Vicuna - nyama yokongola yomwe nthawi yomweyo imafanana ndi ma llamas ndi ngamila (zokha zochepa). Ichi ndi mtundu wakale wa zinyama. Amadziwika za iye, kuyambira 1200. Nyamayo inali yopatulika kwa anthu ambiri akumapiri a Andes. Apa vicuna anali ndi dzina laulemu la "Golden Fleece". Nthawi yomweyo, ubweya wake unali wamtengo wapatali (monga zikuchitikira lero) ndipo umapangidwira kusoka mikanjo yachifumu. Komabe, kupha nyama kunali koletsedwa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Vicuña
Vicuñas ndi amtundu wa zinyama zam'mimba (artiodactyls). Gulu ili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 220 yamasiku ano, yambiri yomwe ili yofunika pachuma kwa anthu. Banja lomwe nyamazi limakhalapo limatchedwa ma camelids (izi zimaphatikizanso ngamira zokha, komanso ma llamas). Zowonongeka za nyamazi ndizovuta. Oimira onse a gululi ndi zitsamba zokhala ndi zachilengedwe. Vicuñas enieniwo ndi amtundu umodzi womwewo.
Kanema: Vicuña
Kuyambira kale, nyamayi imadziwika kuti ndi yamtengo wapatali, ndipo mwa anthu ena ndi yopatulika. M'zaka za m'ma 1200 AD, ubweya wa ngamila izi udagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zovala za mafumu, mafumu ndi mabanja awo. Kugwiritsa ntchito ubweya wanyama kupitilira mpaka 1960. Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 60s, akatswiri a zinyama adazindikira ndi mantha kuti palibe anthu opitilira 50 zikwi omwe adatsalira kukhala ma vicunas. Ichi chidakhala chifukwa cholowererapo kwa maboma amayiko ambiri pazowonera. Lamulo loletsa kugwira nyama ndi kupha linaikidwa. Zoletsedwazo zidaperekanso kugulitsa ubweya wapadera wa vicuna. Mitunduyi idapatsidwa mwayi wokhala pangozi. Mgwirizano wachitetezo chake udasainidwa ku Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina.
Zinthu zazikuluzikuluzi zidathandizira kwambiri kukula kwa nyama. Patangopita zaka 30 kuchokera kukhazikitsidwa kwa ziletso (mu 1995), anthu a camelids a gululi adakulirakulira 98,000. Atafika pamenepa, akuluakulu aboma adachotsa chiletso chogulitsa ubweya. Lero ubweya wa Vicunia ungagulidwe pagulu. Nyama sizivutika ndi izi. Chiwerengero chawo chenicheni ndi choposa 200 zikwi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe vicuna amawonekera
Ofewa, otentha, oimira pafupifupi ma camelids amakondana ndi aliyense amene adawawonapo amoyo.
Mwina izi ndichifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera:
- zazing'ono (poyerekeza ndi ena onse a banja) miyeso. Ma vicua achikulire sali oposa mita imodzi ndi theka m'litali komanso masentimita 110 m'lifupi (pamapewa). Kulemera kwapakati pazinyama ndi 50 kilogalamu. Gwirizanani, kwa oimira ma camelids izi ndizochepa kwambiri (pafupifupi kulemera kwa ngamila imodzi-yokhotakhota ndi ma kilogalamu 500, ndipo ya llama ndi kilogalamu 150);
- nkhope yaying'ono yokongola. Maso a anthuwa ndi amdima kwambiri, ofanana ndi mabatani awiri akulu. Kuzilingalira mwatsatanetsatane ndizosatheka. Amabisika kuseri kwa ziphuphu zakuda. Makutu a nyama ndi akuthwa, owongoka, atali;
- miyendo yayitali yopyapyala. Chifukwa cha izi, chisomo chapadera cha ma camelids (makamaka ometedwa) chimakwaniritsidwa. Mchira wa nyama sukupitilira mamilimita 250 kutalika;
- wandiweyani, malaya odontha. Ndiwofewa kwambiri mpaka kukhudza komanso silky. Mtundu wachilengedwe ndi wofiira. Kufalitsa mithunzi ya bulauni pa thupi ndi kotheka (kawirikawiri, miyendo ndi pakamwa pa nyama zimadetsedwa). Kuphatikiza apo, mimba ya nyama nthawi zonse imakhala yoyera. Ubweya umapulumutsa nyama ku nyengo zonse;
- minofu yayitali khosi. Amalola ma vicua kutambasula mitu yawo kuti apeze adani. Pakhosi la nyama, tsitsi lalitali kwambiri limapangidwa, lotchedwa zolembera. Kutalika kwake kumafika pafupifupi masentimita 30;
- mano akuthwa. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri kusiyanitsa ma vicunas. Chifukwa cha ma incisors akuthwa, nyama zilibe chilichonse chodya zomera ndi mizu. Amangothyola udzu mosavuta ndikupera pakamwa.
