Mfuti Ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zokongola kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka ku Europe. Chifukwa cha utoto wake wowala komanso waung'ono, anthu amatcha kingfisher kuti European hummingbird, ndipo sali kutali ndi chowonadi, chifukwa mbalame zonsezi ndi zokongola komanso zokongola mlengalenga. Malinga ndi nthano ya m'Baibulo, mbambande adalandira utoto wowala pambuyo pa Chigumula Chachikulu. Nowa adatulutsa mbalameyi m'chingalawa, ndipo idawuluka kwambiri kotero kuti nthenga zake zidatenga mtundu wakumwamba, ndipo dzuwa lidatentha pachifuwa chake ndikusanduka chofiira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kingfisher
Kingfishers akhala akudziwika kuyambira kalekale ndipo mafotokozedwe awo oyamba adayamba m'zaka za zana lachiwiri BC. Chifukwa cha kudzichepetsa kwawo komanso kukana kutentha pang'ono, nthumwi za banja la kingfisher zimakhala kudera lalikulu kuchokera ku Africa kupita ku Russia.
Banja la kingfisher (Chingerezi dzina loti Alcedinidae) ndi gulu lalikulu la mbalame, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yodzaza, yosiyana mitundu mitundu, kukula ndi malo okhala.
Kanema: Kingfisher
Nthawi yomweyo, ma kingfisher amitundu yonse amasiyanitsidwa ndi izi:
- kukula pang'ono (mpaka magalamu 50);
- milomo yayitali, yabwino kusodza;
- mchira waufupi ndi mapiko;
- mtundu wowala;
- chiyembekezo cha moyo ndi zaka 12-15;
- miyendo yayifupi komanso yofooka, yosapangidwira kuyenda kwanthawi yayitali m'nthambi zamitengo kapena pansi.
Oimira amuna ndi akazi ali ndi mtundu wofanana, koma amuna amakhala ochulukirapo kamodzi ndi theka kuposa akazi. Nthenga za mbalame ndizosalala, zokutidwa ndi kanema wonenepa wonenepa yemwe amateteza nthenga kuti zisanyowe. Dzuwa lowala lokha ndi lomwe limapangitsa ma kingfisher kukhala owala komanso owoneka bwino.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nthenga zofiira kapena zowala za lalanje za mbalameyi zimakhala ndi khungu losowa kwambiri la carotenoid. Chifukwa chakupezeka kwa nkhunguyi, mtundu wa mbalameyi umakhala wonyezimira.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma kingfisher sakonda kutangwanika, amakonda moyo wobisalira. Amayesetsa kuti asakhazikike pafupi ndi nyumba za munthu ndipo amapewa kukumana naye. Kuimba kwa mbalame koposa zonse kumafanana ndi kulira kwa mpheta ndipo sikosangalatsa kwenikweni khutu la munthu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi mbalamezi zimawoneka bwanji
Maonekedwe a mbambande amatengera mtundu wa mtundu wake.
Ornithology yakale imagwiritsa ntchito ma kingfisher m'mitundu isanu ndi umodzi:
- wamba (buluu). Mtundu wofala kwambiri wa mbalame. Ndiye amene anthu amamuwona nthawi zambiri. Mbalame yotchedwa kingfisher imakhala kuchokera kumpoto kwa Africa mpaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia. Mbalame yokongolayi imakhazikika m'mbali mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu. Tsoka ilo, pazaka zapitazi, anthu wamba a mbalame yodziwika bwino amachepetsa, chifukwa anthu amachulukanso kupezeka ndipo mbalame sizikhala ndi malo obisalira;
- milozo. Mbalame yokonda kutentha imangokhala ku Asia kokha ku Eurasia ndi zilumba zingapo zotentha. Imasiyana kukula kwakukula (mpaka masentimita 16) ndipo amuna amadzionetsera pamzere wonyezimira pachifuwa;
- buluu wamkulu. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya kingfisher (mpaka masentimita 22). Amasiyana ndi mbalame zotchuka kwambiri zamtundu winawake kukula ndi kuwala kwake. Mbalameyi simawoneka yabuluu, koma yowala buluu, mtundu wa thambo lotentha. Mbalame zoterezi zimapezeka kudera laling'ono kwambiri kumunsi kwa mapiri a Himalaya komanso zigawo zakumwera kwa China;
- miyala yamtengo wapatali. Wokonda kukhala ku Africa. Mbalame zambiri zotchedwa turquoise king zogona m'mphepete mwa Nile ndi Limpopo. Popeza sizovuta kuyerekezera, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu iyi ndikuti mtundu wake umatulutsa mtundu wa turquoise hue ndi khosi loyera. Mbalame yotchedwa turquoise kingfisher imatha kupulumuka chilala chachikulu ndipo imatha kugwira ngakhale njoka zazing'ono zamadzi.
