapiko awo konse - ndipo izi ndizogwirizana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chawo, chifukwa amakhala ochedwa ndipo sakonda kupanga zosafunikira. Amakhala gawo lalikulu latsikuli motere, pang'onopang'ono ndikuwuluka mlengalenga. Nthawi zina amakwera mpaka kutalika kwambiri kwakuti samatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi nthaka. Gawo lina la tsikuli limayesetsa kufunafuna chakudya: zimauluka mozungulira dera lawo lonselo ndikuyang'ana koyambirira zakufa, chifukwa palibe chifukwa chokusakira. Kaya mbewa idafa, asodzi adasiya nsomba m'matumbo, kapena mtsinjewo udaponyera mtembo wa nyama - zonsezi ndi chakudya cha mphamba.
Ngati sapeza mphatso zotere, ndiye kuti amayang'anitsitsa nyama zamoyozo. Amakonda makamaka kuyang'ana nyama zovulala zomwe zasiya alenje, koma zafooka. Ngakhale nyama zathanzi zili pachiwopsezo - chimodzi chimangofunika kuphwanyaphwanya, ndipo kaiti imangochigwira: ndichachangu komanso chosachedwa kupindika. Kaiti ndi mbalame yamtundu ndipo iyenera kukhala ndi malo ake osakira. Koma nthawi zambiri sizokwanira aliyense, ena amakhala opanda minda yawo ndipo amayenera kufunafuna chakudya "m'minda" ya anthu ena. Izi zitha kuyambitsa kumenyana pakati pa mbalame. Kaiti amakhala ndi zaka 14-18, mutha kukumananso ndi mbalame zakale zomwe zatambasula zaka 25-28, ndipo ali mu ukapolo amatha kukhala ndi moyo mpaka 35-38.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kukhalapo kwa zokongoletsa pachisa cha kaiti kumatsimikizira kulimba kwake: zikachulukirachulukira, ndipo zimawala kwambiri, ndiye mbalame yamphamvu kwambiri. Koma ma kite ena amalimbana ndi eni zisa zawo zokongola kwambiri ngati angayerekeze kutero. Ngati chiwombankhanga ndi chofooka ndipo sichikufuna kumenya nkhondo, ndiye chimasiya chisa chisakongoletsedwe.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Black Kite
Nyengo yoswana imayamba mchaka - nthawi yomweyo mbalame zosamukira kumpoto zitangobwerera. Ma Kites amamanga zisa pamitengo yayitali ndikusankha malo okwera kutalika kwa 10-12 m.Amayesa kukonza chisa kuti chisakhale chosasunthika, posankha malo abata a m'nkhalango, pomwe palibe aliyense. Amathanso kupanga chisa pamiyala. Chisa chokha chimatha kukhala chachikulu - 0,6-1.2 m m'mimba mwake, mpaka theka la mita kutalika, nthawi zina ngakhale kupitilira apo. Mbalameyi imakumbukira malo amene panali chisa chija ndipo imabwereranso m'zaka zotsatirazi mpaka itakalamba kwambiri komanso kuti sichidzadalilika. Nthawi yomweyo, chaka ndi chaka, chisa chimamalizidwa ndikukhala chowonjezeka.
Ziphuphu, timitengo, udzu ndi zinyalala zosiyanasiyana zomwe tidakwanitsa kuzipeza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zake. Zisa zimatha kupezeka patali wina ndi mnzake komanso mopitilira muyeso, pamitengo ingapo m'mitengo yoyandikana - yomalizayi ndiyofala kwambiri m'malo okhala mosakhalitsa. Mu clutch imodzi, nthawi zambiri kuyambira mazira 2 mpaka 4, chipolopolocho chimayera, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mawanga abulauni. Mazirawo amasamalilidwa ndi yaikazi, ndipo yaimuna imanyamula chakudya ndi kuteteza chisa.
Nthawi yosakaniza ndi masabata 4-5. Nthawi imeneyi, mkazi amayesetsa kuchita zinthu mosamala. Munthu akaonekera pafupi naye, amatha kubisala kuti angomupatsa kuti angodutsa. Kapena amanyamuka pasadakhale ndikuzungulira patali pang'ono, kumamuyang'ana, nthawi zina amafuula modabwitsa. Akasankha kuti adzaukira chisa, amayamba kukhala wankhanza ndikuukira wolakwayo: amamuthamangira monyanyira kapena amayesa kung'amba nkhope yake ndi zikhadabo ndikumenyetsa kumbuyo kwake. Ngati munthu mwapadera adayandikira chisa ndikutha kuchiwona, ma kite amamukumbukira ndipo amatha kutsatira.
