Petrel - ngwazi yandakatulo ndi nyimbo zambiri, mbalame yomwe nthawi zonse imayenda ndi zombo zam'nyanja. Zimphona izi ndizoyipa zowopsa komanso osaka mwaluso omwe amatha kuwuluka mosatopa kwa masiku angapo pamadzi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Petrel
Petrel ndi mbalame yam'nyanja ya dongosolo la petrels. M'malo mwake, lamuloli limaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya mbalame, zomwe zimagwirizana pansi pa dzinali. Kawirikawiri mitundu yonse ndi thupi lawo, lomwe limalola kuti aziyandama pamwamba pa madzi kwa nthawi yayitali ndikudya kuchokera kunyanja. Chofunika kwambiri ndi machubu omwe ali mkamwa momwe mchere umadutsira.
Petrels amafunika madzi ambiri, koma amakhala pamwamba pa nyanja zamchere ndi nyanja zamchere, komwe kulibe magwero amadzi ambiri kwamakilomita ambiri. Chifukwa chake, monga ma penguin, adazolowera kumwa madzi amchere. Madzi amchere amadutsa "sefa" mkamwa mwawo ndipo amatuluka kudzera m'machubu ngati mchere.
Kanema: Petrel
Petrels amasiyana kukula komanso utoto, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala akulu kwambiri, mbalame zazikuluzikulu zokhala ndi mapiko mpaka 1m. Ndi mbalame yachiwiri ikuluikulu pambuyo pa albatross. Ma petrel adakhazikika mu Oligocene - pafupifupi zaka 30 miliyoni zapitazo, ngakhale zotsalira za mbalame zofananira zimapezeka ku Cretaceous - zaka 70 miliyoni zapitazo.
Anali kholo lodziwika bwino la ma petrel, ma albatross ndi mafunde, koma ma petrel anali oyamba kutuluka. Ambiri mwa makolo a petrel amakhala ku Northern Hemisphere, kuphatikiza ku North Atlantic Ocean. Pakadali pano, ma petrels kulibe, kapena amapita kumeneko mwangozi, pofunafuna chakudya mwachangu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi petrel amawoneka bwanji
Mwa mawonekedwe onse, mbalamezi zimachitira umboni kuti zimatha kuuluka kwa nthawi yayitali mlengalenga chifukwa cha kukula kwa nyanja. Ali ndi thupi lalifupi, mapiko olimba ndi miyendo yaying'ono. Chivundikiro cha nthenga za petrels ndi cholimba, kuteteza kuti mbalame zisazizidwe ndi mphepo yamkuntho ndikunyowa ndi madzi amchere ndi mvula.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zingwe za ma petrel ndi zazing'ono kwambiri komanso zoyandikira kwambiri kumchira kotero kuti mbalame sizimatha kuyimirira - zimayenera kudalira mapiko awo ndi chifuwa. Milomo ya mbalamezi nthawi zonse imakhala yosongoka pang'ono, yopindika kumapeto - izi zimathandiza kuti mbalamezo zizigwira bwino ntchito poterera.
Kutengera mitundu, ma petrel amasiyana mawonekedwe, kuphatikiza kukula.
Mitundu yofala kwambiri ndi iyi:
- petrel wamkulu wakumpoto. Ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri m'banja la petrel;
- petile wamkulu wakumwera. Mbalameyi ndi yocheperapo poyerekeza ndi wachibale wakumpoto;
- antarctic petrel. Izi ndi mbalame zofiirira zapakati;
- Cape petrel. Amatchedwanso Cape njiwa. Iyi ndi mbalame yowala yapakatikati, yotalika masentimita 36;
- chipale chofewa. Ichi ndi chaching'ono mpaka 30 cm kutalika;
- petrel wabuluu. Komanso mbalame yapakatikati yokhala ndi mapiko mpaka 70 cm.
Izi ndi mitundu yochepa chabe ya ma petrel. Banjali limaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 70 yovomerezeka.
