Quagga - nyama yopanda ziboliboli yomwe idakhala ku South Africa. Mbali yakutsogolo ya thupi la quagga inali ndi mikwingwirima yoyera, ngati mbidzi, ndi kumbuyo - mtundu wa kavalo. Ili ndiye mtundu woyamba komanso pafupifupi mtundu wokhawo (wakufa) womwe udawongoleredwa ndi anthu ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza ziweto, popeza quaggas anali oyamba mwa ziweto zonse kuzindikira kubwera kwa olusa ndikuwadziwitsa eni ake ndi mfuu "kuha", womwe umakhala dzina la nyamayo ... Quagga womaliza kuthengo adaphedwa mu 1878.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Quagga
Quagga ndiye nyama yoyamba kutayika yomwe idasanthula DNA. Ofufuzawo atsimikizira kuti quagga ndiyofanana kwambiri ndi mbidzi kuposa akavalo. Patha zaka 3-4 miliyoni zadutsa pomwe anali ndi makolo ofanana ndi mbidzi yam'mapiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wofufuza za chitetezo cha mthupi adawonetsa kuti Quagga inali pafupi ndi mbidzi zomwe zimakhala m'chigwa.
Kanema: Quagga
Pakafukufuku wa 1987, asayansi adati Quaggi's mtDNA yasintha pafupifupi 2% zaka miliyoni zilizonse, zofanana ndi mitundu ina ya mammalian, ndipo adatsimikiziranso kuyanjana kwake ndi mbidzi. Kupenda kwamiyeso yomwe inachitika mu 1999 kunawonetsa kuti quagga ndi wosiyana ndi mbidzi wamba monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mbidzi ya kumapiri.
Chosangalatsa: Kafukufuku wa zikopa ndi zigaza za 2004 adawonetsa kuti quagga si mtundu wina wosiyana, koma subspecies wa mbidzi wamba. Ngakhale izi zidapezeka, zigwa za mbidzi ndi quaggas zidapitilizidwa ngati mitundu yosiyana. Ngakhale masiku ano amawerengedwa ngati subspecies a Burchella zebra (E. quagga).
Kafukufuku wamtundu wofalitsidwa mu 2005 adawonetsanso mtundu wa quagga. Zinapezeka kuti quaggas ali ndi mitundu yosiyana ya majini, ndipo kusiyana kwa nyama izi sikunawonekere mpaka pakati pa 125,000 ndi 290,000, nthawi ya Pleistocene. Kapangidwe kabwino ka malaya asintha chifukwa chodzipatula komanso kusintha kwa malo owuma.
Ndiponso, mbidzi zachigwa zimakonda kukhala zopanda mizere kum'mwera komwe zimakhala, ndipo quagga inali kumwera kwenikweni kwa onsewo. Maululate ena akulu aku Africa agawikanso m'magulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Mbidzi zamakono zam'mapiri zitha kukhala zikuchokera kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo quagga imafanana kwambiri ndi anthu oyandikana nawo kuposa anthu akumpoto omwe amakhala kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Uganda. Mbidzi zochokera ku Namibia zikuwoneka kuti ndizoyandikira kwambiri ku quagga.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kodi quagga imawoneka bwanji
Amakhulupirira kuti quagga inali yaitali masentimita 257 ndi masentimita 125-135 cm paphewa. Mtundu wa ubweya wake unali wapadera pakati pa mbidzi: zimawoneka ngati mbidzi kutsogolo ndi kavalo kumbuyo. Anali ndi mikwingwirima yoyera ndi yoyera pakhosi ndi kumutu, pamwamba pake pabulawuni, ndi mimba, miyendo, ndi mchira wopepuka. Mikwingwirima idatchulidwa kwambiri pamutu ndi m'khosi, koma pang'onopang'ono idayamba kufooka mpaka itayimiratu, kuphatikiza ndi utoto wofiirira kumbuyo ndi mbali.
Nyamayo ikuwoneka kuti inali ndi ziwalo zina za thupi zomwe pafupifupi zilibe mikwingwirima, ndi ziwalo zina zamatekinoloje, zokumbutsa mbidzi ya Burchell yomwe idatha, yomwe mikwingwirima yake idali kumtunda, kupatula msana, miyendo ndi pamimba. Mbidziyo inali ndi kansalu kakang'ono, kakuda chakumbuyo kumbuyo kwake, komwe kanali ndi mane wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yoyera ndi yofiirira.
