Nkhandwe zouluka Ndi nyama zoyendayenda zomwe zimadutsa madera ambiri aku Australia zikudya maluwa ndi zipatso zakomweko, zikufalitsa mbewu ndi kuthira mungu zomera zakomweko. Nkhandwe zouluka sizikugwirizana ndi nkhandwe, koma ndi gulu la mileme yokhala ndi mitu yofanana ndi nkhandwe.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Flying fox
Ankhandwe akuuluka (amatchedwanso mileme yazipatso) ndi mamembala a gulu lalikulu la zinyama zotchedwa mileme. Mileme ndi gulu lokhalo la nyama zomwe zimatha kuthawa nthawi yayitali.
Ankhandwe akale otulutsa zipatso (banja Pteropodidae) amakhala m'magulu akulu ndipo amadya zipatso. Chifukwa chake, akhoza kukhala tizirombo tomwe sitingatumizidwe ku United States. Monga pafupifupi mileme yonse yazipatso mu Old World, nkhandwe zouluka zimagwiritsa ntchito masomphenya pakuyenda, osati kutulutsa.
Kanema: Flying Fox
Zina mwa ma pteropodids odziwika kwambiri ndi nkhandwe zouluka (Pteropus), zomwe zimapezeka pazilumba zotentha kuchokera ku Madagascar kupita ku Australia ndi Indonesia. Ndiwo mileme yonse yayikulu kwambiri. Ena mwa mamembala ang'onoang'ono a Banja amadya mungu ndi timadzi tokoma kuchokera ku mitengo yazipatso.
Ankhandwe ataliatali (Macroglossus) amakhala ndi mutu ndi thupi pafupifupi 6-7 cm (mainchesi 2.4-2.8) ndi mapiko otalika pafupifupi 25 cm (mainchesi 10). Mtundu umasiyanasiyana pakati pteropodids; ena ndi ofiira kapena achikasu, ena ndi amizeremizere kapena owangika, kupatula mileme (Rousettus).
Mamembala aku Asia a Banjali akuphatikizira nkhandwe zosiyanasiyana zouluka zam'mphuno ndi zipatso nkhandwe zazifupi zazing'ono (Cynopterus). Mamembala aku Africa a Banja akuphatikizanso nkhandwe yothamanga (Epomophorus), yomwe amuna amakhala ndi ubweya wofiirira paphewa pawo, ndi nkhandwe yamutu wokhala ndi mutu (Hypsignathus monstrosus), yomwe ili ndi mphuno yayikulu yosongoka komanso milomo yothothoka.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhandwe ikuuluka ikuwonekera
Pali mitundu itatu ya nkhandwe zouluka:
- nkhandwe yakuda yakuda;
- nkhandwe yamutu wouluka;
- nkhandwe yaying'ono yofiira.
Nkhandwe yakuda yakuda (Pteropus alecto) ili pafupifupi yakuda kwathunthu ndi kolala yaying'ono yofiira yofiira komanso glaze wonyezimira wonyezimira pamimba. Ali ndi kulemera kwapakati pa 710 magalamu ndipo ndi amodzi mwamitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya mileme padziko lapansi. Mapiko awo amatha kupitirira mita imodzi.
Nkhandwe yaimvi yakuda (Pteropus poliocephalus) imadziwika mosavuta ndi kolala yake yofiira, yofiira, imvi ndi miyendo yaubweya. Ndi nyama yodziwika bwino komanso nkhandwe yayikulu kwambiri yaku Australia. Akuluakulu amakhala ndi mapiko otalika mita imodzi ndipo amatha kulemera mpaka kilogalamu imodzi.
Imeneyi ndi mitundu yovutikanso chifukwa imalimbana ndi anthu malo okhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Queensland, New South Wales, ndi m'mphepete mwa Victoria. Nkhandwe yamutu wonyezimira ndi mtundu wokhawo wa nkhandwe zouluka zomwe zikupezeka ku South Australia kwamuyaya ndipo ndi mitundu ina yomwe ili pangozi.
Nkhandwe yaying'ono yofiira (Pteropus scapulatus) yolemera magalamu 300-600 ndiye nkhandwe yaying'ono kwambiri yaku Australia ndipo ili ndi malaya ofiira ofiira. Ankhandwe ang'onoang'ono ofiira owuluka nthawi zambiri amauluka mozama kwambiri kuposa ena.
