Njovu Yam'madzi - ndichisindikizo chenicheni, kapena chisindikizo chopanda makutu, mamembala a pinniped suborder. Izi ndi zolengedwa zodabwitsa: amuna akulu onenepa okhala ndi mphuno yothothoka, akazi okongola omwe amawoneka akumwetulira nthawi zonse, ndi ana osiririka okongola ndi chilakolako chachikulu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Njovu
Chisindikizo cha njovu ndi chosambira panyanja, choyenda mtunda wautali, nyama yomwe imasowa chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali. Zisindikizo za njovu ndizodabwitsa kwambiri, zimasonkhana pamtunda kuti zibereke, zimakwerana ndi kusungunuka, koma zimakhala zokha panyanja. Zofunikira zazikulu zimayikidwa pa mawonekedwe awo kuti apitilize mpikisano wawo. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zisindikizo za njovu ndi ana a dolphin ndi platypus kapena dolphin ndi koala.
Kanema: Chisindikizo cha Njovu
Chosangalatsa: Zipinipini zazikuluzikuluzi sizitchulidwa zisindikizo za njovu chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Amapeza dzina lawo kuchokera kumphuno zothamanga zomwe zimawoneka ngati thunthu la njovu.
Mbiri yakukula kwa zisindikizo za njovu idayamba pa Novembala 25, 1990, pomwe anthu ochepera khumi ndi awiri a nyama izi adawerengedwa pagombe laling'ono kumwera kwa nyumba yowunikira ya Piedras Blancas. M'chaka cha 1991, zidindo pafupifupi 400 zidapangidwa. Mu Januwale 1992, kubadwa koyamba kunachitika. Coloni idakula modabwitsa. Mu 1993, pafupifupi ana 50 adabadwa. Mu 1995, ana ena 600 anabadwa. Kuchuluka kwa chiwerengerochi kunapitilira. Pofika 1996, kuchuluka kwa ana obadwa kale kudakwera pafupifupi 1,000, ndipo njuchi zidafikira magombe oyenda mmbali mwa nyanja. Njuchi zikupitilirabe mpaka pano. Mu 2015, panali zisindikizo za njovu 10,000.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe chisindikizo cha njovu chikuwonekera
Zisindikizo za Njovu ndi nyama zochezeka za banja la a Phocidae. Chisindikizo cha njovu chakumpoto ndi chachikasu kapena chofiirira, pomwe chisindikizo cha njovu chakumwera chimakhala choyera. Mitundu yakumwera imakhala ndi nthawi yocheperako, pomwe mbali zazikulu za tsitsi ndi khungu zimatha. Amuna amitundu yonse amatha pafupifupi 6.5 mita (21 mapazi) m'litali ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 3,530 kg (7,780 lb) ndikukula kwambiri kuposa akazi, omwe nthawi zina amafika 3.5 mita ndikulemera 900 kg.
Zisindikizo za njovu zimathamanga 23.2 km / h. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yama pinniped yomwe ilipo ndi chisindikizo chakumwera cha njovu. Amuna amatha kutalika kwa 6 mita ndikulemera matani 4.5. Zisindikizo zam'nyanja zili ndi nkhope yayikulu, yozungulira yokhala ndi maso akulu kwambiri. Ana amphongo amabadwa ndi malaya akuda omwe amayenda nthawi yosiya kuyamwa (masiku 28), ndikuyika malaya osalala, amtambo. Pakapita chaka, chovalacho chimasanduka chofiirira.
Zisindikizo zanjovu zazimayi zimabereka kwa nthawi yoyamba pafupifupi zaka 4, ngakhale zili pakati pa 2 mpaka 6 zaka. Amayi amawerengedwa kuti ndi okhwima ali ndi zaka 6. Amuna amakula msinkhu wazaka pafupifupi 4 mphuno zikayamba kukula. Mphuno ndi chikhalidwe chachiwiri chogonana, monga ndevu zamwamuna, ndipo imatha kufika kutalika modabwitsa kwa theka la mita. Amuna amakula msinkhu wazaka 9. Msinkhu waukulu woswana ndi zaka 9-12. Zisindikizo za njovu zakumpoto zimakhala zaka pafupifupi 9, pomwe zisindikizo zanjovu zakumwera zimakhala zaka 20 mpaka 22.