Pali zochitika zodziwika bwino pomwe mbalame zam'mizinda tsiku ndi tsiku zimadikirira anthu otere ndikuyesera kuwukira, ngakhale sizinawononge chisa ndi okhalamo. Koma anthu aku India ndi aku Africa, omwe amakhala kumwera nthawi zonse, komanso kukaikira mazira ku Russia ndi odekha, amadziwika kwambiri ndi nkhanza zoterezi. Choyamba pansi pa anapiye ndi bulauni-bulauni, chachiwiri ndi imvi. Atangobadwa, amakhala andewu kwambiri, amalimbana okhaokha, zomwe zitha kupangitsa kuti omwe ali ofooka amwalira - izi zimachitika ngati alipo ambiri.
Pakadutsa milungu 5-6 amayamba kutuluka mchisa, ndipo posakhalitsa amayesa kuwuluka. Pakadutsa miyezi iwiri amakhala atakwanira kukhala padera, ndipo pofika nthawi yophukira amakhala atakula mpaka kukula kwa mbalame yayikulu ndipo nthawi zambiri amauluka kumwera pakati pa omaliza - ma kite amayamba kuwuluka mu Ogasiti ndikupitilira mpaka nthawi yophukira.
Adani achilengedwe a ma kites wakuda
Chithunzi: Momwe mphamba wakuda amawonekera
Palibe zolusa zomwe zimasaka ma kite mwadala. Mbalame zina zambiri zodya nyama, zikakhazikika pafupi nawo, zimakhala bwino, mwachitsanzo, akhungubwe, ziwombankhanga, ma goshawks. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kuukira kwa mphamba ndi mbalame zazikulu, monga ziwombankhanga kapena gyrfalcons, ndizotheka, koma ndizochepa. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mikangano pakati pa miimba, pomenya nkhondo zoterezi zimatha kuwononga wina ndi mnzake.
Ngakhale mbalame zonse ziwiri zitapulumuka, mabalawo amatha kuwalepheretsa kusaka ndipo amatsogolera kuimfa - mphamba zambiri zimafa ndi zikhadabo za amitundu anzawo kuposa mbalame zina. Koma izi zimagwira ntchito kwa achikulire, anapiye ndi mazira omwe amawopsezedwa osati kokha, osati kwenikweni ndi ziweto zazikulu, koma makamaka akhwangwala. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi chizolowezi chowononga zisa, ndipo osati nthawi zonse chifukwa chodya, nthawi zina zimakhala zodzaza kale.
Akayiti akangosokonezedwa kwakanthawi, akhwangwala amakhala ali kale. Komanso, ma weasel ndi martens amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo ku zisa zawo. Komabe, ma kite ambiri amafa chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, makamaka chifukwa cha poyizoni.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pali ma kite ambiri ku India, ndipo amadziwika chifukwa chodzikuza. Ambiri mwa mbalamezi amakhala akugwira ntchito kumsika nthawi zonse, ndipo wina akatulutsa chakudya, amalowa ndikulandana. Ndipo sakhutira ndi izi, koma amakwatula chakudya kuchokera kuma tray m'malo odyera, nthawi zina ngakhale m'manja mwa anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyemba yakuda ikuthawa
Mitunduyi siyomwe imayambitsa nkhawa - kuchuluka kwake ndikutakata kwambiri, ndipo kwathunthu ma kite akuda amakhala padziko lapansi. Nthawi yomweyo, chiwerengero chawo chikuchepa, komanso mwachangu. Ngati m'malo ena anthu amakhalabe osasunthika, mwa ena, zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwake zimayamba - nthawi zambiri zimakhudzana ndi zochitika za anthu.
Chifukwa chake, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu ambiri omwe kale anali ma kite achi China kunadziwika - izi ndi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwachilengedwe mdziko muno, komanso kuti mbalame zimangokhala poizoni ngati tizirombo. Iwo amadzipweteka okha mwangozi chifukwa cha ntchito za mafakitale: m'matupi a mbalame zambiri zakufa, mercury wochuluka kwambiri amapezeka.
Izi zimakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa ma kites m'maiko omwe amapita kumalo osungira zisa, makamaka ku Russia. Makamaka, kuchuluka kwawo kwatsika m'chigawo cha Europe cha dzikolo, chomwe chimakhala chochuluka kwambiri - pomwe ku Russia kuli zoopseza zochepa, ndipo njira zina zowatetezera sizingabweretse mavuto. Ndikofunikira kuti njirazi zitengedwe m'maiko omwe mbalame zimakhala nthawi yachisanu, koma mpaka pano kwina kulibe, ndipo kwina sikokwanira. Pakadali pano, kuchepetsanso kwa ma kite kuthekera kwambiri ndikuyembekeza kuti kungakhale mitundu yazosowa m'zaka makumi angapo.
Ngakhale njala yakuda ndipo nthawi zina amatha kuba nkhuku ndi soseji kuchokera kwa alendo, koma sizimavulaza anthu, ndipo maubwino ake amaposa izi: amadya zovunda ndikugwira nyama zodwala. Sakuwonetsa chiwawa kwa anthu, mpaka atayesetsa kupita kuzisa zawo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/05/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09.09.2019 pa 12:39
