Nsomba zoyera - nsomba kuchokera ku nsomba, zomwe zimakhala makamaka m'madzi oyera - mitsinje ndi nyanja. Amakonda madzi ozizira komanso oyera, chifukwa chake nsomba zonse zoyera zimakhala m'mitsinje ya mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda makamaka kudera la Russia ndikupita kunyanja ya Arctic: Pechora, Northern Dvina, Ob. Nyama ya nsombayi ndiyofunika kwambiri; ndiukatswiri wopha nsomba umachitika.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Sig
Whitefish ali mgulu la nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray zomwe zidatuluka padziko lapansi kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Silurian. Poyamba, adayamba pang'onopang'ono, ndipo patadutsa zaka pafupifupi 150-170 miliyoni, nthawi ya Triassic, chuma champhamvu chinawonekera - ndizomwe nsomba zoyera zimakhala zawo. Koma asanawonekere mitundu iwiri yonseyi komanso dongosolo la ma salmonid, omwe ndi gawo lake, anali akadali kutali. Pokhapokha pachiyambi cha nyengo ya Cretaceous panali dongosolo lina - lofanana ndi hering'i. Iwo anali makolo a salmonids, ndipo adawonekera pakati pa Mel.
Koma ponena za omalizirawa, asayansi ali ndi matembenuzidwe osiyanasiyana: zofukulidwa zakale za nsomba zam'nyanja zam'mbuyomo sizinapezeke, chifukwa chake kupezekako kwawo kumakhalabe nthano. Oyambirira apeza kuti ndi a Eocene, ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 55 miliyoni - inali nsomba yaying'ono yomwe imakhala m'madzi abwino.
Kanema: Sig
Poyamba, panali ma salmonid ochepa, popeza palibe zotsalira zazitali kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri, ndipo zimangopezeka m'magawo akale a zaka 20-25 miliyoni, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ambiri. Mitundu yamitundu ikuchulukirachulukira ikukula posachedwa masiku ano - ndipo m'maguluwa nsomba zoyera zoyambirira zayamba kale.
Dzinalo la mtundu - Coregonus, limachokera ku mawu achi Greek achi Greek kuti "angle" ndi "pupil" ndipo limalumikizidwa ndikuti mwana wamitundu ina ya whitefish amawoneka wopingasa kutsogolo. Malongosoledwe asayansi adapangidwa ndi Karl Linnaeus mu 1758. Zonsezi, mitunduyo imaphatikizapo mitundu 68 - komabe, malingana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, pakhoza kukhala mitundu ina.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe whitefish imawonekera
Whitefish imasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu: mitunduyo imatha kusiyanasiyana wina ndi mzake, nthawi zina mitundu 5-6 ya nsomba zoyera imagwidwa m'madzi amodzi mosiyana kwambiri kotero kuti imatha kuonedwa ngati oyimira mitundu ina. Mwambiri, munthu amatha kutulutsa mphuno yokha, komanso zina mwa kapangidwe kam'kamwa: kukula kwakanthawi kwam'kamwa, kusapezeka kwa mano papafupa la maxillary ndikufupikitsa kwake. Zina zonse zimasintha, nthawi zina modabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, nsomba zina zoyera zimakhala ndi ma 15 gill rakers, pomwe zina zimakhala ndi 60. Zonsezi ndizosalala komanso zotetemera, ndipo thupi la nsombayo ndilofupikirapo kapena lalitali.
Kukula kwa nsomba yoyera kumatha kusiyanasiyana, kuyambira nsomba zazing'ono mpaka zazikulu - mpaka 90 cm m'litali ndi 6 kg kulemera. Pali nkhono, mitsinje ndi nsomba zoyera za anadromous, nyama zodya nyama ndipo zimangodya zamtchire zokha: mwachidule, kusiyanasiyana ndiye mkhalidwe wawo waukulu. Komabe, pamitundu yambiri, zizindikilo zotsatirazi ndizodziwika: thupi limakhala lopindika, lopanikizidwa m'mbali, mamba ndilolimba, silvery, ndi mdima wakuda wakuda. Kumbuyo komwe kulinso kwamdima, kumatha kukhala ndi utoto wobiriwira pang'ono kapena wofiirira. Mimba ndi yopepuka kuposa thupi, imvi mopepuka mpaka poterera.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Njira yosavuta yosodza nsomba yoyera ndi nthawi yachilimwe, pomwe nsomba yanjala imathamangira chilichonse. Ndizovuta kwambiri, koma osati zambiri, kuti tigwire kugwa, koma mphothoyo ndi yayikulu - nthawi yotentha imakula, imakhala yayikulu komanso yosangalatsa. M'chaka, nsomba zoyera zimaluma kwambiri, apa muyenera kusankha nyambo mosamala, gwiritsani ntchito nyambo.