Kodi nkhandwe zouluka zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe ya Mleme
Nkhandwe zouluka zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri yachilengedwe yomwe imapereka chakudya, makamaka nkhalango za bulugamu. Ndi mitengo yoyenera maluwa komanso yobala zipatso, mileme idzawulukira m'mizinda ndi m'matawuni, kuphatikiza madera apakati, osazengereza.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nkhandwe zouluka ndiminyama yochezeka yomwe imapanga zisa zazikulu, nthawi zina masauzande ambiri. Awa ndimalo okhala phokoso kwambiri komanso onunkha, pomwe oyandikana nawo amangokhalira kukangana m'malo awo ang'onoang'ono.
Magulu akulu a 28 cm wamtali, akudya zipatso imvi nkhandwe zouluka zomwe sizowoneka zokopa m'mizinda ingapo yaku Australia, kuphatikiza Melbourne. Kwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, kuwonjezeka kwa chakudya chatsopano cha m'matawuni ndikupanga mileme m'nyumba zam'mafamu kwapangitsa mizinda kukhala nyumba zawo zabwino kwambiri. Kusamuka kumeneku kwakhala dalitso losakanikirana ndi nkhandwe zouluka, zomwe zimawopsezedwa ndi zomangamanga zam'mizinda monga maukonde ndi waya waminga, komanso kuzunzidwa ndi anthu.
Nkhandwe yakuda yakuda imapezeka kwambiri m'mbali mwa nyanja ndi kumpoto kwa Australia kuchokera ku Shark Bay ku Western Australia kupita ku Lismore ku New South Wales. Ikupezekanso ku New Guinea ndi Indonesia. Malo okhalamo a nkhandwe yakuda imvi ndi 200 km kuchokera pagombe lakum'mawa kwa Australia, kuchokera ku Bundaberg ku Queensland kupita ku Melbourne ku Victoria. Mu 2010, nkhandwe zambiri zoyera imvi zinapezeka zikukhala m'malo amenewa; ena apezeka mkati mwakuya, mwachitsanzo, ku Orange, komanso mpaka kumwera chakumadzulo, ku Adelaide.
Ankhandwe ang'ono ofiira owuluka ndi mitundu yofala kwambiri ku Australia. Amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Australia, kuphatikiza Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia, New South Wales ndi Victoria.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nkhandwe imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe milemeyi imadya.
Kodi nkhandwe zouluka zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe yayikulu kwambiri
Ankhandwe owuluka nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati tizirombo ndi omwe amalima zipatso. Komabe, chowonadi ndichakuti amakonda zakudya zawo zachilengedwe za timadzi tokoma ndi mungu kuchokera ku mitengo yachilengedwe, makamaka bulugamu ndi nkhuyu, ngakhale zipatso ndi zipatso zakomweko zimadyanso. Nkhalango zikachotsedwa, nkhandwe zouluka zimasowa chakudya ndipo zimakakamizika kupeza njira zina monga munda wa zipatso.
Ankhandwe aimvi okhala ndi mitu ndi osaka usiku osaka maluwa ndi zipatso. Amapeza mankhwalawa pogwiritsa ntchito fungo lamphamvu komanso maso akulu, oyenera kuzindikira mitundu usiku. Nkhandwe zowuluka zimabwerera usiku uliwonse kuzinthu zomwezo mpaka zitatha. Zakudya zawo ndizosiyanasiyana, amatha kudyetsa zotsalira za uderalo komanso m'matawuni. Atha kugwiritsanso ntchito zatsopano, kuphatikiza zipatso za mitengo yolimidwa, makamaka ngati chakudya chomwe amakonda sichikhala chokwanira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nkhandwe zoyenda ndi imvi zimakonda kudya mkati mwa makilomita 20 kuchokera komwe zimakhala, koma zimatha kuyenda makilomita 50 kukafunafuna chakudya.
Ankhandwe akuuluka ndi othandiza ku thanzi la zomera pamene amafalitsa mbewu ndi mungu wochokera ku zomera. Ofufuzawo akuganiza kuti kusamuka kwa nkhandwe zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya, timadzi tokoma, kapena kusinthasintha kwa nyengo.
