Nkhukundembo - nkhuku zazikulu, zogwirizana kwambiri ndi pheasants ndi nkhanga. Amadziwika kuti mbale yothokoza ku United States, anthu aku America amadya nawo masiku ena. Sichikondedwa ndi ife, ngakhale chaka chilichonse imafinya nkhuku mochulukira. Koma kuno ndi kwawo - ndipo nkhalango zaku America zimakhalanso ndi zakutchire.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Turkey
Chiyambi ndi kusinthika koyamba kwa mbalame kwakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe anthu amakambirana kwambiri pankhani zasayansi. Panali malingaliro osiyanasiyana, ndipo ngakhale pano, ngakhale pali mtundu wodziwika bwino, zina mwazomwezi ndizotsutsabe. Malinga ndi chikhalidwe chawo, mbalameyi ndi imodzi mwama nthambi zamatope, zomwe zimakhudzana ndi ma dinosaurs. Amakhulupirira kuti ali pafupi kwambiri ndi maniraptors. Njira yoyamba yodalirika yosinthira mbalame ndi Archeopteryx, koma pali mitundu ingapo yamomwe chisinthiko chidachitikira izi zisanachitike.
Kanema: Turkey
Malinga ndi m'modzi wa iwo, kuthawa kudawonekera chifukwa chakukula kwakumatha kudumpha kuchokera pamitengo, malinga ndi winanso, makolo a mbalame adaphunzira kuchoka pansi, lachitatu akuti adayamba kulumphira tchire, lachinayi - kuti adalanda nyama kuchokera kubisalira paphiri, ndi zina zambiri. Funso ili ndilofunika kwambiri, chifukwa kutengera, mutha kudziwa makolo a mbalame. Mulimonsemo, ndondomekoyi inkayenera kuchitika pang'onopang'ono: mafupa anasintha, minofu yofunikira kuti iwuluke inapangidwa, nthenga zinakula. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mbalame zoyambirira ziwonekere kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Triassic, ngati titenga izi ngati protoavis, kapena pambuyo pake - koyambirira kwa nyengo ya Jurassic.
Kusintha kwina kwa mbalame kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri kunachitika mthunzi wa pterosaurs womwe umalamulira kumwamba nthawi imeneyo. Zinapita pang'onopang'ono, ndipo mitundu ya mbalame yomwe idakhala padziko lathu lapansi mu nthawi ya Jurassic ndi Cretaceous sinathebe mpaka pano. Mitundu yamakono idayamba kuonekera pambuyo poti Cretaceous-Paleogene atha. Ndi mbalame zochepa zomwe zidavutika munthawi yake zomwe zidapatsidwa mwayi wokhala kumwamba - komanso pamtunda, komanso zachilengedwe zambiri zidasokonekera, momwe mitundu yopanda ndege imakhazikika.
Zotsatira zake, chisinthiko chidayamba kupitilirabe mwachangu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yamitundu mitundu ya mbalame. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, gulu la nkhuku linayambira, lomwe Turkey ndi lake, ndiye banja la nkhanga ndi nkhuku yokha. Malongosoledwe awo asayansi adapangidwa ndi Karl Linnaeus mu 1758, ndipo mitunduyo idapatsidwa dzina loti Meleagris gallopavo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe Turkey ikuwonekera
Kunja, nkhuku ija imawoneka ngati nkhanga - ngakhale ilibe nthenga zokongola mofanana, koma ili ndi matupi ofanana mofanana: mutu ndi waung'ono, khosi ndi lalitali ndipo thupi ndi lofanana. Koma miyendo ya Turkey ndi yayitali kwambiri, kupatula apo, ndiyolimba - izi zimalola kuti izitha kuthamanga kwambiri. Mbalameyi imatha kukwera mlengalenga, koma imawuluka pansi ndikutseka, komanso, imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri pa iyo, chifukwa chake mukauluka muyenera kupumula. Chifukwa chake, amakonda kuyenda ndi mapazi awo. Koma kuthawiranso ndikothandiza: ndi chithandizo chake, nkhuku zamtchire zimatha kukwera pamtengo, zomwe zimathandiza kuthawa nyama zina kapena kukhazikika bwino usiku.
