Crane ya Demoiselle Ndi mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya cranes. Mbalameyi imakonda kutchulidwa m'mabuku ndi ndakatulo zakumpoto kwa India ndi Pakistan. Maonekedwe ake okongola amalimbikitsa kuyerekezera pakati pa akazi okongola ndi crane. Mutu wa Demoiselle Crane wokutidwa ndi nthenga ndipo ulibe zikopa zofiira zopanda khungu zomwe ndizofala mumitundu ina ya kireni.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Crane ya Demoiselle
Demoiselle Cranes ndi mbalame zosamuka zomwe zimaswana ku Central Europe ndi Asia, ndipo nthawi yozizira makamaka ku North Africa, India ndi Pakistan. Ndi mbalame za msipu wouma (zomwe zimaphatikizaponso steppe ndi savannah), koma zimatha kufikira madzi.
Ma crane a Demoiselle amasonkhana m'magulu akulu kuti asamuke. Amasiya malo awo oberekera kumpoto kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira ndikubwerera kumapeto. Nyama zimakhala ndi ziweto zambiri nthawi yachisanu, koma zimabalalika ndikuwonetsa malo awo zikagona pachilimwe. Kusamukira kwa crane ya Demoiselle ndikotalika komanso kovuta kotero kuti anthu ambiri amafa ndi njala kapena kutopa.
Kanema: Demoiselle Crane
Monga lamulo, Demoiselle Cranes amakonda kusamukira kumalo otsika, koma anthu ena amafika kutalika kuchokera pa 4 mpaka 8 km, amasuntha kudutsa mapiri a Himalayan kupita kumalo awo achisanu ku India. Cranes awa amatha kupezeka limodzi ndi ma cranes aku Eurasia m'malo awo ozizira, ngakhale m'malo akuluwa amathandizira magulu osiyana.
M'miyezi ya Marichi ndi Epulo, Demoiselle crane imawulukira chakumpoto kumalo ake obisalira. Nkhosazi zikamasamuka zimayenda pakati pa mbalame zinayi kapena khumi. Kuphatikiza apo, munyengo yonse yobereketsa, cranes awa amadyetsa limodzi ndi anthu asanu ndi awiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe Demoiselle Crane imawonekera
Kutalika kwa crane ya Demoiselle ndi pafupifupi 90 cm, kulemera - 2-3 kg. Khosi ndi mutu wa mbalameyi ndi wakuda kwambiri, ndipo nthenga zazitali za nthenga zoyera zimawoneka bwino kumbuyo kwa maso. Liwu lawo limamveka ngati laphokoso, lomwe ndilokwera komanso losangalatsa kuposa liwu la kireni wamba. Palibe chikhalidwe chogonana (kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi), koma amuna amakhala okulirapo pang'ono kuposa akazi. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zotuwa ndi phulusa ndi mutu woyera. Nthenga za kumbuyo kwa maso zimakhala zotuwa komanso zazitali.
Mosiyana ndi ma crane ena, ma demoiselle crane samasinthidwa ndimadambo ndipo amakonda kukhala m'malo okhala ndi udzu wochepa: m'masamba, mapiri ndi zipululu zazitali zazitali mpaka 3000 m. Kuphatikiza apo, amafunafuna chakudya ndipo nthawi zina amakhala pachisa pamtunda. madera ena oyandikira madzi: mitsinje, mitsinje, nyanja zing'onozing'ono kapena zigwa. Mitunduyi idalembedwa mu Red Book.
Chosangalatsa: Cranes a Demoiselle amakhala m'malo osungira zosachepera zaka 27, ngakhale mbalame zina zimakhala zaka 60 kapena kupitilira apo (milandu itatu yalembetsedwa). Utali wamtunduwu kuthengo sudziwika, koma ndiwofupikitsa kwambiri.
Demoiselle Crane ili ndi mitu yonse yamutu ndipo ilibe malo ofiira opanda khungu omwe amapezeka kwambiri mumitundu ina ya Cranes. Wamkulu ali ndi yunifolomu imvi thupi. Pamapiko ake pali nthenga zokhala ndi nsonga yakuda. Mutu ndi khosi zakuda. Kutsogolo kwa khosi kumawonetsa nthenga zakuda zazitali zomwe zimapachikidwa pachifuwa.