Kodi whitefish amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Whitefish ku Russia
Mulingo wake umaphatikizapo pafupifupi Europe yonse, kuphatikiza gawo la Europe la Russia. Amakhalanso kumpoto kwa Asia ndi North America.
Ku Europe, ndizofala kwambiri kumpoto ndi pakati, kuphatikiza:
- Scandinavia;
- Great Britain;
- Germany;
- Switzerland;
- Mayiko a Baltic;
- Belarus.
Ku Russia, limakhala m'mitsinje yambiri yamitsinje ikulowera kunyanja za Arctic Ocean, komanso nyanja zambiri: kuchokera ku Mtsinje wa Volkhov kumadzulo mpaka ku Chukotka komwe. Imakhalanso kumwera, koma kangapo. Mwachitsanzo, amakhala ku Baikal ndi nyanja zina za Transbaikalia. Ngakhale mitundu yambiri yafish yoyera ku Asia imagwera m'chigawo cha Russia, nsombazi zimakhala kunja kwa malire ake, mwachitsanzo, m'nyanja za Armenia - mwachitsanzo, whitefish imasodzedwa mu Sevan yayikulu kwambiri. Ku North America, nsomba zimakhala m'madzi a Canada, Alaska, ndi US pafupi ndi malire akumpoto. M'mbuyomu, Nyanja Yaikulu idakhalidwa ndi nsomba zoyera, komanso nyanja zamapiri ku Europe - koma pano ndi apo mitundu yambiri yomwe idakhalako yatha, ina yasowa kwambiri.
Whitefish amakhala makamaka mumitsinje yakumpoto ndi nyanja chifukwa amaphatikiza zonse zomwe amakonda: madzi omwe ali mmenemo nthawi yomweyo amakhala ozizira, oyera komanso okosijeni wabwino. Whitefish ikufuna zonsezi pamwambapa, ndipo ngati madzi awonongeka, amachoka msangamsanga kapena kufa. Nsombazi ndizatsopano, koma palinso mitundu yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali m'madzi amchere, monga omul ndi mavenda aku Siberia: amatha kukwera kukamwa kwa mitsinje ndikukhala nthawi yayitali, kapena kusambira mpaka kunyanja - komabe amayenera kubwerera kumadzi abwino ...
Nsomba zoyera zazing'ono zimasambira pafupi ndi madzi ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayandikira gombe, koma achikulire amakonda kukhala ozama, nthawi zambiri amakhala akuya 5-7 m, ndipo nthawi zina amatha kulowa m'mabowo pansi pamtsinje ndikusambira pafupi pomwepo kuti angodya. Amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi maphompho ndi akasupe ozizira.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene nsomba zoyera zimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe nsomba zimadya.
Kodi whitefish imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nsomba zoyera
Whitefish imatha kukhala yodyetsa pamwamba kapena pansi - ndipo ena amaphatikiza zonse ziwiri. Ndiye kuti, amatha kusaka nsomba zazing'ono, kapena kudya nyama zam'madzi.
Nthawi zambiri, nsomba zoyera zimadya:
- roach;
- wopanda pake;
- minda;
- funga;
- nkhanu;
- nkhono;
- tizilombo;
- mphutsi;
- caviar.