Kugonana kwamtundu wa turkeys kumatchulidwa: amuna amakhala okulirapo, kulemera kwawo nthawi zambiri kumakhala makilogalamu 5-8, ndipo mwa akazi 3-5 makilogalamu; khungu pamutu wamwamuna ndi makwinya, ndikutuluka pamwamba pa mlomo, mwa mkazi ndi losalala, ndipo kutuluka kwa mtundu wina - kumamatira ngati nyanga yaying'ono; chachimuna chili ndi mapinda ndipo chitha kufufuma; chachikazi ndi chaching'ono ndipo sichingafufutire. Komanso, yamphongo imakhala ndi zotuluka zakuthwa zomwe sizimapezeka mwa mkazi, ndipo mtundu wa nthenga zake umakhala wonenepa. Nthenga kuchokera patali zimawoneka zakuda kwambiri, koma ndi mikwingwirima yoyera. Mukakhala patali, zimawoneka kuti ndi ofiira - mwa anthu osiyanasiyana amatha kukhala amdima kapena owala. Mbalameyi nthawi zambiri imakhala yobiriwira. Mutu ndi khosi sizikhala ndi nthenga.
Chosangalatsa: Kutchire kwamtchire, nthawi zina imaswana ndi zoweta. Kwa eni ake omaliza, izi zimangosewera mmanja, chifukwa anawo ndiopitilira komanso okulirapo.
Kodi Turkey imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: American Turkey
Dziko lokhalo lomwe nyama zakutchire zimakhala ndi North America. Kuphatikiza apo, kwakukulukulu amapezeka ku United States, kum'mawa ndi pakati. Mwa iwo, mbalamezi zimapezeka kwambiri pafupifupi m'nkhalango zonse - ndipo zimakonda kukhala m'nkhalango. Amakhala kuchokera kumalire akumpoto kwambiri ku United States kumwera - Florida, Louisiana, ndi zina zambiri. Kumadzulo, kufalikira kwawo kumangokhala m'maiko monga Montana, Colorado ndi New Mexico. Kupitilira kumadzulo, samadziwika kwenikweni, monga malo osiyana. Anthu awo osiyana, mwachitsanzo, ali ku Idaho ndi California.
Zinyama zakutchire zimakhalanso ku Mexico, koma mdziko muno sizofalikira monga ku United States, malire awo amakhala ochepa m'malo apakati. Koma kumwera kwa Mexico ndi mayiko a Central America oyandikira kwambiri, mtundu wina wafalikira - diso lakuthwa. Ponena za anthu wamba ku Turkey, m'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi kuchuluka kwake kwakulitsidwa mwatsatanetsatane: ntchito idachitika yosamutsa mbalame kupita ku Canada kuti zizibalira kumeneko. Zinali zopambana kwambiri, nyama zamtchire zakutchire zidakwanitsa kukhazikitsa madera atsopano, ndipo tsopano pali ziwerengero zambiri pafupi ndi malire aku US.
Kuphatikiza apo, malire a magawidwe awo pang'onopang'ono akusunthira kumpoto - dera lomwe mbalamezi zimatha kukhala m'chilengedwe zadutsa kale zomwe asayansi amayembekeza. Nthawi zambiri nkhwangwa zimakhala m'nkhalango kapena pafupi ndi tchire. Amakonda dera lomwe lili pafupi ndi mitsinje yaying'ono, mitsinje kapena madambo - makamaka otsirizira, chifukwa pali amphibiya ambiri, omwe Turkey imadyetsa. Ponena za nkhuku zowetedwa, zafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, zikulimbana bwino ndi nkhuku: zimapezeka kontinenti iliyonse.
Kodi Turkey amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Turkey kunyumba
Zakudya zamasamba zimakonda kudya zamasamba, monga:
- mtedza;
- mlombwa ndi zipatso zina;
- ziphuphu;
- mbewu za udzu;
- mababu, tubers, mizu;
- amadyera.