- wa buluu. Amakhala m'maiko aku Asia. Amadziwika ndi kukula kwawo kocheperako komanso kuyenda kwakutali, komwe kumathandizira kusaka mwachangu kwambiri. Komabe, mawonekedwe awo odziwika kwambiri ndi nthenga za buluu pamwamba pamutu ndi mimba ya lalanje;
- kobaloni. Imayimira mtundu wake wamdima wa cobalt. Zisa zake m'nkhalango ku South America ndipo mtundu wakuda ngati umenewo umathandiza mbalameyo kudzitchinjiriza motsutsana ndi mitsinje yochepetsetsa komanso yakuya.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mbalame ya nankapakapa imaonekera. Tiyeni tiwone kumene nyama iyi imapezeka.
Kodi nsombazi zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kingfisher ku Russia
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, malo okhala mbalamezi ndi ochuluka kwambiri. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame imachita bwino ku Eurasia, Africa komanso South America. Kingfishers amapezeka kuzilumba zachilendo zaku Indonesia, zilumba za Caribbean komanso New Zealand.
Ngakhale nyengo yovuta ku Russia, mbambande ndi zofala pano. Malinga ndi kuwerengera kwa akatswiri odziwa nyengo, mbalame zikwi zingapo za mbalame zimakhala pafupi ndi mizinda yaku Siberia monga Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk. Chisa chakumpoto kwambiri chinalembedwa pakamwa pa Angara, komanso m'malire ndi Kazakhstan (pafupi ndi Pavlodar).
Koma chiwerengerochi ndi chachikulu kwambiri ku Italy. Mu 2017, pafupifupi anthu zikwi 10 adalembetsedwa, akumanga zisa kumpoto kwa dzikolo. M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, mabanja ang'onoang'ono awonedwa ku Crimea, komanso ku Kuban. Amakhulupirira kuti pali kusamuka pang'ono ndi pang'ono ndipo ma kingfisher ku Russia adzawonjezeka.
Vutoli lakula chifukwa chakuti mbalamezi zimakonda kwambiri malo okhala zisa. Imakhala ndi kuswana kokha pafupi ndi mtsinje wokhala ndi madzi othamanga (koma osathamanga) okhala ndi mabanki amchenga kapena dongo. Mbalameyi imakonda osati kokha malo okhala ndi anthu, komanso ndi mbalame zina. Mwachilengedwe, zofunikira mwamphamvu izi zikucheperachepera ndipo kuchuluka kwa asodzi akuchepa chaka ndi chaka.
Kodi kingfisher amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Kingfisher
Zakudya za mbalameyi ndizachilendo kwambiri. Amangodya zomwe zimapezeka mumtsinje.
Njira yayikulu komanso yofunika kwambiri ya nsomba zazikuluzikulu ndi nsomba zazing'ono, koma zakudya zingaphatikizepo:
- ankhandwe ndi achule ang'onoang'ono;
- njoka zamadzi (ku Africa ndi South America);
- ma molluscs ang'ono;
- shirimpi;
- Tizilombo tam'madzi.
Mbalame yotchedwa kingfisher ndiyosiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina, ndipo imatha kuyenda pansi pamadzi mwachangu kwambiri. Kusaka nyama kumachitika motere. Mbalameyi imaundana m'nthambi za mitengo m'mbali mwa nyanja ndipo imatha kukhala chilili kwa mphindi makumi angapo.
Kenako, pozindikira nyama yomwe ikufuna, mbalame ija ija imagwera m'madzi nthawi yomweyo, imagwira mwachangu kapena nsomba ndipo imatulukanso nthawi yomweyo. Dziwani kuti mbalameyi siyimeza nyama yamoyo. Amamenya nsomba mobwerezabwereza pamtengo kapena pansi, ndipo atatsimikizira kuti wovulalayo wafa, amameza.