Nthawi zambiri amasamuka kukafunafuna chakudya chochuluka mumitsinje, amatha kupita kumalo otsika kukapeza chakudya, ndipo kumapeto kwa nyengo amabwerera kumtunda kwa mitsinje, kufunafuna malo omwe mwachangu amasonkhana. Nthawi zambiri amadya caviar, kuphatikiza mitundu yawo, komanso amadya mwachangu za mitundu yawo. Nsomba zazikulu zoyera zimakonda kuukira mosayembekezereka, zisanayang'ane nyama zomwe zabisalira. Nsombazo ndizosamala, ndipo sizithamangira kunyambo mwachangu - poyamba zimawona momwe zimakhalira. Nthawi zambiri amaukira nthawi yomweyo ali gulu, motero omwe akukhudzidwawo amakhala ndi mwayi wochepa wothawa. Kawirikawiri, nsomba zazikulu zoyera zimangobisalira pansi muja n'kumadikirira moleza mtima mpaka nsomba zina zitasambira, kenako zimangoponya ndi kuzigwira. Nsomba zazing'ono komanso yayikulu kwambiri zimatha kugwidwa, zimatha kudya ma congen. Nsomba zazing'ono zazing'ono zimadya makamaka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, yopangidwa ndi tizinyama tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono, molluscs, mphutsi ndi nyama zina zazing'ono. Nsomba zoyera pansi zimadya benthos - zamoyo zomwe zimakhala pansi pamtsinje ngati nyongolotsi ndi molluscs.
Chosangalatsa: Kumpoto, mbale yoyera ngati sugudai ndiyotchuka kwambiri. Ndikosavuta kukonzekera: nsomba zatsopano ziyenera kutsukidwa ndi zonunkhira ndipo patangopita kotala la ola ndizotheka kuzidya mufiriji.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Whitefish m'madzi
Kwa whitefish, chinsinsi ndimakhalidwe: nthawi zonse amakhala osamala ndikuyesera kuti asakhale kutali ndi nsomba zina zofananira, ndipo makamaka, kupitilira kukula kwake. Nthawi yomweyo, amakhala aukali ndipo amakonda kuchotsa nsomba zing'onozing'ono kuposa matupi awo m'madzi. Izi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asodzi: amagwira nsomba zoyera m'malo omwe zinthu zazing'ono zimapezana mchaka, komwe zimapezeka nthawi zonse, zimawononga mwachangu mwachangu. Amabisala m'maenje, nthawi zambiri amadzikundikira ambiri. Kusodza kwa nyengo yachisanu pa iwo ndikotheka, muyenera kungopeza bowo.
Mwambiri, machitidwe awo ndi moyo wawo zimasiyanasiyana kutengera mawonekedwe. Lacustrine, mtsinje ndi nsomba zoyera za anadromous ndizosiyana, ndipo machitidwe a omwe amaimira mitundu iliyonseyi ndiosiyana kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'madzi akulu, zimagawidwanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pelagic komanso m'madzi akuya. Chifukwa chake, nsomba zoyera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimakhala pafupi ndi gombe komanso pafupi ndi madzi - nthawi zambiri zimayimira mitundu yaying'ono kapena nsomba zazing'ono; pelagic - m'dera pakati pa pamwamba ndi pansi; madzi akuya - pansi pomwe, nthawi zambiri amakhala m'maenje, nthawi zambiri iyi ndi nsomba yoyera yayikulu kwambiri.
Izi zimatsimikizira momwe nsomba zimakhalira, ndipo nsomba zoyera panyanja zochepa kwambiri zimafanana ndi nsomba zoyera m'mbali mwa nyanja, zimayenera kuganiziridwa padera. Nthawi ya nsomba za whitefish imatha kukhala zaka 15-20, koma pafupifupi ndiyotsika, ndipo nthawi zambiri nsomba zomwe zimakhala zaka 5-10 zimagwidwa. Nsomba zazing'ono zazing'ono zimakhala zazikulu kuposa mabakiteriya ambiri ndipo zimakhala ndi moyo wautali.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Momwe nsomba ya whitefish imawonekera
Amuna a Whitefish amakhala okhwima pogonana mchaka chachisanu cha moyo, ndipo akazi chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri pambuyo pake. Nthawi yobereka imayamba kugwa, theka lachiwiri la Seputembala, ndipo imatha mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira kapena koyambirira kwa dzinja. Pakadali pano, nsomba zoyera zimayenda m'magulu akulu kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumitsinje, kapena mpaka kumtunda kapena mitsinje yayikulu.