Amatha kudya pafupifupi gawo lililonse lazomera, chifukwa chake samasowa chakudya m'nkhalango zaku America. Zowona, zambiri mwazomwe zili pamwambazi ndi chakudya chochepa kwambiri, ndipo nkhuku zam'madzi zimayenera kufunafuna chakudya chawo pafupifupi tsiku lonse. Chifukwa chake, amakonda zomwe zimapatsa mafuta ambiri, makamaka mtedza wosiyanasiyana. Amakondanso zipatso zokoma. Kuchokera ku clover yaudzu, amadyera kaloti, anyezi, adyo - ndiye kuti ndi wowutsa mudyo kwambiri kapena wamtundu wapadera. Koma osati ndi zomera zokha - nkhuku zimathanso kugwira ndikudya nyama zazing'ono, zopatsa thanzi kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amakumana nawo:
- achule ndi achule;
- abuluzi;
- mbewa;
- tizilombo;
- nyongolotsi.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi: chifukwa chake iwowo safunikira kuthera nthawi yochuluka akumwa, kupatula apo, pali zolengedwa zamoyo zambiri pafupi nawo, ndipo nkhuku zam'madzi zimakonda kwambiri. Nkhumba zapakhomo zimadyetsedwa makamaka ndi pellets, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi kuti musadandaule za chakudya chamagulu - ali ndi zinthu zonse zomwe mbalame imafuna. Koma nthawi yomweyo, poyenda, amathanso kuthandizidwa ndi udzu, mizu, tizilombo ndi zakudya zina zomwe amakonda.
Chosangalatsa: Kukoma, monga kumva, ndibwino kwa nkhuku zamphongo, koma mphamvu ya kununkhira kulibiretu, zomwe zimawalepheretsa kununkhiza adani kapena osaka nyama pasadakhale.
Tsopano mukudziwa zomwe mungadyetse Turkey wanu. Tiyeni tiwone momwe amakhala kuthengo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Wild Turkey
Anthu otchedwa Turkeys amakhala pansi, akazi pamodzi ndi ana m'magulu, nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri, ndi amuna m'modzi, kapena m'magulu a anthu angapo. Amapita kukafunafuna chakudya kuyambira mbandakucha ndikuwatsogolera mpaka madzulo, nthawi zambiri amapuma masana ngati kukutentha. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse amasunthira pansi, ngakhale kangapo patsiku Turkey imatha kukwera mlengalenga - nthawi zambiri ngati yazindikira china chake chokoma kwambiri, kapena ngati ili pachiwopsezo. Ngakhale zili choncho, mbalameyo imayesa kuthawa koyamba - imathamanga mwachangu, imathamanga mpaka 50 km / h, chifukwa chake imapambana.
Kuphatikiza apo, nkhuku zam'madzi ndizolimba ndipo zimatha kuthamanga kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale nyamayo itakhala itatopa kale, ndipo imathanso kusintha mwachangu njira yomwe imathamangira, yomwe imasokoneza omwe akuyitsata: chifukwa chake, ndizovuta ngakhale kwa wokwera pa kavalo kuti awagwire. Amanyamuka pokhapokha zikawonekeratu kuti omwe amawatsata watsala pang'ono kuwapeza, ndipo sangathe kupita. Turkey imatha kuwuluka mamitala zana, osapitilira mazana angapo, pambuyo pake imapezeka pamtengo kapena ikupitilizabe kuthamanga. Koma ngakhale atakhala kuti alibe mwayi wouluka, amachita kamodzi patsiku - akakagona pamtengo usiku.
Masana, mbalameyi imayenda mtunda wautali, koma nthawi zambiri sichimachoka pamalo ake, koma imayenda mozungulira. Amatha kuyenda pokhapokha ngati malo okhala awonongeka, nthawi zambiri ndi gulu lonse nthawi imodzi. Kuti azilankhulana, ma turkeys amagwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana, ndipo mitundu yawo ndiyambiri. Mbalamezi zimakonda "kulankhula" ndipo pakakhala bata, mumatha kumva momwe amasinthana phokoso. Koma gulu likakhazikika, izi zikutanthauza kuti amakhala atcheru ndikumvetsera mwatcheru - izi zimachitika ngati kumveka mawu akunja.