Anthu amakhetsa tsitsi lawo ndi khungu nthawi zonse, koma zisindikizo za njovu zimadutsa pachimake chowopsa, momwe gawo lonse la epidermis lokhala ndi ubweya wolumikizana limalumikizana nthawi imodzi. Chifukwa chakuthwa kotere ndikuti panyanja amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi akuya ozizira. Pakutsika, magazi amatuluka pakhungu. Izi zimawathandiza kusunga mphamvu ndikusatenthedwa ndi thupi. Nyama zimasambira pansi panthawi ya kusungunuka, chifukwa magazi amatha kuzungulira pakhungu kuti athandizire kukula kwa khungu ndi tsitsi.
Kodi chisindikizo cha njovu chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Njovu Kummwera
Pali mitundu iwiri ya zisindikizo za njovu:
- kumpoto;
- kum'mwera.
Zisindikizo za njovu zakumpoto zimapezeka kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean kuchokera ku Baja California, Mexico mpaka Gulf of Alaska ndi zilumba za Aleutian. M'nyengo yoswana, amakhala m'mphepete mwa zilumba m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'malo ena akutali kumtunda. Chaka chonse, kupatula nthawi yolira, zisindikizo za njovu zimakhala kutali kwambiri (mpaka 8,000 km), zomwe zimamira kuposa ma 1,500 mita pansi pa nyanja.
Zisindikizo zanjovu zakumwera (Mirounga leonina) zimakhala m'madzi ozizira ozizira ku Antarctic. Amagawidwa ku Nyanja Yakumwera mozungulira Antarctica komanso kuzilumba zambiri za subantarctic. Anthu akukhala pazilumba za Antipode ndi Campbell Island. M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zambiri amapita kuzilumba za Auckland, Antipode ndi Snares, nthawi zambiri kuzilumba za Chatham komanso nthawi zina madera osiyanasiyana. Zisindikizo zanjovu zakumwera nthawi zina zimachezera zigombe zakomweko ku New Zealand.
Kumtunda, amatha kukhala m'derali kwa miyezi ingapo, kupatsa anthu mwayi wowonera nyama zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'madzi ozungulira. Chisomo ndi kuthamanga kwa nyama zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi zotere zitha kukhala zosangalatsa, ndipo zisindikizo zazing'ono zimatha kusewera kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Mosiyana ndi nyama zina zambiri zam'madzi (monga anamgumi ndi ma dugong), zisindikizo za njovu sizimakhala m'madzi kwathunthu: zimatuluka m'madzi kuti zikapume, kusungunuka, kukwerana, ndi kubereka ana.
Kodi chisindikizo cha njovu chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha njovu wamkazi
Zisindikizo za Njovu zimadya nyama. Zisindikizo za njovu zakummwera ndizomwe zimadyera panyanja ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali kunyanja. Amadyetsa nsomba, squid kapena cephalopods zina zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi a Antarctic. Amangobwera kumtunda kuti azitha kuswana. Amakhala chaka chonse akudya munyanja, pomwe amapuma, amasambira pamwamba ndikusambira posaka nsomba zazikulu ndi squid. Akakhala kunyanja, nthawi zambiri amatengedwa kuchokera komwe amabala, ndipo amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali pakati pa nthawi yomwe amakhala kumtunda.
Amakhulupirira kuti akazi ndi abambo awo amadya nyama zosiyanasiyana. Zakudya za azimayi ndizambiri zamasamba, pomwe chakudya cha amuna chimakhala chosiyanasiyana, chokhala ndi nsombazi, kunyezimira komanso nsomba zina zapansi. Pofunafuna chakudya, amuna amayenda m'mashelefu aku Continental kupita ku Alaska Gulf. Akazi amakonda kupita kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kupita kunyanja yotseguka kwambiri. Chisindikizo cha njovu chimapangitsa kusunthaku kukhala kawiri pachaka, komanso kubwerera ku rookery.
