Kadzidzi khola - Nthambi yakale kwambiri ya dongosolo la akadzidzi, omwe amatha kuwona kulemera kwake komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu zakale. Maonekedwe achilendowa amasiyanitsa kwambiri mbalameyo ndi akadzidzi ena. Mutha kutsimikizira izi poyang'ana nkhope ya nkhokwe. Titha kufananizidwa ndi chigoba, nkhope ya nyani, kapena mtima. Mbalameyi ili ndi mayina ambiri omwe amawonekera m'maluso owerengeka. Nkhokwe ikukhala pafupi ndi anthu ndipo samaopa malo oyandikana nawo, omwe amakupatsani mwayi wosunga nyamayi kunyumba.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Barn owl
Nkhokwe yoyamba idafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1769 ndi sing'anga waku Tyrolean komanso wazachilengedwe D. Skopoli. Anapatsa mbalameyi dzina loti Strix alba. Momwe mitundu yambiri ya akadzidzi imafotokozedwera, dzina la mtundu wa Strix limagwiritsidwa ntchito pokha kwa akadzidzi obadwira m'banja, Strigidae, ndipo kadzidzi wa nkhokwe adadziwika kuti Tyto alba. Dzinalo limatanthauza "kadzidzi woyera", lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Greek yakale. Mbalameyi imadziwika ndi mayina ambiri odziwika, omwe amatanthauza mawonekedwe ake, mamvekedwe omwe amapanga, malo ake, kapena kuwuluka kwawo modekha komanso mwakachetechete.
Kanema: Kadzidzi wa Barn
Kutengera ndi chidziwitso cha DNA kuchokera ku nkhokwe yakuda yaku America (T. furcata) ndi khola la Curacao (T. bargei) amadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yapadera. Adanenanso kuti T. a. delicatula amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wosiyana womwe umadziwika kuti nkhokwe yakum'mawa. Komabe, International Ornithological Committee ikukayikira izi ndikunena kuti kulekanitsidwa kwa Tyto delicatula ndi T. alba "kungafunikire kuganiziridwanso."
Ma subspecies ena nthawi zina amawawona asayansi ngati mitundu ina, koma izi ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndikuwonanso. Kufufuza kwa DNA ya mitochondrial kumawonetsa kugawikana kwamitundu iwiri, Old World alba ndi New World furcata, koma kafukufukuyu sanaphatikizepo T. a. delicatula, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti ndi mitundu yosiyana. Kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwakupezeka pakati pa Indonesia T. stertens ndi mamembala ena a oda alba.
Nkhokwe ya nkhokwe yafala kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina yonse ya kadzidzi. Ma subspecies ambiri akhala akuyembekezeredwa pazaka zambiri, koma ena nthawi zambiri amawoneka kuti amadalirana pakati pa anthu osiyanasiyana. Mitundu yazilumba ndizocheperako, mosiyana ndi kumtunda, ndipo munkhalango, nthenga zimakhala zakuda kwambiri, mapiko amafupikitsa kuposa omwe amapezeka m'malo odyetserako ziweto.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe khola la khumbalo limawonekera
Nkhokwe ndi kadzidzi wonyezimira, wapakatikati wokhala ndi mapiko otambalala ndi mchira wawufupi. Subpecies ali ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwakutali kwa thupi lokhala ndi uthunthu wonse kuyambira 29 mpaka 44 cm m'mitundu yonse. Mapiko a mapiko ake amakhala pakati pa 68 mpaka 105 cm. Kulemera kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu kumasiyananso 224 mpaka 710 g.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi zambiri, nkhwangwa zomwe zimakhala pazilumba zazing'ono ndizocheperako komanso zopepuka, mwina chifukwa chakuti zimadalira kwambiri nyama zomwe zimadya nyama ndipo zimafunikira kuyendetsa bwino. Komabe, mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya nkhokwe zochokera ku Cuba ndi Jamaica ndiyonso yoimira zilumba.
Choyimira mchira ndikutha kusiyanitsa kadzidzi ndi kadzidzi wamba mlengalenga. Zina mwazosiyanitsa ndi mawonekedwe osayenda osaduka komanso miyendo yakulendewera. Maso akuda ndi owoneka bwino oterowo amawapatsa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, ngati chigoba cholimba chokhala ndi zotupa zazikulu zamaso akuda. Mutu ndi waukulu komanso wozungulira, wopanda ziboda zamakutu.