Kodi petrel amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Petrel akuthawa
Mbalameyi imathera nthawi yayitali ikuuluka pamwamba pa nyanja ndi nyanja. Mapiko ake amasinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi thupi la mbalameyi kwa masiku angapo, ikuyenda mwamphamvu ndi mpweya. Ndi kovuta kutchula mitundu ingapo ya ma petrel, chifukwa, mosiyana ndi ma albatross, amakhala ku Southern ndi Northern Hemispheres. Petrel wamkulu wakumpoto amapezeka ku Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Ocean. Malo okhalamo - Zilumba za South Georgia.
Petrel wamkulu wakumwera amakhala m'madzi omwewo, koma zisa zokha pafupi ndi Antarctica. Mitengo ya Antarctic ndi chisanu imakhalanso komweko. Mitengo yam'madzi yaku Cape ndi buluu imakonda nyengo yayitali kwambiri, yodzala ku Cape Horn. Mbalame yam'madzi imapezeka pagombe la New Zealand kokha. Zisa zing'onozing'ono, zamitundu ingapo komanso imvi zisa mu Atlantic. Mitsinje ing'onoing'ono yolipiritsa imakhalanso ku Tasmania kufupi ndi gombe la Australia.
Petrels safuna malo owuma ngati malo awo okhalamo. Amatha kupuma pang'ono pamadzi, amatha kugona mlengalenga, ndikungodalira mapiko ndi mphepo. Petrels nthawi zambiri amatera pazombo ndi ma boti kuti apumule - umu ndi momwe malingaliro awa adadziwira oyendetsa. Petrels chisa pokhapokha panthawi yoswana, pomwe amafunika kuyikira mazira ndikusamalira anawo. Nthawi zonse amasankha malo omwewo kukaikira mazira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbalame yamphongo yobadwira pachilumba china imangoberekera komweko.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe petrel imapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi petrel amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Petrel mbalame
Mbalameyi ndi mbalame yodya nyama. Kuti mafuta azikhala ndi mphamvu mthupi lonse lomwe likuuluka masiku angapo, petrel amafunika mapuloteni ambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera pa nsomba zazing'ono, chakudya chake chimaphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya nkhanu ndi ma cephalopods - makamaka squid. Petrels nthawi zina amathamangitsa sitima zapamadzi. Kumeneko sangopumula kokha, komanso amapindula ndi nsomba kuchokera ku maukonde. Petrels nawonso mofunitsitsa amadya zovunda, amaba chakudya cha mbalame zina zodya nyama ndi nyama.
Makamaka mitundu ikuluikulu ya petrels imathanso kusaka pamtunda. Kwenikweni, amawononga zisa za nkhono, anyani ndi mbalame zina mwa kudya mazira. Koma zimachitika kuti amatha kumenyana ndi anapiye kapena zisindikizo zaubweya wa ana. Simalipira kalikonse kuti petrel wamkulu agwe pa koboola koboola pamene mayi akusaka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ngakhale ma penguin okhala mbalame zazing'ono ndi mbalame zazing'ono, ma petrels samawakhudza chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wabwino.
Krill ndi chakudya chapadera cha petrels. Ndi milomo yawo yomwe imasefa madzi amchere, ma petrels amayenda pamwamba pomwepo pamadzi kuti atenge madzi mkamwa mwawo, kuwasefa, ndikutenga krill yopatsa thanzi poyenda. Izi zimawapatsa mwayi wopulumuka ngakhale munjala. Petrels amangokhalira kusaka usiku. Atakanikiza mapiko awo mthupi, iwo, monga roketi, amalowa m'madzi pamalo pomwe adawona nsomba za nsomba. Nsomba zingapo zimagwidwa mwachangu, zimadyedwa m'madzi momwemo ndikusambira ndi kamsomba kam'kamwa mwake. Kuzama kwakukulu komwe mbalamezi zimadumphira ndi mamita 8.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Petrel ku Russia
Mbalameyi imakhala nthawi yambiri ikuuluka pamwamba pamadzi. Amawuluka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono - gulu limodzi la anthu asanu ndi awiri. Chifukwa chake ndizosavuta kwa iwo kufunafuna nyama yomwe ili pansi pamadzi ndikuthawa zoopsa zomwe zingachitike. Magulu akulu a petrels amasonkhana pasukulu ya nsomba, bwato, kapena nyama zina. Chifukwa cha ichi, amalinyero ena amawayesa "mbalame zam'madzi". Oyendetsa sitima amadziwa kuti petrel amatha kuchita zinthu mozindikira kuti chimphepo chikubwera. M'nyengo yodekha, yopanda mphepo komanso youma, mbalamezi zimauluka mwamtendere mumlengalenga, kufunafuna nyama. Koma ngati bingu ndi mphepo yamkuntho ikuyandikira, ma petrel amatsikira kumadzi ndikufuula. Khalidwe ili limapatsa ma petrel dzina lawo.