Zisindikizo za njovu zimasamukira kwina kukafunafuna chakudya, zimakhala miyezi panyanja ndipo nthawi zambiri zimamira pansi kwambiri kufunafuna chakudya. M'nyengo yozizira, amabwerera kumalo awo ogulitsa kuti akabereke ndi kubereka. Ngakhale zisindikizo za njovu zazimuna ndi zachikazi zimakhala nthawi yayitali kunyanja, njira zawo zosamukira komanso njira zawo zodyera ndizosiyana: amuna amatsata njira yosasinthasintha, amasaka alumali pakanyumba ndikudyera pansi panyanja, pomwe akazi amasintha njira zawo posaka nyama yosunthira ndi kusaka kwambiri panyanja. Popanda kutsekedwa, zisindikizo za njovu zimagwiritsa ntchito maso ndi ndevu zawo kuti zizindikire kuyenda kwapafupi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Sindikizani njovu mwachilengedwe
Zisindikizo za Njovu zimafika kumtunda ndikupanga zigawo kwa miyezi ingapo pachaka kuti zibereke, ziberekane komanso kusungunuka. Chaka chonse, madera amabalalika, ndipo anthu amathera nthawi yawo yambiri akudya chakudya, akuyenda ma mile masauzande ambiri ndikumayenda mozama kwambiri. Pamene zisindikizo za njovu zili panyanja pofunafuna chakudya, zimamira pansi kwambiri.
Nthawi zambiri amathamangira pansi mpaka pafupifupi mamita 1,500. Nthawi yothirira pamadzi ndi mphindi 20, koma amatha kuyenda pansi pamadzi kwa ola limodzi kapena kupitilira apo. Zisindikizo za njovu zikafika pamwamba, zimangokhala pamtunda mphindi 2-4 zokha asanamizenso - ndikupitiliza njira iyi yolowera m'madzi maola 24 patsiku.
Pamtunda, zisindikizo za njovu nthawi zambiri zimasiyidwa zopanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Pofuna kupewa kuchepa kwa madzi m'thupi, impso zawo zimatha kupanga mkodzo wokhazikika, womwe umakhala ndi zinyalala zambiri komanso madzi enieni pontho lililonse. Rookery ndi malo aphokoso kwambiri munthawi yoswana, monga amuna amatulutsa mawu, ana amafuula kuti adyetse, ndipo akazi amakangana wina ndi mnzake za komwe kuli ndi anawo. Kukhosomola, kufwenthera, malamba, maphokoso, kulira, kulira ndi mkokomo wamphongo zimaphatikizana ndikupanga symphony yakumveka kwa chisindikizo cha njovu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Njovu Wamwana
Chisindikizo cha njovu chakumwera, monga chisindikizo cha njovu chakumpoto, chimaswana ndikutuluka pamtunda, koma chimadzaza munyanja, mwina pafupi ndi ayezi wambiri. Zisindikizo za njovu zakumwera zimaswana kumtunda koma zimakhala nyengo yozizira m'madzi ozizira a Antarctic pafupi ndi ayezi wa Antarctic. Mitundu yakumpoto siyimasuntha nthawi yobereka. Nthawi yoswana ikafika, zisindikizo zamphongo za njovu zimatanthauzira ndikuteteza madera ndikukhala okwiya wina ndi mnzake.
Amasonkhanitsa azimayi azimayi 40 mpaka 50, omwe ndi ocheperako kuposa anzawo. Amuna amamenyera wina ndi mnzake kuti alamulire. Zina zokumana nazo zimatha ndikubangula komanso kuponderezana mwamphamvu, koma zina zambiri zimakhala nkhondo zankhanza komanso zamagazi.
Nthawi yoswana imayamba kumapeto kwa Novembala. Akazi amayamba kubwera pakati pa Disembala ndipo amafikabe mpaka pakati pa Okutobala. Kubadwa koyamba kumachitika patsiku la Khrisimasi, koma nthawi zambiri kubadwa kumachitika m'masabata awiri omaliza a Januware. Amayi amakhala pagombe pafupifupi milungu isanu kuchokera pomwe afika kumtunda. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, amuna amakhala pagombe mpaka masiku 100.
Podyetsa mkaka, akazi samadya - mayi ndi mwana amadalira mphamvu zomwe amapeza m'mafuta ake okwanira. Amuna ndi akazi amataya pafupifupi 1/3 ya kulemera kwawo m'nyengo yoswana. Amayi amabereka mwana mmodzi chaka chilichonse pakatha miyezi 11 ya bere.
Chosangalatsa: Mkazi akabereka, mkaka womwe amatulutsa amakhala ndi mafuta pafupifupi 12%. Patatha milungu iwiri, chiwerengerocho chikuwonjezeka kupitirira 50%, ndikupangitsa kuti madziwo azikhala ofanana ndi pudding. Poyerekeza, mkaka wa ng'ombe uli ndi 3.5% yokha yamafuta.