Chosangalatsa: Chifukwa cha malo awo (makamaka kumtunda), ma vicua adakula kumva ndi kuwona. Chifukwa cha mpweya wamapiri m'magazi awo, pali kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin, komanso mpweya.
Chifukwa cha zidziwitso zoterezi, ma vicuñas (makamaka akadali achichepere) amafanana kwambiri ndi chidole chachikulu. Kufanana kumeneku kumasungidwa ndi maso ake ngati batani ndi malaya ofewa, owirira.
Kodi vicuña amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Vicuña m'chilengedwe
Kuchokera pamawonekedwe ake mpaka lero, ma vicua angokhala m'dera lomwelo - Andes. Malo okwezeka m'mapiri ndioyenera kwambiri moyo wathunthu wa nyama zokongolazi.
Mutha kukumana ndi nyama zamtengo wapatali kumadera angapo ku South America nthawi imodzi:
- Chile ndi boma lomwe lili kumwera chakumadzulo kwa South America. Ili pamzere wopapatiza pakati pa Andes ndi Pacific Ocean. Apa, polemekeza nyama zamamera zamtengo wapatali, District Administrative District yonse, yomwe ili m'chigawo cha Elqui, idadziwika;
- Argentina ndi amodzi mwa mayiko akuluakulu kwambiri ku South America. Argentina imadutsa malire a Andes kumadzulo. Nyumba zosiyanasiyana zimadziwika pamalire;
- Bolivia ndi dziko lamayiko osiyanasiyana lomwe lili m'chigawo chapakati cha South America. Amagawana malire ndi Chile ndi Peru (kumadzulo), Argentina (kumwera), Paraguay (kum'mawa) ndi Brazil (kumpoto). Mapiri akumadzulo a republic ali ku Andes;
- Peru ndi republic yaku South America yomwe ili m'malire ndi Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia ndi Chile. Zigwa za Andes, zomwe zili mderali, m'madera ena zimayambira pafupi kwambiri ndi gombe. Malo okwera mapiri aboma ndi Phiri la Huascaran (kutalika - pafupifupi 7 zikwi za mita);
- Ecuador ndi boma kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South America. Kusambitsidwa ndi Pacific Ocean. Imagawana malire ndi Peru ndi Colombia. Mapiri a Andes amayenda m'mbali mwa gombe chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo. Pakati penipeni pali mapiri awiri nthawi imodzi: Eastern Cordillera ndi Western Cordillera;
Ndikosatheka kukumana ndi vicunas pamtunda. Nyama zimakonda kukhala kumapiri. Kutalika kwa "malo awo okhala" kumayambira pa 3500 mita. Kutalika kwambiri komwe kumakhala vicunas ndi 5500 mita.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe vicuña amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi vicuña amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Animal vicuña
Oimira Fluffy a camelids (monga abale awo onse m'banjamo) ndi odyetserako ziweto. Amadyetsa zokha zakudya zazomera. Chifukwa chake, ku Andes, vicuñas amakhala ndi nthawi yovuta. Zomera zochepa za m'mapiri sizimatha kupatsa nyama chakudya chokwanira. Chifukwa chake, nyama zimakhutira ndi zomera zilizonse zomwe zimawawona.