Nyama izi, zomwe zimadya zipatso, maluwa, timadzi tokoma ndi mizu, ndizofunikira pakuyendetsa mungu ndikumwaza mbewu. M'malo mwake, amatha kuwuluka maulendo ataliatali - opitilira 60 km usiku umodzi - kubweretsa zipatso (ndi mbewu) nawo ndipo amatha kusonkhanitsa mbewu pomwe akuuluka. Zipatso sizingakhalepo pokhapokha mbewu zawo zitatha kuyenda kutali kwambiri ndi amayi awo, chifukwa chake nkhandwe zouluka zimawonetsetsa kuti zikufalikira.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Flying fox ku Maldives
Ankhandwe akuuluka akusunthira kumatauni kukafunafuna chakudya ndi pogona chifukwa chotaya malo awo achilengedwe. Izi nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kwa anthu am'deralo chifukwa chodera nkhawa zaumoyo komanso thanzi la msasa wa nkhandwe zouluka.
Mitundu yodziwika bwino kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia, nkhandwe zouluka zaimvi kapena mileme yazipatso, nthawi zambiri imawoneka madzulo, kusiya malo awo ogona m'magulu akulu ndikupita kumalo omwe amakonda. Popeza nkhandwe yakuda imvi imalembedwa kuti ili pachiwopsezo ku New South Wales, chilolezo chimafunika kusuntha nkhandwezo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Fungo labwino lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi nkhandwe zowuluka ndi nkhandwe zazimuna zomwe zimawunikira gawo lawo. Ngakhale kuti kununkhira kumeneku kumatha kukhumudwitsa anthu ena, sikuyambitsa matenda.
Phokoso limatha kukhala vuto pomwe malo ogona a nkhandweyo ali pafupi ndi malo okhala, mabizinesi kapena masukulu. Nkhandwe zouluka zikapanikizika kapena kuchita mantha, zimapanga phokoso kwambiri. Makoloni amakonda kukhala phokoso kwambiri akasokonezedwa ndi anthu komanso odekha kwambiri akasiyidwa okha.
Nkhandwe zouluka zimagwira ntchito usiku zikauluka mtunda wautali kufunafuna chakudya. Ngati nyumba yanu ili panjira yolowera nkhandwe zouluka, ndowe zimatha kuyisokoneza. Zinyalala za nyama zambiri, kuphatikizapo nkhandwe zouluka, zimatha kukwera padenga.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe zikuuluka
Nkhandwe zouluka sizimaswana mofulumira. Ankhandwe owuluka achikazi amakhala achonde ali ndi zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mwana m'modzi chaka chilichonse. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa anthu pakawonongeka. Misasa ya mileme ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri kuti muthane, kubereka ndi kulera nyama zazing'ono. Ankhandwe otuwa ndi imvi amatha kukwatirana chaka chonse, koma nthawi zambiri kutenga pakati kumachitika pakati pa Marichi ndi Meyi, pomwe amuna amakhala achonde.
Mimba imakhala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndipo akazi amabereka mwana mmodzi pakati pa Seputembara mpaka Novembala. Khanda limamamatira pamimba pa amayi ake ndipo limasungidwa kwa milungu itatu kapena isanu, kenako limachoka usiku kumalo osungira ana. Amayi amabwerera kumsasa kutatsala pang'ono kucha, amapeza mwana wawo wamwamuna akugwiritsa ntchito ma siginolo ndi fungo lapadera, ndikuyamwitsa. Amayi amakulunga mapiko awo kuzungulira anawo kuti awateteze masana komanso kuzizira kozizira.
Anawo amayamwitsidwa ku mkaka wa m'mawere patatha miyezi pafupifupi isanu, ndipo atayeserera kuwuluka mozungulira msasawo, amawuluka usiku limodzi ndi akulu kuti adye maluwa ndi zipatso. Ana amaphunzira kuuluka pafupifupi miyezi iwiri ndikukhala odziyimira pawokha pambuyo pa mwezi wamawa. Achinyamata odziyimira pawokha amakonda kuchita ngozi ndipo mitengo yakufa imakulira mzaka ziwiri zoyambirira za moyo.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhandwe zouluka
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe yakuda yakuda
Pali mitundu yambiri yodya nyama yomwe ingayambitse nkhandwe zouluka. Kukula kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kumakhudza mavuto amtundu wanji omwe angakumane nawo ndi zolusa zosiyanasiyana. Mitundu ina ya nyama zouluka imapeza nkhandwe youluka chakudya chokoma. Izi zikuphatikizapo akadzidzi ndi nkhwangwa. Kawirikawiri kadzidzi amawoneka akugwira mileme pakuwuluka. Amatha kudziwika, ndipo nkhandwe zouluka zikamadutsa, zimawadya popanda chenjezo.