Adani achilengedwe a zisindikizo za njovu
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Njovu
Zisindikizo zazikulu za njovu zakumwera zili ndi adani ochepa, pakati pawo:
- anamgumi opha nyama omwe amatha kusaka ana ndi zisindikizo zakale;
- zisindikizo za kambuku, zomwe nthawi zina zimaukira ndi kupha ana;
- nsombazi zina zazikulu.
Omwe amakhala nawo nthawi yoberekera amathanso kuonedwa ngati adani a zisindikizo za njovu. Zisindikizo za njovu zimapanga ma harems momwe amuna akuluakulu kapena alpha azunguliridwa ndi gulu la akazi. Pamphepete mwa azimayi, abambo a beta amadikirira chiyembekezo chokhala ndi mwayi wokwatirana. Amathandizira alpha wamwamuna kusunga amuna ocheperako. Kulimbana pakati pa amuna ndi amuna kumatha kukhala nkhani yamagazi, pomwe amuna amayimilira ndikuyimitsana okhaokha, ndikuduladula ndi mano akulu a canine.
Zisindikizo za njovu zimagwiritsa ntchito mano awo pankhondo kuti zithetse makosi a otsutsa. Amuna akulu amatha kuvulazidwa kwambiri chifukwa chakumenyana ndi amuna ena nthawi yoswana. Nkhondo pakati pa amuna ndi akulu omwe atenga nawo mbali atha kukhala aatali, wamagazi komanso owopsa kwambiri, ndipo wotayika nthawi zambiri amavulala kwambiri. Komabe, sikuti mikangano yonse imathera pankhondo. Nthawi zina zimakhala zokwanira kuti azikwera ndi miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, kuponyera mitu yawo kumbuyo, kuwonetsa kukula kwa mphuno zawo ndikuwopseza koopsa kuti awopseze otsutsa ambiri. Koma nkhondo zikachitika, sizimafa ayi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kodi zisindikizo za njovu zimawoneka bwanji
Mitundu yonse iwiri yazisindikizo zanjovu idasakidwa mafuta awo ndipo idafafanizidwa kwathunthu m'zaka za zana la 19. Komabe, potetezedwa mwalamulo, ziwerengero zawo zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo kupulumuka kwawo sikuwopsezedwanso. M'zaka za m'ma 1880, zisindikizo za njovu zakumpoto zimaganizirika kuti zatha, popeza mitundu iwiri yonseyi inkasakidwa ndi ma whaler am'mphepete kuti apeze mafuta awo ocheperako, omwe amakhala achiwiri kupatula mafuta a sphale whale. Kagulu kakang'ono ka zisindikizo 20-100 zanjovu zomwe zidasungidwa pachilumba cha Guadalupe, pafupi ndi Baja California, zawona zotsatira zoyipa zakusaka nyama.
Otetezedwa koyamba ndi Mexico kenako United States, akuchulukitsa anthu. Otetezedwa ndi 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act, akukulitsa kutalika kwawo kuzilumba zakutali ndipo pakadali pano akulanda magombe osankhidwa monga Piedras Blancas, kumwera kwa Big Sur, pafupi ndi San Simeon. Chiyerekezo chonse cha chisindikizo cha njovu mu 1999 chinali pafupifupi 150,000.
Chosangalatsa: Zisindikizo za njovu ndi nyama zakutchire ndipo siziyenera kuyandikira. Sizimadziwika ndipo zimatha kuvulaza anthu, makamaka nthawi yoswana. Kulowererapo kwa anthu kumatha kukakamiza zisindikizo kuti zigwiritse ntchito mphamvu zamphamvu zomwe amafunikira kuti apulumuke. Ana amatha kupatukana ndi amayi awo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawapha. National Marine Fisheries Service, bungwe loyang'anira ntchito yolimbikitsa Marine Mammal Protection Act, ikulimbikitsa kuyang'anitsitsa mtunda wa 15 mpaka 30 mita.
Njovu Yam'madzi Ndi nyama yodabwitsa. Ndi zazikulu komanso zazikulu pamtunda, koma ndizabwino kwambiri m'madzi: amatha kuyenda m'madzi akuya makilomita awiri ndikupumira m'madzi mpaka maola awiri. Zisindikizo za njovu zimayenda mozungulira nyanja yonse ndipo zimatha kusambira mtunda wautali kufunafuna chakudya. Amamenyera malo padzuwa, koma olimba mtima okha amakwaniritsa zolinga zawo.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/31/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 01.08.2019 pa 8:56