Turkey imakhala kuthengo kwa zaka zitatu. Koma kwenikweni, moyo wawufupi wotere ndi chifukwa chakuti umakumana ndi zoopsa zambiri, ndipo sungapambane pakufa ndi ukalamba. Mbalame zanzeru kwambiri, zosamala komanso zamtengo wapatali zitha kukhala zaka 10-12.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: anapiye Turkey
Gulu lililonse la nkhumba limakhala m'dera lake, ndipo ndizokwanira - pafupifupi 6-10 ma kilomita. Kupatula apo, amayenda mtunda wautali patsiku, ndipo ndikofunikira kuti panjira nkhuku zina sizidya zokoma kwambiri - chifukwa cha izi zimafunikira malo awoawo. Nyengo ikakwerana ikayamba, amuna, omwe ankakonda kusunga m'modzi m'modzi - amatchedwanso "toms", amayamba kuitana zazimayi ndikumveka mokweza. Ngati ali ndi chidwi, ayeneranso kuyankha chimodzimodzi. Nthenga za toms zimawala kwambiri ndipo zimayamba kunyezimira mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo mchira ukutuluka. Nthawi iyi ibwera kumayambiriro kwa masika. Turkeys pout, kuyesera kuwoneka wokulirapo (chifukwa chake mawu oti "odzitukumula ngati Turkey), ndikuyenda kofunikira, kuwonetsa akazi nthenga zawo zokongola. Nthawi zina kumamenyananso pakati pawo, ngakhale samasiyana mwankhanza kwambiri - mbalame yogonjetsedwa nthawi zambiri imangopita kutsamba lina.
Zazikazi zikakhala pafupi, nsonga zapakhosi za toms zimasanduka zofiira ndikufufuma, zimayamba kutulutsa mkokomo, kuyesa kukopa chachikazi. Kukongola kwa nthenga ndi zochitika za mbalamezo zimathandizanso kwambiri - mbalame zazikulu kwambiri komanso zazikulu kwambiri zimakopa akazi ambiri. Turkeys ndi mitala - nthawi imodzi yokwatirana, mkazi amatha kukwatirana ndi amuna angapo. Nyengo ikakwerana, nthawi yovundikira imafika, mzimayi aliyense payokha amafunafuna malo okhala chisa chake ndikuchikonza. Ngakhale zimachitika kuti awiri mwakamodzi amapangira clutch pachisa chimodzi. Chisa chokha chimangokhala dzenje lokutidwa ndi udzu panthaka. Turkey sachita nawo njirayi mwanjira iliyonse, komanso makulitsidwe, kenako kudyetsa anapiye - mkazi amachita zonsezi yekha. Nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira 8-15 ndikuwasamira kwa milungu inayi. Mazirawo ndi akulu kukula, mawonekedwe awo amafanana ndi peyala, utoto wake umakhala wachikasu-wosuta, nthawi zambiri mumtengo wofiira.
Pakati pa makulitsidwe, mitundu yotumbululuka ndi yabwino kwa turkeys: kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuti nyama zolusa ziziwone. Pofuna kuti asadziwike, amayesanso kubzala m'malo okhala ndi zomera. Pakati pa nthawi yokwanira, iwowo amadya pang'ono, kuyesera kuthera nthawi yonse m'mazira, koma chisa chawo chimakhala chodzitchinjiriza: Turkey palokha silingatsutse chilichonse kuzilombo zazikulu. Amatha kuthamangitsa ang'ono kutali ndi chisa, koma amatha kudikirira mpaka atachoka kuti adye ndikuwononga.
Ngati ngozi zonse zikanapewedwa, ndipo anapiye aswa, safunika kunyamula chakudya: nthawi yomweyo amakhala okonzeka kutsatira amayi awo pagulu ndikudzipukutira okha. Anapiye amamva bwino kuyambira ali obadwa ndipo amasiyanitsa mawu a amayi awo ndi ena. Amakula mofulumira kwambiri, ndipo ali ndi zaka ziwiri zokha amayamba kuphunzira kuuluka, ndipo ali ndi zaka zitatu amatha kuthawa - momwe angathere ku Turkey. Poyamba, mayiyo amagona pansi pamodzi ndi ana, ndipo akangophunzira kuuluka, onse amayamba kuwuluka mumtengo umodzi usiku. Anapiye ake atakwanitsa mwezi umodzi, mayi ake amabwerera nawo ku gulu lawo. Chifukwa chake gululo, lomwe pang'onopang'ono limabalalika mchaka, limasonkhananso mchilimwe ndikukhala lokulirapo. Kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambirira, anapiye amayenda ndi amayi awo, kenako amadziyimira pawokha. Pofika nyengo yotsatira yoberekera, amakhala kuti ali ndi anapiye awo.
Natural adani a nkhumba
Chithunzi: Momwe Turkey ikuwonekera
Kugwira nkhuku zazikulu kapena anapiye, komanso kuwononga zisa zawo, zitha:
- ziwombankhanga;
- kadzidzi;
- mimbulu;
- zofunda;
- lynx.