Pamutu pake, korona wapakati ndi wotuwa kuchokera kumutu mpaka korona wakumbuyo. Makutu amutu oyera, kuyambira kumaso mpaka ku occiput, opangidwa ndi nthenga zoyera zazitali. Mlomo wowongoka ndi wamfupi, wotuwa pansi ndi nsonga yofiira. Maso ndi ofiira lalanje, mawoko ndi akuda. Zala zazifupi zimalola mbalameyo kuyenda mosavuta panthaka youma.
Chosangalatsa: Demoiselle Crane imapanga mawu osokosera, osayankhula, omveka ofanana ndi kulira kwa malipenga, omwe amatha kutsatiridwa ngati "krla-krla" kapena "krl-krl".
Kodi Demoiselle Crane amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Crane ya Demoiselle
Pali malo akulu 6 a anthu a Demoiselle Crane:
- chiŵerengero chotsika cha anthu 70,000 mpaka 100,000 chikupezeka ku East Asia;
- Central Asia kuli chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha anthu 100,000;
- Kalmykia ndiye malo achitatu akum'mawa okhala ndi anthu 30,000 mpaka 35,000, ndipo chiwerengerochi pakadali pano sichokhazikika;
- kumpoto kwa Africa m'dera lamapiri la Atlas, anthu 50 akuchepa;
- anthu 500 ochokera ku Black Sea nawonso akuchepa;
- Dziko la Turkey lili ndi anthu ochepa osakwana 100.
Demoiselle crane amakhala m'tchire lotseguka ndipo nthawi zambiri amayendera zigwa, mapiri, madera ndi malo odyetserako ziweto pafupi ndi madzi - mitsinje, nyanja kapena madambo. Mitunduyi imapezeka m'mapululu komanso m'zipululu ngati muli madzi. Kwa nyengo yozizira, nyamayi imagwiritsa ntchito malo olimidwa ku India komanso malo ogona usiku m'madambo olimba. M'nyengo yozizira ku Africa, amakhala m'chipululu chaminga ndi mthethe, madambo komanso madambo oyandikira.
Ma crane a Demoiselle ndi mitundu yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe imapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana. Demoiselle crane zisa ku Central Eurasia, kuchokera ku Black Sea kupita ku Mongolia ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa China. Nyengo ku Indian subcontinent ndi sub-Saharan Africa. Anthu akutali amapezeka ku Turkey ndi North Africa (Atlas Mountains). Mbalameyi imawoneka mpaka 3000 mita ku Asia.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala Crane Demoiselle. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi Demoiselle Crane amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Crane ya Demoiselle ikuthawa
Ma Demoiselles amakhala akugwira masana. Amadyetsa chakudya m'mawa makamaka m'minda ndi m'minda, kenako amaima limodzi tsiku lonse. Amadyetsa mbewu, maudzu, zida zina za zomera, tizilombo, nyongolotsi, abuluzi, ndi nyama zina zazing'ono.
Ma crane a Demoiselle amadyetsa pazomera zonse komanso nyama. Chakudya chachikulu chimakhala ndi magawo a mbeu, njere, mtedza, nyemba. Demoiselle crane amadya pang'onopang'ono, amadya makamaka pazomera, komanso amadyetsa tizilombo nthawi yotentha, komanso nyongolotsi, abuluzi ndi zinyama zazing'ono.
Mukamasamuka, gulu lalikulu la nkhosa limayima m'malo olimidwa, monga nyengo yachisanu ku India, komwe imatha kuwononga mbewu. Chifukwa chake, ma crane a demoiselle ndi omnivorous, amadya mitengo yambiri yazomera chaka chonse ndikuwonjezera zakudya zawo ndi nyama zina.
Ma crane a dememoiselle amatha kutengedwa ngati:
- odya nyama;
- tizilombo toyambitsa matenda;
- odyetsa nkhono;
- nyama zosankha;
- odyetsa zipatso zokolola.