Zowononga zazikulu za nkhandwe zouluka:
- kadzidzi;
- nkhwangwa;
- njoka;
- akangaude;
- mink;
- ziphuphu.
Njoka zimakonda kudya nkhandwe zomwe zimawononga zipatso. Njoka zimasakanikirana mosavuta ndi mitengo ndi zomera pomwe zipatso zotere zimakula. Njoka izi zimatha kukula kuyambira zazing'ono mpaka zazikulu. Amakonda kukhala vuto lalikulu nyengo yotentha. M'malo momwe nkhandwe zouluka zimamangidwa, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mavuto ambiri pakuwoneka njoka.
M'malo ena, ma raccoon ndi ma weasel amadziwika kuti ndi omwe amadyetsa nkhandwe zouluka. Nthawi zambiri amabisala m'malo omwe nkhandwe zouluka zimagona. Amawadikirira polowa kapena pochoka pano. Akangaude otchedwa tarantulas amathanso kupha mitundu yaying'ono ya nkhandwe zouluka. Makina amadziwikanso kuti ndiwo amadyetsa nkhandwe m'malo ena.
M'madera ena omwe nkhandwe zikuuluka mumitengo, pakhala pali malipoti oti agwidwa ndi amphaka oweta. Nthawi zambiri samadya nkhandwe zouluka, koma amatha kuzipha komanso kusewera nawo. M'malo mwake, anthu ambiri azindikira kuti ali ndi nkhandwe zowuluka atabweretsedwa kunyumba ndi mphaka wawo kapena kuwawona akusewera ndi wina kunja.
Nyama yaikulu kwambiri ya nkhandwe zouluka ndi anthu. Anthu ambiri amawopa ndipo amawona ngati mbewa zowopsa. Chowona kuti nkhandwe zowuluka zitha kukula mwachangu ndichinthu chinanso chodetsa nkhawa. Kuopsa kofalitsa matenda aliwonse ochokera kwa mileme kumadetsanso anthu. Amamva za chiwewe komanso mavuto ena azaumoyo. Anthu amakhalanso ndi nkhawa za zovuta zakuthira mkodzo wa nkhandwe ndi ndowe, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi misampha ya nkhandwe zouluka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe nkhandwe ikuuluka ikuwonekera
Pali mitundu 65 ya nkhandwe zouluka padziko lapansi, ndipo pafupifupi theka la izo zili pangozi. Ankhandwe akuwopsezedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndi kusaka nyama zawo kapena kusaka masewera. Izi sizabwino kuzinthu zachilengedwe pachilumbachi ndipo, pamapeto pake, kwa anthu omwe amakhala kumeneko. Olima zipatso ambiri amakhulupiriranso kuti nkhandwe zowuluka ndizoyipa chifukwa nyama zoyamwa zimadya zipatso zake; chifukwa chake, maboma angapo amavomereza kuphedwa kwa nkhandwe zouluka. Mu 2015 ndi 2016, pachilumba cha Indian Ocean pachilumba cha Mauritius, boma lidapha nkhandwe zoposa 40,000 pantchito yowononga anthu ambiri, ngakhale mitundu yachilengedwe, Pteropus niger, akuwoneka kuti akhoza kuwonongeka.
Kunja kwa mzindawu, otukula akuchotsa mbewu zomwe ntchentche zimadyera pomwe madera akumidzi amasandulika kukhala minda komanso malo okhala, kapena kuchepa ndi matabwa. Kuthetsa kukapitilira, anthu azikhala ndi zakudya zochepa komanso zochepa, ndikupangitsa kuti kuwonongedwa kwa malo okhala kukhala chiwopsezo chachikulu ku mitunduyo.