Ndiwo nyama zothamanga kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kupikisana nawo ngakhale nkhuku yayikulu, ndipo siyitha kuthawa mbalame ngakhale pamtengo. Pa chilichonse pamwambapa, Turkey ndi chakudya chokoma, chifukwa chake ndi adani ake oyipa kwambiri. Koma amakhalanso ndi otsutsa ochepa - nthawi zambiri samasaka mbalame zazikulu, koma amatha kudya anapiye kapena mazira.
Ndi:
- nkhandwe;
- njoka;
- makoswe;
- zimbudzi;
- ziphuphu.
Pali zochulukirapo kuposa zowononga zazikulu, chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti anapiye apulumuke, ngakhale poyamba amayi awo amakhala nawo nthawi zonse. Pasanathe theka la anapiye amakhala masabata oyamba - nthawi yomwe sangathe kuuluka konse ndipo amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Pomaliza, pakati pa adani a Turkey, anthu sayenera kuyiwalika - adasaka mbalameyi kwanthawi yayitali, ngakhale Amwenye adazichita, ndipo azungu atakhazikitsa kontrakitala, kusaka kunayamba kukhala kogwira ntchito kwambiri, komwe kunatsala pang'ono kuwonongera mitunduyo. Ndiye kuti, anthu ena anapha nkhuku zambiri kuposa ziweto zina zonse pamodzi.
Chosangalatsa: Anthu a ku Spain adabweretsa nkhuku ku Europe, ndipo pang'onopang'ono zidafalikira kumayiko ena. Nthawi zambiri anthu samadziwa komwe mbalamezi zimachokera. Chifukwa chake, ku England, adalandira dzina loti Turkey, ndiye kuti, Turkey, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti adachokera ku Turkey. Ndipo okhala ku England omwe adanyamuka ulendo wopita ku America adanyamula ma turkeys - sanadziwe kuti akupita kwawo kwawo kwakale.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Ma turkeys awiri
Ngakhale kuti turkeys zoweta zimasamalidwa kwambiri ku America, anthu ambiri amachita nawo nyama zakutchire. Chifukwa chake, ku United States, kuwasaka kumaloledwa kulikonse panthaŵi yapadera, popeza kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo ndi yayikulu, palibe chowopseza. Chiwerengero cha mbalamezi ndi pafupifupi 16-20 miliyoni. Koma sizinali choncho nthawi zonse: chifukwa cha kusodza kwa ma 1930, nkhuku zamtchire zidatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa. Panalibe opitilira 30 zikwi ku North America yense. M'mayiko ambiri, asiya kupezeka palimodzi, ndipo apulumuka kokha m'malo okhala ndi anthu ochepa ku United States.
Koma m'kupita kwanthawi, adachitapo kanthu kuti ateteze mitunduyo, ndipo nkhumbazo zinadzakhalanso mbalame zomwe zimachulukana msanga m'malo abwino. Pofika 1960, magulu awo adabwezeretsedwanso m'mbiri, ndipo pofika 1973 panali 1.3 miliyoni a iwo ku United States. Chiwerengero cha anthu tsopano ndi chachikulu kuposa kale lonse chifukwa chakukula kwakumpoto kwakumpoto. Ndipo, kotero kuti zomwe zikuchitika mu theka loyambirira la zaka za zana la 20 sizidzibwereza zokha, tsopano pali kuwongolera mosamalitsa kuchuluka kwa mbalameyi, munthu aliyense amene waphedwa pakusaka amalembetsa. Pali asaka ambiri chaka chilichonse, ndipo amasaka mothandizidwa ndi mfuti ndi misampha.Nthawi yomweyo, amati nyama yamtchire yamtchire ndiyabwino kuposa nyama yakunyumba mosangalala.
Nkhukundembo ndipo tsopano akupitilizabe kukhala ndi moyo monga kale. Kulamulidwa kwa America ndi azungu kunagunda mitundu iyi, kotero kuti inatsala pang'ono kufa. Mwamwayi, mitunduyi tsopano ndi yotetezeka komanso ikufala kwambiri kuposa kale, ndipo kusaka nyama zakutchire kumadziwikabe ku North America.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/31/2019
Idasinthidwa: 31.07.2019 pa 22:12