Makamaka, zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo: mbewu, masamba, zipatso, mtedza, zipatso, zipatso, zinyalala, nyama zazing'ono, mbalame, tizilombo, mphutsi, nkhono, ziwala, kafadala, njoka, abuluzi, ndi makoswe.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Crane ya Demoiselle ku Russia
Ma cranes a Demoiselle amatha kukhala payekha komanso pagulu. Kupatula zomwe zimachitika pakudya, kugona, kuyenda, ndi zina zambiri, amakhala okhaokha pakutsuka, kugwedeza, kusamba, kukanda, kutambasula, kupsa mtima komanso kudaya nthenga. Amagwira ntchito masana pamene akudyetsa, kudyetsa, kubzala ndi kusamalira ana nthawi yobereka ikafika. Mu nyengo yosaswana, amalumikizana pagulu.
Usiku, Demoiselle Cranes modalira mwendo umodzi, ndipo mutu ndi khosi zawo zabisika pansi kapena paphewa. Cranes awa ndi mbalame zosamuka zomwe zimayenda maulendo ataliatali kuchokera kumalo oswanira mpaka nyengo yachisanu. Kuyambira Ogasiti mpaka Seputembala, amasonkhana m'magulu a anthu 400, kenako amasamukira m'nyengo yozizira. Mu Marichi ndi Epulo, zimawulukira kumpoto kumalo awo okhala ndi zisa. Ziweto zomwe zimabwerako zimakhala ndi mbalame 4 mpaka 10 zokha. Pa nthawi yoswana, zimadyetsa pamodzi ndi zina zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Monga mitundu yonse ya ma crane, Crane ya Demoiselle imachita miyambo ndi zisudzo zokongola, pachibwenzi komanso pamakhalidwe. Mawonedwe kapena magule awa amakhala ndi mayendedwe olumikizana, kulumpha, kuthamanga, ndi kuponyera ziwalo zam'mlengalenga mlengalenga. Magule a crane a demoiselle amakonda kukhala olimba kuposa mitundu ikuluikulu ndipo amafotokozedwa kuti ndi "onga ballet," okhala ndi ziwonetsero zambiri.
Demoiselle crane imasunthira ndikuyenda m'mapiri ataliatali a Himalaya, pomwe anthu ena amadutsa zipululu zazikulu za Middle East ndi North Africa kuti akafike m'malo awo ozizira. Chiwerengero chochepa cha anthu aku Turkey chikuwoneka kuti sichikugwira ntchito mkati mwake. Poyamba, ziweto zosamuka zimatha kukhala ndi mbalame pafupifupi 400, koma zikafika m'malo ozizira, zimasonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu a anthu masauzande angapo.
Crane ya Demoiselle, monga mitundu ina ya mbalame, imayenera kuyamba kuthamanga pansi kuti ifulumire ndi kunyamuka. Iuluka ndi zikwapu zakuya, zamphamvu ndipo imakwera pamwamba ikayandikira ndi miyendo yolenjekeka, mapiko atambasula ndi mchira. Ikamayenda pamwamba pa mapiri ataliatali, imatha kuuluka pamtunda wa mamita 5,000 mpaka 8,000.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Demoiselle crane chick
Nthawi yoswana imachitika mu Epulo-Meyi mpaka kumapeto kwa Juni kumadera akumpoto kwamtunduwu. Demoiselle crane zisa panthaka youma, miyala, udzu wotseguka kapena malo omwe amathandizidwa. Awiriwo amakhala amtopola komanso achitetezo, komanso amateteza malo awo okhala ndi zisa. Amatha kutulutsa nyama zolusa kuchokera mu chisa ndi mtundu wa "mapiko osweka".
Mkazi amaikira mazira awiri nthawi imodzi pansi. Miyala kapena zomera zina nthawi zina zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi achikulire kuti aziphimba ndi kuziteteza, koma chisa sichimakhala chokhazikika. Makulitsidwe amatha pafupifupi masiku 27-29, omwe amagawanika pakati pa akulu. Anapiye apansi ndi otuwa ndi mutu wotumbululuka wa bulauni ndi yoyera imvi pansi.