Chosangalatsa: Pali zithunzi zisanu za quagga zomwe zidatengedwa pakati pa 1863 ndi 1870. Kutengera zithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe olembedwa, akuganiza kuti mikwingwirimayo inali yopepuka motsutsana ndi mdima, womwe unali wosiyana ndi mbidzi zina. Komabe, Reinhold Rau adati ndichinyengo, mtundu waukulu ndi wonyezimira ndipo mikwingwirima ndi yakuda komanso yakuda. Zolemba zaumbanda zimatsimikizira kuti mbidzi zinali zamdima ndi zoyera ngati utoto wowonjezera.
Chifukwa chokhala kumapeto kwenikweni kwa kum'mwera kwa mapiri a mbidzi, quagga anali ndi chovala chofunda chachisanu chomwe chimatuluka chaka chilichonse. Chigoba chake akuti chimakhala chowongoka molunjika ndi concave diastema chokhala ndi nape yopapatiza. Kafukufuku wa Morphological mu 2004 adawonetsa kuti mafupa a mbidzi zakumwera kwa Burchell ndi quagga ndizofanana ndipo sizingasiyanitsidwe. Masiku ano, quagga yodzaza ndi mbidzi za Burchell ndizofanana kwambiri kotero kuti ndizosatheka kuzindikira mitundu yoyerekeza popeza palibe mbiri yakomwe idalembedwa. Zitsanzo zazimayi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito phunziroli zinali, pafupifupi, zazikulu kuposa amuna.
Kodi quagga amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Quagga ya nyama
Mbalameyi imapezeka kum'mwera kwa Africa, quagga idapezeka m'magulu akulu a Karoo ndi kumwera kwa Orange Free. Anali chigwa chakumwera kwenikweni kwa mbidzi, wokhala kumwera kwa Mtsinje wa Orange. Ndi malo odyetserako ziweto, okhala ndi malo okhala ndi mapiri komanso nkhalango zowuma, zomwe lero zimapanga zigawo za kumpoto, Western, Eastern Cape. Masambawa adasiyanitsidwa ndi zomera ndi zinyama zawo zachilendo komanso zachilengedwe komanso zinyama zambiri poyerekeza ndi madera ena a Africa.
Mwina quaggas amakhala m'maiko ngati awa:
- Namibia;
- Congo;
- SOUTH AFRICA;
- Lesotho.
Nyamazi nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'malo odyetserako ziweto komanso ozizira, ndipo nthawi zina m'malo odyetserako chinyezi. Magulu a quagga sanawonekere kupitilira kumpoto kwa Vaal River. Poyamba, nyamayo inali yodziwika kwambiri kumwera konse kwa Africa, koma pang'onopang'ono idasowa kumapeto kwa chitukuko. Pamapeto pake, imatha kupezeka manambala ochepa kwambiri komanso kumadera akutali, kumapiri otentha komwe nyama zamtchire zimalamulira kwathunthu.
Quaggas adasunthira pagulu, ndipo ngakhale sanasakanikirane ndi anzawo okoma kwambiri, amatha kupezeka pafupi ndi nyumbu zoyera ndi nthiwatiwa. Magulu angapo amawerengedwa kuti akuyenda kudutsa zigwa zopanda chiyembekezo, zopanda mabwinja zomwe zimakhazikika, kufunafuna msipu wobiriwira pomwe udadzazidwa ndi maudzu osiyanasiyana m'miyezi yachilimwe.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene nyama ya quagga inkakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi quagga idadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Mbidzi quagga
Quagga idachita bwino kwambiri posankha msipu kuposa abale ake ambiri. Ngakhale ankakonda kupikisana ndi nyumbu zambiri zomwe zimakhala mdera lomwelo. Quaggi anali woyamba kudyetsa mbewu kulowa msipu wamtali wamtali kapena msipu wonyowa. Amadya pafupifupi zitsamba, koma nthawi zina amadya tchire, nthambi, masamba, ndi khungwa. Magayidwe awo am'magazi amaloleza kuti azidya zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndizakudya zochepa kuposa zitsamba zina zofunika.
Zomera zakumwera kwa Africa ndizolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi. 10% ya mitundu yonse yapadziko lonse lapansi imamera kumeneko, yomwe ndi mitundu yoposa 20,000. M'madera ambiri zitsamba zodabwitsa, tchire, maluwa (80%) ndi onunkhira, omwe sapezeka kwina kulikonse. Zomera zolemera kwambiri ku Western Cape, komwe kumamera maluwa opitilira 6,000.
Mwachiwonekere, quaggas amadyetsa zomera monga:
- kakombo;
- amaryllidaceae;
- Iris;
- pelargonium;
- abwana;
- Cape boxwood;
- ficuses;
- achigololo;
- heather, yomwe ili ndi mitundu yoposa 450, ndi zina zambiri.