Petrels ndi mbalame zoopsa komanso zanzeru. Akutsikira zombo m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, amagawana maudindo: anthu ena amasokoneza oyendetsa panyanja ponamizira kuti akuba nsomba, pomwe ma petrel ena akuchita kuba ndikudya. Pazombo zophera nsomba, ma petrel amatha kudzaza mimba zawo bwino. Koma palinso zovuta zomwe petrels samakonda kukwera zombo. Sikuti matako awo samasinthidwa kuti azitha kuyenda bwinobwino, komanso sangathe kunyamuka, kutsikira pansi kwambiri.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti ndi chiŵerengero chotere cha mapiko ndi kukula kwa thupi, mutha kunyamuka pokhapokha mutadumpha kuchokera kumtunda wapamwamba ndikutenga mphepo yamkuntho. Chifukwa chake, ma petrels amadzipereka mouluka mkuntho, pomwe amatha kuyendetsa bwino pakati pamafunde angapo amphepo. Chiwawa cha Petrels chimafalikira ku nyama zina. Pozindikira chisindikizo cha ubweya wa ana kapena penguin ngati nyama, sangadikire kuti kholo lawo lipite kukasaka, koma kumenya panja. Kawirikawiri kuyendetsa kwa penguin kapena chisindikizo cha ubweya sikokwanira kuthamangitsa petrel, ndipo amapha mwana, kumudyetsa pamaso pa kholo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Grey Petrel
Zoyipa zakugonana sizimawonetsedwa mu petrels. Mu mitundu ina, mkazi amakhala wocheperako pang'ono kuposa wamwamuna, koma nthawi zina pamakhala palibe kusiyana kotere. Chifukwa chake, ma petrel amadziwikitsa wamkazi kapena wamwamuna ndi mawu amawu komanso mayendedwe amthupi.
Mbalame zimagwirizana m'madera akuluakulu, kumene zimayang'ana wokwatirana naye. Madera amenewa amatha kufikira anthu miliyoni. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupeza malo abwino okhalapo mazira, chifukwa chake amphakawo amalimbana kwambiri pakati pawo mdera labwino. Kulimbana pakati pa ma petrel kumapitilira ufulu wakukwatiwa ndi mkazi. Ndizosowa kwambiri kuti petrels apange mapangidwe okhazikika omwe satuluka kwa zaka zingapo.
Mkazi atadzisankhira yaimuna, masewera oyeserera amayamba. Mwamuna amabweretsa mphatso kwa mkazi - miyala ndi nthambi zomangira chisa. Pamodzi amapanga chisa, pambuyo pake kukwerana kumachitika ndipo dzira limodzi limayikidwa. Mkaziyu amasiyira dzira m'manja mwa yamphongo, kwinaku akuuluka mwezi umodzi ndikudya m'nyanja. Pa nthawi yobwerera, mwana wankhukuyu anali ataswa kale, choncho amayamba kumudyetsa chakudya chopukutidwa kuchokera ku chotupa chawo chapadera. Abambo amatha kuwuluka kunyanja kuti akadye, koma amabwerera kukadyetsa yaikazi ndi ya nkhuku yomwe ikukula.