Amadyetsedwa ndi makolo onse ndipo posachedwa amatsata akuluakulu atasamukira kumadera oyandikira. Amayamba kuwuluka patatha masiku 55 mpaka 65 ataswa, nthawi yochepa kwambiri kwa mbalame zazikulu. Pambuyo pa miyezi 10, amakhala odziyimira pawokha ndipo amatha kuyamba kuberekana ali ndi zaka 4-8. Nthawi zambiri Demoiselle Cranes amatha kuberekanso kamodzi zaka ziwiri zilizonse.
Chosangalatsa: Demoiselle Cranes ndi amuna okhaokha, awiriwa amakhala nawo moyo wawo wonse.
Mbalame zimatha pafupifupi mwezi umodzi zikulemera kuti zikonzekere ulendo wawo wophukira. Achinyamata a Demoiselle Cranes amapita limodzi ndi makolo awo nthawi yophukira ndikukhala nawo mpaka nthawi yozizira yoyamba.
Mu ukapolo, nthawi yamoyo yama crane ya Demoiselle ndi zaka zosachepera 27, ngakhale pali umboni wazipilala zomwe zakhala zaka zoposa 67. Kutalika kwa mbalame zakutchire sikudziwika pakadali pano. Popeza moyo m'chilengedwe ndiwowopsa, zimaganiziridwa kuti moyo wa crane ndiwofupikitsa kuposa womwe umakhala mu ukapolo.
Adani achilengedwe a Crane ya Demoiselle
Chithunzi: Crane ya Demoiselle
Cranes yaying'ono kwambiri, Demoiselle Cranes ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha adani kuposa mitundu ina. Amasakidwanso kumadera ena adziko lapansi. M'malo momwe zimawononga mbewu, cranes amatha kuonedwa ngati tizirombo ndipo amatha kuphedwa kapena kuphedwa ndi anthu.
Zing'onozing'ono zimadziwika za adani a Demoiselle Cranes. Zambiri ndizochepa zokhudzana ndi adani achilengedwe amtundu uwu kupatula mitundu yomwe imawopseza malo oswanirana a cranes awa.
Mwa olanda odziwika a Demoiselle Cranes ndi awa:
- Bustard;
- agalu oweta;
- nkhandwe.
Ma crane a Demoiselle ndi omwe amateteza zisa zawo mwankhanza, amatha kuukira ziwombankhanga ndi ma bustards, amatha kuthamangitsa nkhandwe ndi agalu. Anthu amathanso kuonedwa kuti ndi odyetsa chifukwa, ngakhale kuli koletsedwa kusaka nyama zamtunduwu, kupatula kumachitika m'malo osauka.
Zosangalatsa: Ma cranes a Demoiselle ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zolumikizirana zomwe zimawathandiza kudziteteza kwa adani, monga maimidwe osiyanasiyana owopseza, kutulutsa mawu, kuwonera, milomo ndi kusintha makola kuti azidyetsa komanso kuyendetsa bwino, komanso khungu loyera la achikulire ndi mazira achikasu achikasu okhala ndi mawanga a lavender, omwe amathandiza kubisala kwa adani.
Mitundu yambiri yamtundu wa omnivores komanso nyama zomwe zingagwire, Demoiselle Cranes amalumikizana ndi mitundu ina yambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, cranes awa amakhala ndi tiziromboti ta ma nematode osiyanasiyana monga tracheal red worm kapena roundworm, omwe ndi tiziromboti tomwe timatumbo. Coccidia ndi kachilombo kena kamene kamayambitsa matumbo ndi ziwalo zina za mbalame, monga mtima, chiwindi, impso ndi mapapo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe Demoiselle Crane imawonekera
Anthu okhala ndi cranes pano sali pachiwopsezo. Komabe, m'malo ena amtundu wawo, amawerengedwa ngati tizirombo ta mbewu zaulimi, chifukwa zimawononga mbewu ndipo pachifukwa ichi zitha kupatsidwa chiphe kapena kuphedwa. Njira zingapo zotetezera zakhazikitsidwa kale m'maiko ena kuti azisamalira kusaka ndi kuteteza mbalameyo ndi malo ake.