Ziwombankhanga zili ndi mapiko ozungulira ndi mchira wawufupi wokutidwa ndi nthenga zoyera kapena zobiriwira zobiriwira. Kumbuyo ndi mutu wa mbalameyi ndi bulauni wonyezimira ndimalo akuda ndi oyera. Pansi pake pamayera motuwa. Maonekedwe a akadzidziwa ndi achilendo kwambiri. Oyang'anira mbalame ali ndi mitundu 16, pomwe Tyto alba ili ndi zazing'ono 35, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa potengera kusiyana kwa kukula ndi utoto. Pafupifupi, mwa anthu omwewo, amuna amakhala ndi malo ochepera pansipa, ndipo amakhala owoneka bwino kuposa akazi. Anapiye aphimbidwa ndi zoyera pansi, koma mawonekedwe a nkhope amawonekera atangoyaswa.
Kodi khola limakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nkhokwe ya Owl
Nkhokwe yakutchire ndi mbalame yapadziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imafalikira m'maiko onse kupatula Antarctica. Magawo ake akuphatikizapo Europe yonse (kupatula Fennoscandia ndi Malta), kuchokera kumwera kwa Spain kumwera kwa Sweden komanso kum'mawa kwa Russia. Kuphatikiza apo, mitunduyi ikupezeka makamaka ku Africa, Indian subcontinent, zilumba zina za Pacific, komwe adabweretsedwa kudzamenya makoswe, komanso America, Asia, Australia. Mbalame zimangokhala ndipo anthu ambiri, atakhazikika pamalo ena, amakhalabe komweko, ngakhale malo oyandikira akachoka.
Nkhokwe wamba (T. alba) - imakhala ndimitundu yambiri. Amakhala ku Europe, komanso ku Africa, Asia, New Guinea, Australia ndi America, kupatula zigawo zakumpoto za Alaska ndi Canada.
Gawani:
- phulusa la nkhope yosungira phulusa (T. glaucops) - chofala ku Haiti;
- Cape barn owl (T. capensis) - wopezeka ku Central ndi South Africa;
- mitundu ya Madagascar imapezeka ku Madagascar;
- mitundu ya bulauni yakuda (T. nigrobrunnea) ndi Australia (T. novaehollandiae) imakhudza New Guinea ndi gawo lina la Australia;
- T. multipunctata ndiwomwe amapezeka ku Australia;
- nkhokwe ya golide (T. aurantia) - komwe kumakhala pafupifupi. New Britain;
- T. manusi - pafupifupi. Manus;
- T. nigrobrunnea - pafupifupi. Sula;
- T. sororcula - pafupifupi. Tanimbar;
- Sulawesian (T. rosenbergii) ndi Minakhas (T. inexpectata) amakhala ku Sulawesi.
Ziwombankhanga zimakhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana kuchokera kumidzi mpaka kumatauni. Amakonda kupezeka m'malo otsika ngati malo odyetserako ziweto, zipululu, madambo, ndi minda yaulimi. Amafuna malo obisalapo monga mitengo yopanda mphako, mabowo m'miyala ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, mapanga, zikuluzikulu zamatchalitchi, malo okhalamo, ndi zina.
Kodi nkhokwe idya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kadzidzi wa Barnaba akuthawa
Ndi nyama zolusa usiku zomwe zimakonda nyama zazing'ono. Kadzidzi m'khola amayamba kusaka yekha dzuwa litalowa. Kuti azindikire zomwe zikuyenda, adayamba kuwona pang'ono. Komabe, posaka mumdima wathunthu, kadzidzi amadalira kumva kwake kuti agwire nyama yake. Ziwombankhanga ndi mbalame zolondola kwambiri posaka nyama yaphokoso ndi mawu. Khalidwe lina lomwe limathandizira kusaka bwino ndi nthenga zawo zosalala, zomwe zimathandiza kusokosera pakamayenda.
Kadzidzi amafikira nyama yake pafupifupi osazindikira. Ziwombankhanga zimathamangitsa nyama zawo ndi maulendo otsika (1.5-5.5 mita kumtunda), imagwira nyama ija ndi mapazi awo ndikumenya kumbuyo kwa chigaza ndi milomo yawo. Kenako amawononga nyama yonse. Ziwombankhanga zimasunga chakudya, makamaka nthawi yoswana.
Chakudya chachikulu cha nkhokwe chimakhala ndi:
- zikopa;
- mbewa;
- ma voles;
- makoswe;
- hares;
- akalulu;
- kusokoneza
- mbalame zazing'ono.
Nkhokwe yosaka imasaka poyenda pang'onopang'ono ndikufufuza pansi. Amatha kugwiritsa ntchito nthambi, mipanda, kapena malo ena owonera kuti aone malowo. Mbalameyi ili ndi mapiko aatali komanso otambalala, omwe amawathandiza kuti aziyenda bwino kwambiri. Miyendo ndi zala zake ndizitali komanso zowonda. Izi zimathandizira kusamba pakati pa masamba obiriwira kapena pansi pa chipale chofewa. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti nkhokwe inayake imadya imodzi kapena zingapo usiku uliwonse, zomwe zimafanana ndi pafupifupi makumi awiri ndi atatu peresenti ya kulemera kwa mbalameyo.