Kumusiya yekha ndi koopsa - ma petrel ena, pazifukwa zosamveka, amatha kupha ng'ombe. Ziphuphu zing'onozing'ono zimakhwima miyezi iwiri, zazikulu zazikulu zinayi. Anapiye okhwima amachoka pachisa ndikuiwala makolo awo. Zonsezi, mbalamezi zimakhala zaka zosachepera 15, koma yayitali kwambiri imakhala mu ukapolo mpaka 50.
Adani achilengedwe a petrel
Chithunzi: Kodi petrel amawoneka bwanji
Petrels ndi mbalame zazikulu zomwe zimatha kudzisamalira, choncho zimakhala ndi adani ochepa. South Pole Skua nthawi zambiri imawononga zisa, imadya mazira ndi anapiye osakhwima ngati makolo atapuma pantchito kwinakwake. Mbalamezi zimapikisananso ndi ma petrels kuti adye, motero pamatha mikangano yayikulu pakati pawo.
Makoswe ndi amphaka omwe amabwera kudera lodzikwirako amakhalanso pachiwopsezo ku zisa ndi anapiye. Koma ana a petrel amakhalanso ndi chitetezo chawo. Pochita mantha, mwana wankhuku amatulutsa madzi amadzimadzi kuchokera pakamwa, pomwepo amawopseza nyama iliyonse. Madzi awa ndi amafuta, zimakhala zovuta kutsuka komanso kununkhiza kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusaka nyama yomwe ingakhale yowopsa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Monga ma penguin, kusokonezeka pakati pa amuna ndi akazi nthawi zina kumabweretsa mabanja ogonana okhaokha mu mbalamezi.
Mitundu yaying'ono ya petrels imatha kuopsezedwanso ndi nsomba ndi mikango yam'nyanja. Amatha kuukiridwa ndi nsombazi kapena nyama zina zazikulu zam'madzi mbalameyi ikagwa m'madzi ngati nyama kapena ikangoyandama pamafunde. Mbalamezi sizitha kudziteteza m'madzi, chifukwa chake sizivuta kuzizemba.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Petrel mbalame
Ma petrel ndi ochuluka kwambiri. Pokhala nyama zikuluzikulu zodya nyama, sizisangalatsa mbalame zina zodya nyama kapena nyama. Pokhala opanda malonda, sanakhalepo osakidwa mwadala ndi anthu. Chiwerengero cha ma petrel ku Atlantic kokha ndi pafupifupi mamiliyoni 3. Nyanja ya Pacific imakhala anthu pafupifupi 4 miliyoni. Ma petrel a ku Antarctic amawerengera anthu pafupifupi 20 miliyoni. Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi chokhazikika.
Komabe, mitundu ina imagawidwa ngati yosowa, ngakhale siyikuphatikizidwa mu Red Book.
Izi ndi izi:
- balearic petrel;
- pinki ya phazi;
- mkuntho woyera;
- Mkuntho wa Madeira;
- Mkuntho wa ku Hawaii.
Kuchepa kwa manambala kumachitika kokha chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda, zomwe zimayambitsa zingapo, chimodzi mwazomwezo ndikuwononga kwa nyanja zapadziko lapansi. Ma petrels nthawi zambiri amalumphira m'mafuta omwe adatsanulidwa, kuwalingalira ngati masukulu a nsomba, omwe adzafa posachedwa ndi poyizoni. Choncho mbalame zimatha kulowa m'mapulasitiki zikusambira ndikufa, osakhoza kuwuluka kapena kunyamuka. Ndiponso, kuwedza misa. Nsombazi zimagwidwa pamalonda ogulitsa nyama. Amalandidwa chakudya, ndichifukwa chake amafunikira kusamuka kwakutali kukafunafuna chakudya. Zimakhudzanso anthu.
Petrel - mbalame yayikulu, yachiwiri kukula kwa albatross yokha. Kukula kwawo, moyo wawo komanso mawonekedwe awaloleza kukhala amodzi mwa mitundu yambiri ya mbalame. Amapitilizabe kuyenda ndi zombo zawo paulendo wapanyanja ndikudziwitsa oyendetsa sitima za mkuntho womwe ukubwera.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 02.08.2019 chaka
Tsiku losinthidwa: 28.09.2019 pa 11:35