Aopsezedwanso ndi ngalande zamadambo ndikusowa malo okhala, ndipo amavutika ndi kusaka. Ena amaphedwa chifukwa cha masewera kapena chakudya, ndipo pali kuzembetsa nyama kosaloledwa ku Pakistan ndi Afghanistan. Kuwonongeka kwa Habitat kumachitika m'malo oponderezana ponseponse, komanso m'malo ozizira komanso njira zosamukira.
Chifukwa chake, ziwopsezo zotsatirazi zitha kudziwika zomwe zimakhudza anthu a Demoiselle Cranes:
- kusintha kwa madambo;
- Kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka ya zaulimi;
- kumwa madzi;
- Kukula kwa mizinda ndi chitukuko cha nthaka;
- nkhalango;
- kusintha kwa zomera;
- kuwononga chilengedwe;
- kugunda ndi mizere yothandiza;
- kuwedza anthu mopitirira muyeso;
- kupha;
- msampha wamoyo wogulitsa nyumba ndi malonda;
- poyizoni.
Chiwerengero cha Demoiselle Cranes ndi anthu pafupifupi 230,000-261,000. Pakadali pano, ku Europe kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi akuti akupezeka pakati pa 9,700 ndi 13,300 awiriawiri (19,400-26,500 anthu okhwima). Ku China, pali mitundu pafupifupi 100-10,000 yoswana, yomwe mbalame 50-1,000 zimasamukira. Mwambiri, mitunduyo pano imagawidwa ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi kwambiri, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kukukulira masiku ano.
Kuteteza kwa Demoiselle Crane
Chithunzi: Demoiselle crane kuchokera ku Red Book
Tsogolo la Demoiselle Cranes ndilokhazikika komanso lotetezeka kuposa mitundu ina yama cranes. Komabe, pali njira zomwe akutenga kuti muchepetse ziwopsezo zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa.
Njira zotetezera zomwe zapindulira ma cranes pano zikuphatikiza:
- chitetezo;
- kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo otetezedwa;
- kafukufuku wam'deralo ndi maphunziro a njira zosamukira;
- Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zowunika;
- kupezeka kwa kusinthana kwazidziwitso.
Pakadali pano, mapulogalamu aboma akupangidwa m'malo ophatikizira ndi kusamukira ku Demoiselle Cranes, komanso mapulogalamu ena apadera ophunzitsira omwe asaka aku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan akupangidwa. Mapulogalamuwa apereka chidziwitso chochulukirachulukira pazamoyozi ndipo tikukhulupirira kuti pamapeto pake zithandizira kuteteza ma Demoiselle Cranes.
Cranes: Kuwunika Kwamakhalidwe ndi Conservation Action Plan idawunikiranso momwe anthu okhala m'malo asanu ndi m'modzi momwe Demoiselles alili.
Kuwunika kwawo kuli motere:
- kuchuluka kwa ma Atlas kuli pachiwopsezo;
- kuchuluka kwa Nyanja Yakuda kuli pachiwopsezo;
- Anthu aku Turkey ali pachiwopsezo;
- Chiwerengero cha Kalmykia - zochepa chiopsezo;
- Kazakhstan / Central Asia kuchuluka - chiopsezo chochepa;
- anthu aku East Asia ali pachiwopsezo.
Cranes ambiri nthawi zonse amalimbikitsa anthu kudzera mu zaluso, zanthano, nthano ndi zinthu zina zakale, zomwe zimangowonjezera chidwi champhamvu. Ankalamuliranso zachipembedzo ndipo anali kujambulidwa m'mafano, ma petroglyphs, ndi ziwiya zadothi. M'manda akale a ku Aigupto crane wachabechabe adawonetsedwa ndi ojambula nthawi imeneyo pafupipafupi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08/03/2019
Tsiku losintha: 28.09.2019 ku 11:50