M'mbuyomu, magulu ambiri a quaggas adagwedeza madera aku South Africa ndi chidindo cha ziboda. Artiodactyls ankakhala moyo wosamukasamuka, akuyenda mosalekeza kukafunafuna chakudya. Ziwetozi nthawi zambiri zimasamukira kukapanga ziweto zambiri.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Quagga ya nyama yosatha
Quaggas anali zolengedwa zokonda kucheza kwambiri, ndikupanga gulu lalikulu. Pakatikati pa gulu lirilonse panali am'banja omwe amakhala ndi ziweto zawo m'miyoyo yawo yonse. Kuti asonkhanitse anthu omwazikana mderalo, wamwamuna wamkulu wagululi adapanga phokoso lapadera lomwe mamembala ena mgululi adayankha. Odwala kapena olumala adasamalidwa ndi mamembala onse am'gululi, omwe adachedwetsa kuti afanane ndi wachibale wocheperako.
Iliyonse ya ng'ombe izi inkalamulira dera laling'ono la 30 km². Akasamuka, amatha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali opitilira 600 km². Quaggi nthawi zambiri ankasuntha, kugona usiku wonse m'malo odyetserako ziweto komwe amakhoza kuwona nyama zolusa. Usiku, mamembala a gululi adadzuka m'modzi m'modzi kukadya ola limodzi, osasunthika patali ndi gululo. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zonse amakhala ndi ziweto zosachepera chimodzi m'deralo kuti aziyang'anira zomwe zingawopseze pomwe gululi ligona.
Chosangalatsa: Quaggas, monga mbidzi zina, anali ndi chizolowezi chaukhondo tsiku lililonse pomwe anthu amayimirira limodzi, kulumirana m'malo ovuta kufikapo monga khosi, mane ndi kubwerera kuti atulutse tiziromboti.
Ng'ombezo zinkayenda maulendo ataliatali kuchokera kumalo ogona kupita kumalo odyetserako ziweto ndi kubwerera, kusiya kumwa madzi masana. Komabe, ndizochepa chabe zomwe zimatsalira za khalidwe la quagga kuthengo, ndipo nthawi zina sizidziwika kuti ndi mtundu wanji wa mbidzi womwe umatchulidwa m'malipoti akale. Amadziwika kuti quaggas anasonkhana mu gulu la zidutswa 30-50. Palibe umboni kuti adadutsa ndi mitundu ina ya mbidzi, koma atha kugawana nawo mbidzi ya Hartmann yamapiri.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Quagga Cub
Nyamazi zinali ndi mitembo yokomera mitala, pomwe mwamuna m'modzi wamkulu amalamulira gulu la akazi. Kuti zikhale zazikulu kwambiri, yamphongo imayenera kusinthana kukoka zazikazi kuchokera pagulu lina. Ma Stallion amatha kusonkhana mozungulira gulu momwe munali mahatchi otentha, ndikumugwirira iye ndi gulu lankhosa komanso wina ndi mnzake. Izi zinkachitika masiku 5 mwezi uliwonse kwa chaka, mpaka mahatchiwo atakhala ndi pakati. Ngakhale ana amphongo amatha kubadwa mwezi uliwonse, pamakhala pachimake pachaka chakubadwa / mating kumayambiriro kwa Disembala - Januware, zomwe zimafanana ndi nyengo yamvula.
Chosangalatsa: Kwa nthawi yayitali quagga amadziwika kuti ndi woyenera kuweta ziweto, chifukwa amadziwika kuti ndi mbidzi zomvera kwambiri. Mahatchi ogwira ntchito ochokera kumayiko ena sankagwira bwino nyengo yotentha ndipo nthawi zambiri ankadwala matenda ovuta a akavalo aku Africa.
Akazi a Quaggi, omwe anali athanzi labwino, amabadwira zaka ziwiri zokha, kukhala ndi mwana wawo woyamba ali ndi zaka 3 mpaka 3.5. Amphongo sangaswane mpaka atakwanitsa zaka zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi. Amayi a Quaggi amayang'anira mbidziyo kwa chaka chimodzi. Monga akavalo, quaggas ang'onoang'ono amatha kuyimirira, kuyenda, ndi kuyamwa mkaka atangobadwa kumene. Anawo anali ofiira kwambiri pakubadwa kuposa makolo ake. Ankhandowo ankatetezedwa ndi amayi awo, komanso nyani wamkulu ndi akazi ena mgulu lawo.