Ngakhale mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono kukula ndipo imangolemera magalamu makumi angapo, masana imatha kugwira ndikudya nsomba 10-12. Nthawi ikafika yoti idyetse yaikazi ndi anapiye mu chisa, nsomba zamphongozi zimawonjezeka kamodzi ndi theka. Pakadali pano, kulemera kwathunthu kwa nsomba zomwe zagwidwa patsiku kumatha kupitilira kulemera kwake kwa kingfisher yomwe. Mbalameyi siyizindikira kuti idyetsapo yokha ndipo imangodya zomwe imatha kugwira yokha.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kingfisher akuthawa
Kingfisher ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zochepa padziko lapansi zomwe zimamvekanso bwino pazinthu zitatu: pamtunda, m'madzi ndi mlengalenga. Pansi, mbalame zimakumba (kapena kupeza) maenje omwe amaswiliramo. A Kingfisher amapeza chakudya m'madzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amangosamba. Ndipo mlengalenga, mbalamezi zimatha kuchita zozizwitsa, zowonetsa chisomo ndi chisomo.
Mbalameyi imakonda kukhala payokha, ndipo imangokhala pafupi ndi mbalame zina zokha, komanso kwa abale ake omwe. Mosiyana ndi akalulu, omwe amakumba maenje awo masentimita angapo kutalikirana, mtunda wocheperako pakati pa kingfisher minks ndi 300-400 mita. Momwemo, mtunda uwu umafika kilomita imodzi.
Mbalame zina zomwe zalowera kudera la kingfisher zimaonedwa ngati adani ndipo mbalameyo idzawaukira nthawi yomweyo. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yachilimwe nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona ma kingfisher akugawa gawo kapena kulira chifukwa cha mabowo abwino kwambiri.
Tiyenera kunena kuti mbambande siabwino kwenikweni. Pamakhala malo onunkhira mozungulira malo ake okhalapo, mbalameyo ikubwezeretsanso mafupa mwina mu mink yomwe, kapena pafupi nayo. Kingfishers sangalekerere ndowe za anapiye awo ndikusakanikirana ndi mafupa ndi zotsalira za nsomba zowola, ndikupangitsa kununkhira kosalekeza komanso kosasangalatsa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mafungushi awiri
Pakatikati pawo, ma kingfisher amakhala odziimira payekha. Amapewa moyo wokondana ndipo amangokhala awiriawiri. Chifukwa cha moyo uno, anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti ma kingfisher amapanga gulu lokhazikika, koma izi sizomwe zili choncho. Nthawi zambiri, amuna amalowa mitala ndipo amakhala ndi mabanja angapo.
Awiriwo amapangidwa motere. Wamphongo amapereka nsomba yomwe yangotengedwa kumene (kapena nyama ina) kwa mkazi, ndipo ngati zoperekazo zivomerezedwa, awiri okhazikika amapangidwa, omwe amatha kupitilira nyengo zingapo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nyengo yotentha ikatha, awiriwa amatha ndipo mbalamezi zimauluka padera nthawi yozizira, nthawi zambiri m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Koma ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yatsopano, awiriwo abwereranso ndikukakhazikika ku mink wakale.
Kingfisher ndi mbalame zosawerengeka zomwe zimaponyera pansi. Malo achizolowezi a mink ali pamphepete mwa mtsinje pafupi kwambiri ndi madzi. Nthawi zambiri mbalameyi imabisa chisa chake ndi zomera kapena zitsamba. Chisa chokwanira chitha kukhala mita imodzi kutalika. Mink imathera ndi chipinda chachikulu, ndipo ndipamene mbalameyi imakonzekeretsa chisa chake. Komanso, mbalameyi imaikira mazira osagona, pansi pomwepo.
Pafupifupi, mbalame ina yotayira mbalameyi imaikira mazira 5-7, koma pamakhala milandu pamene clutch idapitilira mazira 10 ndipo makolo adakwanitsa kudyetsa anapiye onse. Onse makolo amatenga nawo mbali pomanga. Masabata atatu onse amakhala m'mazira motsatizana, akuwona zochitika mosamalitsa komanso osanyalanyaza ntchito zawo.
Anapiye a Kingfisher amabadwa akhungu komanso opanda nthenga, koma amakula msanga kwambiri. Kuti akule bwino, amafunika chakudya chochuluka ndipo makolo amayenera kugwira nsomba ndi anthu ena am'mbali mwa mitsinje kuyambira m'mawa mpaka madzulo. Pasanathe mwezi, anapiye achichepere amatuluka muchisa nayamba kusaka paokha.