Nyama zazing'ono zimang'ambika ndikudya kwathunthu, pomwe nyama zazikulu, zopitilira 100 g, zimadulidwa ndikuyika zina zosadyedwa. Mchigawo, zopanda makoswe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera kupezeka. Pazilumba zokhala ndi mbalame, chakudya cha nkhokwe chingaphatikizepo 15-20% ya mbalame.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Barn owl
Ziwombankhanga sizikhala maso usiku, kudalira kuti zidzamvetsera mwachidwi mumdima wonse. Amayamba kugwira ntchito dzuwa lisanalowe, ndipo nthawi zina amawoneka masana akamayenda kuchokera kumalo ena usiku kupita kumalo ena. Nthawi zina amatha kusaka masana ngati usiku wapitawo kunali konyowa ndikupangitsa kusaka kukhala kovuta.
Ziwombankhanga sizomwe zimakhala mbalame, koma zimakhala ndi nyumba zina zomwe zimadyera. Kwa amuna ku Scotland, ili ndi dera lokhala ndi utali wozungulira pafupifupi 1 km kuchokera pamalo obisalira. Magulu azimayi amakhala ofanana kwambiri ndi a mnzake. Kupatula nyengo yoswana, amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri amagona padera. Munthu aliyense amakhala ndi malo atatu obisala masana, komanso komwe amapitako kwakanthawi kochepa usiku.
Malo awa ndi awa:
- mapanga a mitengo;
- ming'alu ya m'matanthwe;
- nyumba zosiyidwa;
- chimbudzi;
- masheya a udzu, ndi zina zambiri.
Nyengo yoti iswane nayo ikamayandikira, mbalamezi zimabwerera kufupi ndi chisa chosankhidwacho usiku. Ziwombankhanga zimakhala ndi nthenga m'malo otseguka, monga malo olimapo kapena malo odyetserako ziweto okhala ndi nkhalango, kumtunda kwa mita 2000. Kadzidzi amasankha kusaka m'mphepete mwa nkhalango kapena m'malo amizere yobiriwira yoyandikana ndi msipu wake.
Mofanana ndi akadzidzi ambiri, kadzidzi wa nkhokwe amauluka mwakachetechete, ali ndi timatumba tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ta nthenga komanso kansalu kofanana ndi tsitsi m'mbali mwake komwe kumathandiza kudutsa mafunde am'mlengalenga, potero kumachepetsa mphepo yamkuntho komanso phokoso lomwe likutsatira. Khalidwe la mbalame ndi zokonda zachilengedwe zimatha kusiyanasiyana pang'ono, ngakhale pakati pa subspecies yoyandikana nayo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Chikwama cha kadzidzi
Ziwombankhanga ndi mbalame zokhazokha, ngakhale pali malipoti a mitala. Awiriwo amakhala limodzi bola onse awiriwo akhale moyo. Chibwenzi chimayamba ndikuwonetsa kuwuluka kwa amuna, komwe kumathandizidwa ndikumveka ndikuthamangitsa kwachikazi. Yamphongoyo ifikiranso mlengalenga patsogolo pa mkaziyo atakhala pansi kwa masekondi ochepa.
Kuphatikizana kumachitika mphindi zochepa zilizonse posaka chisa. Amuna ndi akazi ogona pamaso pawo kuti agonane. Mwamuna amakwera wamkazi, namugwira pakhosi ndi sikelo ndi mapiko otambasula. Kuphatikizana kumapitilira pafupipafupi nthawi yonse yopanga ndi kulera.
Ziwombankhanga zimaswana kamodzi pachaka. Amatha kubereka pafupifupi nthawi iliyonse pachaka, kutengera zakudya. Anthu ambiri amayamba kubereka ali ndi zaka 1. Chifukwa chazitali zazitali za nkhokwe (pafupifupi zaka 2), anthu ambiri amaberekanso kamodzi kapena kawiri. Monga lamulo, nkhwangwa zimabweretsa ana amodzi pachaka, ngakhale awiriawiri amakula mpaka ana atatu pachaka.
Chosangalatsa: Zazikazi zapadera zimasiya chisa pakamakudya kokha kwa nthawi yayifupi komanso kwakanthawi. Nthawi imeneyi, chachimuna chimadyetsa chachikazi choberekera. Amakhala pachisa mpaka anapiye atakwanitsa masiku 25. Amuna amabweretsa chakudya chisa chachikazi ndi anapiye, koma wamkazi yekha ndiye amadyetsa ana, poyamba amaswa chakudya mzidutswa tating'ono.