Amamera m'malo omwe adabadwira. Nthawi zambiri ndimadzi osaya, kutentha kwamadzi kokwanira ndi madigiri 2-5. Mkazi amaikira mazira 15-35 zikwi, nthawi zambiri amasankha madzi abata akumbuyo okhala ndi zomera. Pambuyo pa nsomba zoyera, sizimafa amuna kapena akazi - zimatha kubala chaka chilichonse.
Koma makolo nawonso satenga nawo mbali poteteza mazira - atamaliza kubereka, amangosambira. Ndi mphutsi zokhazokha zomwe ndizochepa kwambiri - zosakwana sentimita imodzi m'litali. Gawo la mphutsi limatenga mwezi ndi theka. Poyamba, mphutsi zimakhalabe pafupi ndi malo obadwiramo ziweto ndipo zimadya nyama zam'madzi, ngati ndi nyanja kapena madzi akumbuyo abata. Ngati awonekera mumtsinjewu, ndiye kuti nyanjayo imawanyamula, mpaka ikafika pamalo opanda phokoso.
Akakula mpaka masentimita 3-4, amakhala achangu, amayamba kudya mphutsi zazing'ono ndi zazing'ono. Pofika chaka chake nsomba zoyera zimayamba kuyenda momasuka mumtsinje, zimayamba kusaka nyama zazikulu - kuyambira nthawi imeneyo zimakhala ndi zikhalidwe zazikulu za munthu wamkulu, ngakhale zimakula msinkhu.
Adani achilengedwe a nsomba zoyera
Chithunzi: Sig
Chiwerengero cha adani a whitefish wamkulu amatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera kukula kwake ndi thupi lamadzi momwe akukhalamo. Nthawi zina nsombazi zimathamangitsa nyama zina zonse zazikulu, kenako zimakhala momasuka kwambiri. Nthawi zina, kulibe ambiri, ndipo iwonso sali akulu kwambiri, chifukwa chake amasakidwa ndi nsomba zikuluzikulu zolusa, monga piki, mphalapala, burbots.
Komabe, ndizowopseza zochepa zomwe zimachokera m'madzi kwa nsomba yoyera yayikulu. Anthu ndi owopsa kwambiri kwa iwo, chifukwa nsombazi ndizosodza kwambiri, nthawi zina nyambo imasankhidwa makamaka kwa iwo, makamaka nthawi zambiri - m'nyengo yozizira, pomwe nsomba zoyera zili m'gulu la nsomba zoluma kwambiri. Pali zoopsa zambiri mosungiramo mwachangu komanso makamaka mazira. Njuchi zosambira zimakonda kuzidya, ndipo ngakhale mphutsi zawo zimadya caviar. Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa nthawi zambiri timakhala cholepheretsa kuti nsomba zoyera zisamaberekerane ndikutsitsa nsomba zina mmenemo. Komanso otsutsa mwachangu ndimadzi amadzimadzi, zinkhanira zamadzi, nsikidzi. Omwe amatha kupha sikuti amangobadwa kumene, komanso nsomba zazing'ono zoyera pang'ono - kulumidwa kwawo ndi kowopsa kwa nsomba. Mphutsi za dragonfly zimadyetsanso kokha mwachangu.
Amphibian, monga achule, ma newt, nawonso ndi owopsa - amadya nyama zam'madzi ndi nsomba zazing'ono, ndipo ngakhale anato awo amakonda mazira. Palinso mbalame zowopsa: abakha amasaka mwachangu, ndipo anyani ndi anyani amatha kuwukira ngakhale achikulire, ngati ali ang'onoang'ono. Kuukira kwina ndi helminths. Whitefish imavutika ndi helminthiasis nthawi zambiri kuposa nsomba zambiri, nthawi zambiri majeremusi amakhala m'matumbo ndi m'mitsempha mwawo. Kuti asatenge kachilombo, nyama iyenera kukonzedwa mosamala kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Whitefish yamtsinje
Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo, ndipo mawonekedwe ake akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri: ena sawopsezedwa ndipo palibe zoletsa kugwira kwawo, ena atsala pang'ono kutha. M'matupi amadzi aku Russia, pomwe nsomba yoyera ndi yomwe imapezeka kwambiri, pamakhala chizolowezi: ziwerengero zake zikuchepa kulikonse. M'mitsinje ndi nyanja zina, momwe kale munali nsomba zambiri, masiku ano anthu amakhala osafanananso ndi ena am'mbuyomu. Kusodza komwe kumakhudza nsomba zoyera, komanso zina zambiri - kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, chifukwa kuyera kwamadzi ndikofunikira kwa iwo.