Vicuñas amadya masamba, udzu, nthambi zazing'ono. Chakudya chokoma kwambiri cha nyama izi ndi mphukira za mbewu monga chimanga. Zomera zotere ndizosowa kwambiri panjira ya nyama. Koma ma vicunas amawadya mosangalala, kukhutitsa njala yawo.
Chifukwa cha mano akuthwa, ma vicuñas "amadula" masamba ndi nthambi mosavuta ndikupera mbewu mkamwa mwawo. Amadya monga zinyama zina zonse. Kusuntha kwa nsagwada kuli pang'onopang'ono koma mosamala. Vicuñas sagwiritsa ntchito mizu ya zomera ngati chakudya, koma amakhutitsidwa ndi zipatso zawo. Nthawi yomweyo, ma camelids awa amagwiritsa ntchito miyala ya mandimu (mchere wambiri) ngati "mavitamini". Nyama zimagwiritsanso ntchito kumwa madzi amchere.
Ziweto zoweta zimadyetsedwa chimodzimodzi (zomera zobiriwira). Nyamazo zimadyetsedwanso ndi chakudya chopangidwa mwaluso, chopatsidwa mavitamini ndi michere yonse yofunikira kwa vicunas.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Vicuña
Vicuñas amakonda kukhala m'mabanja. Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kukumana ndi ngamila zachisungulumwa. Kawirikawiri nyama zimagwirizana m'magulu a anthu 6-15 ndikusankha mtsogoleri wawo - wamwamuna. Ndi pamapewa ake pomwe chisamaliro chachikulu cha banjali chimayikidwa.
Mtsogoleriyu amayang'anira membala aliyense mgululi. Udindo wake umaphatikizapo kuchenjeza banja za zomwe zatsala pang'ono kuchitika. Amachita izi mothandizidwa ndi chizindikiritso china chazomwe zikuchitika. Akazindikira mlendo m'gawolo, nthawi yomweyo amathamangira kwa iye ndikuyamba kulavulira udzu womwe wagayidwa theka. Misonkhano yotere nthawi zambiri imatha ndikulimbana. Nyamazo zimakankhanakanizana ndipo zimamenya nkhondo ndi mapazi awo.
Achibale onse akuwonetsa kumvera kwawo mtsogoleriyo mwa kuyika mitu yawo kumbuyo kwawo. Pali akazi 5 mpaka 15 pa amuna onse pagulu la ma vicua. Kukula kwa gawo lokhalidwa ndi vicuñas kumadalira kukula kwa banja komanso zomera. Pafupifupi, magulu amakhala m'malo a 15-20 ma kilomita. Poterepa, danga lonseli lidagawika magawo awiri akulu: "chipinda chogona" ndi msipu (pali chimbudzi chokhala ndi mita 2, chopangidwa kuti chigwirizane ndi banja).
Vicuñas ndi nyama zodekha komanso zamtendere. Amakhala moyo wokangalika makamaka masana. Usiku, nyama zimapuma podyetsa masana ndi kukwera mapiri. Anthuwa amadziwika ndi mantha owonjezeka komanso chidwi. Chifukwa cha mantha, amapita mwachangu pogona - paphiri. Nthawi yomweyo, mukakwera mapiri, ma vicuñas amafulumira mpaka makilomita 47 pa ola limodzi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Vicuna Cub
Vicuñas amabereka masika (makamaka mu Marichi). Mkazi wamkazi wokhala ndi umuna amanyamula mwana wamtsogolo mwa iye yekha kwa miyezi 11. Kumapeto kwa nthawi imeneyi, mwana wamphongo mmodzi amabadwa. Kulemera kwa mwana kumakhala pakati pa 4 mpaka 6 kilogalamu.
Chosangalatsa: Ma vicuna aana amatha kuyenda palokha mkati mwa mphindi 15 atabadwa! Achifundo amasiyanitsidwa ndi kusewera, chidwi, kukoma mtima.