Iwo ndi otsika kuposa achikulire kukula ndi kuwala kwa nthenga, ngakhale ali othamanga mlengalenga. Kwa masiku angapo anangumi achichepere amauluka ndi makolo awo ndikupitiliza kudya chakudya kwa iwo, koma pambuyo pake amachoka pachisa chawo. M'mayiko ofunda, ma kingfisher amakhala ndi nthawi yoswana ana awiri asananyamuke nthawi yozizira.
Adani achilengedwe a mlenze
Chithunzi: Kingfisher amawoneka bwanji
Kumtchire, mbambande ilibe adani ambiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo akabawi ndi mphamba zokha. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mbalamezi zimasamala kwambiri ndipo zimatchinga bwino dzenje lake. Ngakhale ikamafuna, mbalameyo imangokhala phee pamtengo ndipo siimakopa nyama zolusa.
Kuphatikiza apo, mlengalenga mbalame yotchedwa kingfisher imathamanga mpaka makilomita 70 pa ola limodzi ndipo ngakhale mphamba wofulumira sikophweka kugwira nyama yofulumira ngati imeneyi. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kukhala nyama yovuta kwambiri, ndipo mbalame zodya nyama sizimakonda kusaka ma kingfisher, kuyesa kupeza nyama yosavuta.
Zowononga Woodland monga nkhandwe, ferrets ndi martens nawonso sangathe kuwononga mbalame kapena kuwononga chisa. Nyama zamiyendo inayi zimangolowera mu dzenjelo ndipo sizingafikire mazirawo ndi zikhasu. Achinyamata ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, chifukwa akadali osasamala mokwanira ndipo amatha kuwombedwa ndi mbalame zodya nyama.
Choipa chachikulu kwa asodzi a chambuyu chimachitika chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, zomwe zimachepetsa malo okhala mbalamezo komanso kuchuluka kwa malo oyenera kukaikira zisa. Pali milandu yambiri ya asodzi a mfumuyi akumwalira chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mitsinje kapena kuchepa kwa nsomba. Izi zimachitika kuti champhongo chimakakamizika kusiya chisa ndi anapiye, popeza sichitha kudyetsa banja. Izi zimapangitsa kuti anapiye afe ndi njala.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Kingfisher
Mwamwayi, mbalame zotchedwa kingfisher ndizotetezeka. Padziko lonse la Eurasian, akatswiri odziwa za mbalame amawerengera mbalame pafupifupi 300,000 ndipo nambala yawo imakhalabe yosasunthika.
Monga tanenera, nsomba zazikuluzikulu kwambiri ku Ulaya zimapezeka ku Italy. Pali anthu pafupifupi 100 m'dziko muno. Malo achiwiri ogawa nkhuku ndi Russia. Gawo logawidwa kwa ma kingfisher limadutsa gawo lalikulu, kuyambira kumtunda kwa Don ndi St. Petersburg mpaka kumapeto kwa Dvina ndi madera akumalire ndi Kazakhstan.
M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, ma kingfisher awonedwa ku Meschera National Park, yomwe ili m'malire a zigawo za Ryazan, Vladimir ndi Moscow. Chifukwa chake, mbalamezi zimakhala bwino makilomita mazana awiri okha kuchokera ku likulu la Russia.
Ku Africa, South America ndi mayiko aku Asia, nambala yeniyeni ya ma kingfisher sikudziwika, koma ngakhale malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosamalitsa, kuchuluka kwawo kuli osachepera theka la miliyoni. Madera akulu osakhalamo ku Africa ndi omwe amafunikira kwambiri mbalameyi.
Dera lokhalo padziko lapansi pomwe kingfisher imaphatikizidwa mu Red Book ndi Buryatia. Koma kuchepa kwa mbalame komwe kudalipo chifukwa chakumanga kwa magetsi opangira magetsi, zomwe zidasokoneza chilengedwe cha mitsinje ndikuchepetsa malo okhala ma kingfisher.
Mfuti Ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zokongola kwambiri padziko lapansi. Cholengedwa chapaderachi chimasangalala kwambiri pamtunda, m'madzi ndi mlengalenga, ndipo anthu ayenera kuchita zonse zotheka kuti azikhala mofanana.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04.08.2019 chaka
Tsiku losintha: 09/28/2019 ku 21:32