Nthawi zambiri akadzidzi amtunduwu amagwiritsa ntchito chisa chakale chomwe chimatenga zaka makumi ambiri m'malo momanga chatsopano. Kawirikawiri, chachikazi chimayala chisa ndi timibulu tosweka. Amayikira mazira 2 mpaka 18 (nthawi zambiri 4 mpaka 7) pamlingo wa dzira limodzi masiku awiri kapena atatu. Mkazi amaikira mazira kuyambira masiku 29 mpaka 34. Anapiye amaswa ndi kumadya yaikazi ataswa. Amasiya chisa patatha masiku 50-70 ataswa, koma amabwerera ku chisa kukagona. Amakhala osadalira makolo awo patatha milungu 3-5 atayamba kuuluka.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe anapiye aku khola amawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone momwe kadzidzi amakhala kuthengo.
Adani achilengedwe a nkhokwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya owl
Kadzidzi m'nkhokwe alibe nyama zolusa zochepa. Nthawi zina njoka ndi njoka zimagwira anapiye. Palinso umboni wina kuti kadzidzi yemwe amakhala ndi nyanga nthawi zina amadyerera akuluakulu. Subpecies ya Barn owl kumadzulo kwa Palaearctic ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa North America. Subpecies izi nthawi zina zimasakidwa ndi ziwombankhanga zagolide, mphamba zofiira, miimba, mapere a peregrine, falcons, akadzidzi a mphungu.
Poyang'anizana ndi wobisalayo, akadzidzi a nkhokwe amatambasula mapiko awo ndikuwapendeketsa kuti kumbuyo kwawo kulondolere kwa wobisalayo. Kenako amapukusa mitu yawo uku ndi uku. Kuwonetsaku kuwopseza kumatsagana ndi kukokomeza ndi ngongole, zomwe zimaperekedwa ndikuthyola maso. Wobayo akapitirizabe kuukira, kadzidzi amagwa chagada ndikumumenya.
Odziwika odziwika:
- ziphuphu;
- njoka;
- ziwombankhanga zagolide;
- ma kite ofiira;
- akalulu akumpoto;
- ma buzzards wamba;
- ma perecine falcons;
- Falcon yaku Mediterranean;
- kadzidzi;
- opossum;
- imvi;
- ziwombankhanga;
- namwali kadzidzi.
Siruhs amakhala ndi tizirombo tambiri. Utitiri umapezeka malo okhala zisa. Amagonjetsedwanso ndi nsabwe ndi nthenga, zomwe zimafalikira kuchokera ku mbalame kupita ku mbalame mwachindunji. Ntchentche zoyamwa magazi monga Ornithomyia avicularia nthawi zambiri zimakhalapo ndipo zimayenda pakati pa nthenga. Ma parasites amkati amaphatikizapo Fluke Strigea strigis, Paruternia candelabraria tapeworms, mitundu ingapo ya ziphuphu zozungulira, ndi minga zamtundu wa Centrorhynchus. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa timapezeka pamene mbalame zimadya nyama zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe khola la khumbalo limawonekera
Mitunduyi yakhala ikukhazikika pazaka 40 zapitazi ku America. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Europe chikuwerengedwa kuti chikusintha. Masiku ano anthu aku Europe akuti akupezeka pawiri 111,000-230,000, omwe amafanana ndi anthu okhwima 222,000-460,000. Europe ndi pafupifupi 5% yapadziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa chake kuyerekezera koyambirira kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndi 4,400,000-9,200,000 okhwima, ngakhale kutsimikiziranso kwa chiwerengerochi kukufunika.
M'mafamu amakono, palibenso nyumba zokwanira zokhalira zisa, ndipo minda singathenso kukhala ndi makoswe okwanira kudyetsa kadzidzi. Chiwerengero cha akadzidzi, komabe, chikuchepa m'malo ena, osati m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ma subspecies apadera okhala ndi zilumba zazing'ono nawonso ali pachiwopsezo chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo.
Kadzidzi khola imayankha kusintha kwa nyengo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kusintha kwaulimi. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina, sizisunga mafuta ochulukirapo kuti azisunga nyengo yozizira. Zotsatira zake, akadzidzi ambiri amafa m'nyengo yozizira kapena amakhala ofooka kwambiri kuti athe kuberekana masika otsatira. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo nawonso athandiza kuchepa kwa mitunduyi. Pazifukwa zosadziwika, nkhokwe za nkhokwe zimavutika kwambiri ndi zovuta zakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuposa mitundu ina ya kadzidzi. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi vuto lochepetsa chigobacho.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/30/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 07/30/2019 pa 20: 27