Pakadali pano 3-4 idachepetsa atabereka, akazi amayamba masewera atsopano oswana. Vicuna ana amapangidwa chaka chilichonse. Ana ali pafupi ndi mayi mpaka miyezi 10. Nthawi yonseyi, maziko a chakudyacho ndi mkaka wa m'mawere. Mofananamo, ana a mbidzi amadyetsa pafupi ndi amayi awo, omwe amawakonzekeretsa ana kuti akule bwino. Pakufika miyezi 10, chisangalalo chachikazi chimathamangitsidwa m'gulu.
Akazi amapatsidwa magulu atsopano. Izi sizichitika nthawi yomweyo, koma pokhapokha munthu atatha msinkhu (pa zaka 2). Amuna amathamangitsidwa mwezi umodzi m'mbuyomu. Nthawi yomweyo amapita ku moyo waulere. Kutalika kwa moyo wa vicuna makamaka kumadalira pazinthu zakunja (zomera, zochita za anthu). M'malo awo achilengedwe, nyama zimakhala zaka 15-20.
Adani achilengedwe a vicunas
Chithunzi: Vicuña ku Chile
Kuthengo, ma vicuna ali ndi adani awiri okha:
- nkhandwe yamwamuna (kuchokera ku Greek "galu wagolide wagolide"). Nyamayi ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri ya canine yomwe imakhala ku South America. Kunja, chinyama chikuwoneka ngati nkhandwe zazikulu. Amasiyana miyendo yayitali ndi thupi lalifupi. Amasaka nyama zazing'ono kwambiri. Ku Andes, omwe amazunzidwa ndi chilombochi nthawi zambiri amakhala ana a vicuna, komanso oimira achikulire (odwala) amtunduwu;
- puma (woimira gulu la feline). Zilombozi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kochititsa chidwi ndipo ndizoyimira zazikulu kwambiri zamtundu wa cougar. Osiyanasiyana awo ndi osiyana kwambiri. Iwo molimba mtima amakwera mapiri mpaka 4700 mita kutalika. Apa ndipomwe amasaka ma vicuna. Chifukwa cha liwiro lawo komanso kuthamanga kwake, ma cougars mwachangu amapitilira nyama zomwe amenyedwa ndikuzimenya.
Koma ngakhale puma kapena nkhandwe yamphongo sizingawopseze ma vicuna ngati munthu yemweyo. Masiku ano, kuthetseratu ndikuweta mitundu iyi yamatenda kukuchitika. Izi zimachitika pazifukwa chimodzi - chikhumbo chopeza ubweya wokwera mtengo wa nyama zaku Andes. Chifukwa cha ichi, boma la mayiko omwe amakhala ndi ma vicuñas, akhazikitsa malamulo apadera otetezera mtundu uwu. Nthawi yomweyo, kumeta ubweya wa nyama sikuletsedwa.
Chosangalatsa: Vicuñas amatha kutulutsa mtsogoleri ku "ofesi" yake. Nthawi yomweyo, wamwamuna wochotsedwa saloledwa kukhalabe m'banjamo. Nyamayo imaweruzidwa kuti isachotsedwe moyo. Amakhala moyo wake wonse ali yekhayekha.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo
Chithunzi: Ma vicuñas amawoneka bwanji
Chiwerengero cha ma vicunas chasintha kwambiri pakukhalapo kwawo. Ngati panthawi yama Incas mtunduwu udali pafupifupi anthu 1.5 miliyoni, kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazi chiwerengerochi chidafika pachimake - 6 zikwi. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwakukulu kwa maboma ku Ecuador, Chile, Argentina ndi mayiko ena akhazikitsa lamulo lokhwimitsa kugwira nyama izi, kupha kwawo komanso kugulitsa ubweya wofewa wa vicuña. Njira zoterezi zatsimikizira kukhala zothandiza. Chiwerengero cha nyama chawonjezeka mpaka 2000 zikwi.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90 (zaka zapitazo), kuletsa kudula vicuna kudachotsedwa. Masiku ano, anthu aku North America, omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri ndi ubweya wofewa wa nyama zodabwitsa izi, amachita m'njira ziwiri:
- ng'ombe zonse za vicunas ndizoweta (njira yoopsa ya nyama, nyama zimakonda ufulu ndipo sizizolowera kukhala mu ukapolo);
- amayendetsa gulu lanyama kuthengo, akumeta ubweya wa nyama ndikuzimasula (njira yofatsa yopezera ubweya, yodziwika kuti ndi "yovomerezeka").