Kutentha kwadziko kukuyambitsa mavuto a nkhandwe zomwe zikuuluka. M'masiku otentha kwambiri, nkhandwe zitha kufa chifukwa cha kutentha, zomwe zimawonetsa mwa kulumikizana palimodzi ndikuyenda pang'onopang'ono pamtengo wamitengo. Ngati pakhala kutentha kwakanthawi mchaka ndipo ana akadalirabe kwa amayi awo, zitha kupha anawo pafupifupi chaka chimodzi.
National Monitoring Program ya Grey-headed Flying Fox ku Australia idayamba pa 14 February 2013 ndipo imachitika miyezi itatu iliyonse. Uwu ndiye chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha nkhandwe zoyera imvi zomwe sizinachitikepo pamitundu yonse. Cholinga cha kalemberayu ndikupereka kuwunika kodalirika kwa kuchuluka kwa nkhandwe zomwe zikuuluka mu 2013 ndikuwunika momwe anthu akukhalira mtsogolo.
Kuuluka Fox Guard
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe youluka kuchokera ku Red Book
Mitundu ina ya nkhandwe zouluka, mwachitsanzo, Mariana, chimphona, Mauritian, nkhandwe zouluka za ku Comoria, zimaphatikizidwa mu Red Book. Mavuto a nkhandwe zouluka pachilumba padziko lonse lapansi zimafunikira njira zoyenera, zoteteza sayansi kuti zisawonongeke kuwonongeka kwa mitundu ya zamoyo ndi magwiridwe antchito a zamoyozo.
Pofuna kuthandiza nkhandwe zouluka, mutha kubzala mitengo yazakudya kumbuyo kwanu. Mukamachita izi, mudzakopa nyama zakutchire kumunda wanu mpaka milungu inayi pamene zimadya maluwa kapena zipatso za mtengowo. Mitengo yomwe nkhandwe zouluka zimadya zimaphatikizapo maluwa otambalala, bankxia serrata, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bulugamu pachimake. Tetezani mitengo yanu yazipatso popanda kuwononga nkhandwe zowuluka.Osayesa kuteteza mtengo wazipatso ku nkhandwe zouluka mwa kuponyera ukonde. Mazana a nkhandwe zouluka ndi nyama zina zachilengedwe zimavulala kapena kuphedwa chaka chilichonse podzikangamira maunawo. M'malo mwake, ikani ukonde pachimango chomanga ndi kutambasula ngati trampoline. Kapenanso, mutha kuponya nsalu yamthunzi pamtengo wazipatso.
Musagwiritse ntchito mauna opyapyala omwe amatha kuvulaza mbalame ndi nyama zina, komanso nkhandwe zouluka, koma gwiritsani ntchito mauna olimba omwe amakhala ndi mabowo 40 mm mulifupi kapena ochepera. Onetsetsani kuti ukondewo ndi woyera, osati wobiriwira, kuti nyama ziwone ndikupewa. Ankhandwe aliwonse ouluka omwe amapezeka okha masana akhoza kukhala pamavuto. Atha kuvulala, kudwala, kapena amasiye. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhandwe zouluka zomwe zili pamavuto pakati pa kumapeto kwa Seputembala mpaka Januware zitha kukhala zazimayi komanso zimakhala ndi ana. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuchitapo kanthu mukangodziwa nyama.
Musakhudze nyamayo nokha, chifukwa zimatengera maphunziro ndi luso kuthana ndi nkhandwe yovulaza yovulala. Ngati nyamayo ili pansi, mutha kuyiphimba ndi katoni kuti musaletse kuyenda pomwe mukudikirira kuti abwere. Nyama ikulendewera pansi siyenera kusokonezedwa ndipo ziweto zilizonse ndi / kapena ana ayenera kusungidwa mpaka nkhandwe zomwe zitha kuuluka.
Nkhandwe zouluka ndi mtundu wotetezedwa ndipo, ukasiyidwa wokha, suwopseza anthu ndipo mwina sangawononge dimba lanu. Pafupifupi theka la zipatso zouluka za nkhandwe zili pachiwopsezo. Ankhandwe akuuluka akukumana ndi ziwopsezo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi mitundu yowononga, koma chachikulu ndi kusaka anthu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04.08.2019 chaka
Tsiku losintha: 09/28/2019 ku 21:29