Adani achilengedwe a quagga
Chithunzi: Kodi quagga imawoneka bwanji
Poyamba, akatswiri a zooge adati ntchito yosinthana mikwingwirima yoyera ndi yakuda mwa mbidzi inali njira yodzitetezera kwa adani. Pazonse, sizikudziwika chifukwa chomwe quagga analibe mikwingwirima kumbuyo. Amatinso mbidzi zinapanga njira zosinthira kuziziritsa, komanso kuti quagga idazitaya chifukwa chokhala m'malo ozizira. Vuto ndilakuti mbidzi yam'mapiri imakhalanso m'malo ofanana ndipo ili ndi mapangidwe amizere yomwe imakhudza thupi lake lonse.
Kusiyana kwamizere kungathandizenso kuzindikira kwa mitundu pakusakanikirana kwa ziweto kuti mamembala amtundu womwewo kapena mitundu yomweyo athe kuzindikira ndikutsatira abale awo. Komabe, kafukufuku yemwe adachitika mu 2014 adathandizira lingaliro lodzitchinjiriza kulumidwa ndi ntchentche, ndipo mwina quagga amakhala kumadera opanda zochuluka kuposa mbidzi zina. Quaggas anali ndi zolusa zochepa m'malo awo.
Nyama zazikulu zomwe zinali zowopsa kwa iwo zinali:
- mikango;
- akambuku;
- ng'ona;
- mvuu.
Anthu adakhala tizirombo tambiri ta quaggas, chifukwa zinali zosavuta kupeza ndikupha nyamayi. Anawonongedwa kuti apereke nyama ndi zikopa. Zikopazo mwina zimagulitsidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwanuko. Chombocho mwina chimatha chifukwa chogawa pang'ono, ndipo kuphatikiza apo, chitha kupikisana ndi ziweto kupeza chakudya. Quagga idazimiririka m'malo ambiri pofika chaka cha 1850. Anthu omaliza kuthengo, Orange, adawonongedwa kumapeto kwa ma 1870.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Quagga
Quagga womaliza adamwalira ku Amsterdam Zoo ku Holland pa Ogasiti 12, 1883. Munthu wamtchire adawonongedwa ku South Africa ndi alenje zaka zingapo m'mbuyomu, nthawi ina mu 1878. Mu South African Red Book, quagga amatchulidwa kuti ndi mtundu wopanda nyama. Pali nyama 23 zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza ana ang'ono ndi mwana wosabadwa. Kuphatikiza apo, mutu ndi khosi, phazi, mafupa asanu ndi awiri athunthu ndi zitsanzo zamatumba osiyanasiyana zimatsalira. Mtundu wa 24 udawonongedwa ku Königsberg, Germany munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, ndipo mafupa ndi mafupa osiyanasiyana adatayika. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimawopseza akhwangwala chili munyuziyamu ya University of Kazan.
Chosangalatsa: Ubwenzi wapamtima utapezeka pakati pa quaggas ndi mbidzi zomwe zimakhala m'chigwa, R. Rau adayambitsa ntchito ya Quagga mu 1987 kuti apange mbidzi ngati ziziweto posankha kamphindi kocheperako kuchokera pagulu la mbidzi, ndi cholinga chowayika m'mbuyomu quagga osiyanasiyana.
Gulu loyesera linali ndi anthu 19 ochokera ku Namibia ndi South Africa. Anasankhidwa chifukwa adachepetsa mikwingwirima kumbuyo kwa thupi ndi miyendo. Mwana woyamba kubadwa wa ntchitoyi adabadwa mu 1988. Pambuyo pakupanga gulu lankhosa ngati gulu la quagg, omwe akutenga nawo gawo akukonzekera kuwamasula ku Western Cape. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mbidzi ngati quagga kumatha kukhala gawo la pulogalamu yochira anthu.
Quagga, nyumbu ndi nthiwatiwa zomwe zimakonda kusonkhana limodzi kumalo odyetserako zamasiku akale zimatha kukhalira limodzi kumalo odyetserako ziweto komwe kumayenera kuthandizidwa ndi msipu. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2006, nyama za m'badwo wachitatu ndi wachinayi zomwe zidapezeka munthawi ya ntchitoyi zidafanana kwambiri ndi zifanizo komanso quagga yomwe idapulumuka. Kuchita izi ndikutsutsana, popeza zitsanzo zomwe zapezeka ndizimbidzi ndipo zimafanana ndi ma quaggs pamawonekedwe okha, koma ndizosiyana chibadwa. Ukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito DNA yopanga miyala sunapangidwebe.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/27/2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/30/2019 ku 21:04