Ngakhale kubwezeretsa kwa nyama izi, ubweya wa vicunas ndiwofunika kwambiri. Amayerekezera ndi silika ndipo ali wokonzeka kupereka ndalama zopenga pazinthu zapadera. Komabe, kuti athe kugulitsa ubweya, chilolezo chapadera chiyenera kupezeka.
Mtengo wa Vicunia ubweya umatheka chifukwa cha ulusi wake, womwe ndiwodziwika bwino kwambiri padziko lapansi. Makulidwe awo ndi ma microns 12 okha (poyerekeza, tsitsi la munthu limakulirapo pafupifupi 8). Zovala zopangidwa ndi ubweya wa vicunas (nthawi zambiri ma sweta, ma pulaya, ma capu, masokosi) amadziwika ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso kuwunika pang'ono.
Chitetezo cha Vicunas
Chithunzi: Vicuña wochokera ku Red Book
Ngakhale kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa vicuna, kukhazikitsidwa kwa chilolezo chakuchepetsa kwawo, kuswana kwawo mwakhama komanso kuweta ziweto, nyamazo zidatchulidwa mu Red Book la International Union for Conservation of Nature. Njira zodzitetezera kuteteza mtundu uwu zikugwirabe ntchito lerolino. Pankhaniyi, makamaka amakhudza kuwonongedwa kwathunthu (kupha) nyama. Moyo wa nyama zamtengo wapataliwu unkasakidwa ndi anthu okhala ku Andes ndi cholinga chopereka nyama ngati nsembe kwa milungu. Nyama yanyama siyamikiridwa. Chifukwa chake, kupha anthu sikuchitika lero (ndizopindulitsa kwambiri kuteteza zolengedwa zomwe zimapereka ubweya wapadera komanso wokwera mtengo).
Masiku ano, vicunas amapezeka m'malo osungira nyama ku Europe. Pali nyama m'chigawo cha Moscow. Apa ma camelids akhazikika bwino ndipo amabala ana chaka chilichonse. Chiwerengero cha ana omwe abadwa kuderali ndi anthu pafupifupi 20. Ambiri aiwo adachoka m'chigawo cha Moscow ndikukakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.
Sikuti menageies onse amatha kupereka zofunikira pazinyama izi. Vicuñas amafuna malo akulu kuti azitsogolera. Zinyama zosakwatiwa zingapereke malo otere. Chifukwa chake, munyengo yoswana (mtunda ukakhala ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri kwa nyama), mabanja a vicunas amatumizidwa kuzipinda zapadera za zoo zokhala ndi malo otsetsereka kwambiri.
Zing'onozing'ono, ma vicua ndi ofanana nthawi yomweyo ndi zidole zokongola zomwe mukufuna kuzikumbatira, ndi ana ang'ono omwe akusowa chitetezo ndi chisamaliro kuchokera kwa akulu. Chifukwa chakuti aboma aku South America adazindikira tsogolo la ma camelids awa, banja ili silinathe kwathunthu.Pofuna kupewa izi kuti zichitike konse, anthu ayenera kulingalira tsopano ngati kuli koyenera kupha nyamazi. Vicuna saopseza anthu, amapereka ubweya wabwino kwambiri ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala ochezeka. Ndizosatheka kuwawononga ndipo palibe chifukwa!
Tsiku lofalitsa: 30.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 07/30/2019 ku 22: 22