Koma chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo, vutoli liyenera kusanthulidwa mosiyana ndi iliyonse ya izo. Mwachitsanzo, kugulitsa kwa ku Europe kuli ponseponse, ndipo pakadali pano palibe chomwe chikuwopseza anthu ake m'mitsinje ya ku Europe. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi omul, omwe amakhala makamaka mumitsinje ya Siberia komanso ku North America. Amapitilizabe kusodza pyzhyana m'mitsinje yakumpoto kwa Russia - pakadali pano palibe mavuto omwe awonekera; kum'mawa - ku Siberia, Chukotka, Kamchatka, komanso ku Canada, akupitilizabe kuwedza nsomba zoyera, ndipo palibe chowopseza.
Koma nsomba za Atlantic ndi mitundu yosatetezeka, popeza kuchuluka kwake kwatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha usodzi wogwira, chifukwa chake zoletsa zayambitsidwa. Whitefish wamba, yovomerezedwa ngati nthumwi yoyimira mtunduwo, imakhalanso ya anthu osatetezeka. Palinso nsomba zoyera zosafala kwenikweni, mitundu ina imatha ku Red Book.
Chosangalatsa: Whitefish ndi nsomba yokhoza kuwonongeka, yamafuta, motero ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti ndi yatsopano: Nsomba zoyera zomwe zimayimitsidwa kapena kusungidwa m'malo ovuta zitha kupatsidwa poizoni.
Chitetezo cha Whitefish
Chithunzi: Whitefish kuchokera ku Red Book
Apa zinthu zikufanana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu: mitundu ina imaloledwa kugwidwa mwaulere, ina imatetezedwa ndi malamulo. Izi zimakhudzidwanso pamalire amchigawo: ngakhale nyama zomwezo zitha kuloledwa kugwidwa mdziko limodzi, ndikuletsedwa mdziko lina, ngakhale zili mumtsinje womwewo.
Pali mitundu ingapo yotetezedwa ku Russia. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa nsomba za Volkhov Whitefish kudasokonekera kwambiri chifukwa chakumanga kwa magetsi pamagetsi mumtsinje mu 1926 - mwayi wopeza malo oletsera nsomba, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo anthu awo ayenera kusamalidwa mothandizidwa ndi kuswana kopangira. Nsomba zoyera za Bounty zomwe zimakhala ku Transbaikalia zimatetezedwanso: kale, kudali nsomba zowoneka bwino, ndipo matani mazana a nsombazi adagwidwa, koma kuzunzidwa koteroko kunasokoneza anthu ake. Whitefish wamba imatetezedwanso kumadera ena a Russia.
M'matupi amadzi a Koryak Autonomous Okrug, mitundu isanu imakhala nthawi imodzi, yomwe singapezeke kwina kulikonse, ndipo zonsezi zimatetezedwa ndi malamulo: adagwidwa mwachangu, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu yonseyi. Ngati m'mbuyomu amatetezedwa kudera lokhalamo, tsopano kuwongolera kumalimbikitsidwanso pakukhalira kwa nsombazi kunja kwake.
Mitundu ina yamtundu wa whitefish imatetezedwanso m'maiko ena: pali mitundu yambirimbiri ndipo akuti m'dera lawo amakhala kuti alembe zonse. Njira zowonongera anthu zitha kukhala zosiyana: kuletsa kapena kuletsa kugwira, kupanga malo otetezedwa, kuwongolera zotulutsa zoipa, ulimi wowonjezera wa nsomba.
Nsomba zoyera - nsomba ndizokoma kwambiri, pomwe amakhala kumpoto chakumtunda, komwe kulibe nyama zina zambiri, motero ndizofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kusodza mwachangu, mitundu ina ya whitefish yasowa kwambiri, chifukwa chake, njira zimafunika kuteteza ndikubwezeretsa anthu. Kutsika kwake kwina sikungaloledwe, apo ayi akasinja akumpoto ataya anthu ofunika.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 28.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/30/2019 ku 21:10
