Beluga Ndi nsomba yomwe imakhala m'madzi oyera. Ndi membala wa banja la sturgeon ndipo amalemekezedwa kwambiri pantchito yolima nsomba. Caviar ya nsomba zamtunduwu ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa zonse pamsika wapadziko lonse. Posachedwa, anthu a beluga akuchepa mwachangu, chifukwa chake asayansi akuyesetsa kuphunzira momwe amasamalirira nsomba m'malo opangira. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti dzina la nsomba lotembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Chilatini limatanthauza "nkhumba". Dzinali limagwirizana ndi nsombazo, zomwe zimadziwika ndi moyo wake, mawonekedwe ake, mawonekedwe ake komanso zakudya zake.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Beluga
Beluga ndi nyama zovutitsa, zomwe zimaperekedwa m'gulu la nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray, dongosolo la ma sturgeon. Nsombazi ndi za banja la sturgeon, genus ndi mitundu beluga. Ndi beluga yomwe ndi nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zamadzi opanda mchere padziko lonse lapansi. Mbiri imalongosola milandu pomwe anthu adagwira anthu akulu kwambiri. M'magwero ena, pali zidziwitso kuti anthu olemera matani awiri agwidwa.
Kanema: Beluga
Komabe, izi sizigwirizana ndi zowona zilizonse. Pakusintha ndi kuchepa kwa anthu, nsomba zatsika kwambiri kukula. Anthu akuluakulu amtunduwu adagwidwa mu 1700 ndi 1989. Kulemera kwawo kunali kofanana ma kilogalamu 800 ndi 970.
Kuphatikiza pa beluga, banja la sturgeon limaphatikizapo nsomba zotsatirazi: stellate sturgeon, sturgeon, sterlet. Oyimira banjali adawoneka mwina munthawi ya Eocene, pafupifupi zaka 85-70 miliyoni zapitazo. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi zomwe apeza zakale. Asayansi amati oimira akale kwambiri a banja lino amakhala padziko lathu lapansi zaka 200 miliyoni zapitazo, pomwe ma dinosaurs amayenda padziko lapansi.
Chodabwitsa, nsombazi zidapulumuka mpaka pano, pafupifupi popanda kusintha kwina kulikonse. Matupi awo, monga kale, amaphimbidwa ndi mbale zamafupa, zomwe zinali zofunikira kuti apulumuke munthawiyo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe beluga amawonekera
Nsombayi ndi imodzi mwazamoyo zazikulu kwambiri zam'madzi. Zoyipa zakugonana sizimawonedwa ku beluga, ndipo amuna ndi akazi alibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo. Kulemera kwake kwa thupi kumatha kufikira tani, ndipo kutalika kwake kumakhala pafupifupi mita inayi. Pali mboni zomwe zimadzinenera kuti zidali mboni zowona kuti nsomba zidagwidwa ngakhale kutalika kwa 6 mpaka 7 mita. Beluga ndiye mwini wa thupi lalikulu, lokula, lolimba.
Gawo lamutu la thupi kunja kwake limafanana ndi nkhumba. Mbali ya m'mphuno ndiyopindika, kukumbukira chigamba cha nkhumba. Mkamwa woboola chikwakwa ndi wotakata kwambiri, wokhala ndi milomo yayikulu. Beluga ilibe mano, kupatula mwachangu. Akamakula ndikukula, amatha. M'dera la mlomo wapamwamba, pali timizere tozungulira tomwe timakafika kumunsi kwa mlomo. Maso a beluga ndi ochepa. Masomphenya sanakule bwino, chifukwa chake kununkhiza kwamphamvu kwambiri ndi komwe kumawunikira kwambiri. Thupi la nsombali limakutidwa ndi mamba yolimba, yolimba ya rhomboid yomwe siyikulumikizana. Thupi limapangidwa ndi mithunzi iwiri: kumbuyo kwake ndi imvi ndi khungu lobiriwira, m'mimba mwake ndi wopepuka, pafupifupi woyera kapena wamkaka. Mbali yakumbuyo ili ndi timinga ting'onoting'ono. Akatswiri a zinyama amati nsomba zamtunduwu ndi chiwindi chachitali. Chifukwa chakukula kwake, makamaka anthu akuluakulu amakhala zaka pafupifupi zana.
Kodi beluga amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Beluga ku Russia
Nsomba za Beluga zimakhala m'matumba amadzi okhaokha.
Madera a beluga chilengedwe:
- Nyanja Yakuda;
- Nyanja ya Caspian;
- Nyanja ya Azov;
- Nyanja ya Adriatic.
Pakati pa nyengo yobereka, nsomba zimasonkhana pakamwa pamtsinje. Anthu ambiri panthawiyi amasonkhana ku Volga, Danube, Don, Dnieper, Dniester, Ural, Kura, Terek. Ambiri mwa oimira izi zinyama ndi nyama zomwe zimakhala m'nyanja ya Caspian. Pakati pa nthawi yobereka, nsomba zazikulu kwambiri zimasonkhana mumtsinje wa Volga. Nsomba zimapezeka mumtsinje uliwonse pafupi ndi Caspian. M'mbuyomu, zinali zachilendo kuti nsomba zimakwera m'mitsinje yayikulu makilomita masauzande ambiri. Masiku ano, malo okhala anyaniwa ndi ochepa chifukwa chakumanga kwa magetsi ambiri opanga magetsi.
M'mbuyomu, anthu a beluga anali atafalikira pagombe la Azerbaijan, Iran, Serbia, Romania, ndi mayiko ena. Chikepe cha nsomba chidamangidwa ngakhale m'dera la Volgograd hydroelectric complex. Komabe, chifukwa cha ntchito yosagwira bwino ntchito, anasiya kuigwiritsa ntchito, ndipo nsombazo zidasiya kupezeka mumtsinje wa Volga mochuluka kwambiri monga kale. Nyama yayikulu chonchi imatha kudzipatsa yokha chakudya m'nyanja zikuluzikulu. Madera omwe amakhalamo amawerengedwa kuti ndi osamalira zachilengedwe, chifukwa beluga imapezeka m'malo amenewa.
Chosangalatsa: Ngati pazifukwa zina malo okhala nsomba awonongeka, ndiye kuti mkazi amakana kubala, ndipo mazira omwe amapangidwa mthupi lake amangosungunuka.
Belugas samakonda kukhala moyo wongokhala, kungokhala. Ngakhale kukula kwake kumakhala kosangalatsa, amasintha malo ake nthawi zonse, amakonda kutsikira kumalo akuya ndi mafunde amphamvu. Ndi m'malo otere komwe amapeza chakudya chokwanira. Kuti apumule, amasankha kumapeto pansi. Ndi kuyamba kwa kasupe, madzi atatentha mokwanira, beluga imatha kuwonedwa m'madzi otere, kapena pansi penipeni.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene kuli beluga. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe nsombayi imadya?
Kodi beluga amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Beluga munyanja
Beluga ndi ya nyama zolusa zam'madzi. Amayamba kusaka komanso kudziyimira payekha m'mawa kwambiri. Chakudya chachikulu ndi nsomba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Popeza ma belugas ndi nyama zazikulu, zakudya zawo ndizosiyana kwambiri.
Zakudya za Beluga:
- hering'i;
- carp;
- gobies;
- kuphwanya;
- vobla;
- mbalame yamphongo;
- wosabala;
- zander.
Kuphatikiza pa nsomba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, amatha kudya ma crustaceans, molluscs, abale awo, omwe sanafikebe pamiyeso yayikulu. Nthawi zina, amatha kudya zisindikizo za ana, mbalame zam'madzi. Ndi okhawo omwe amabadwa kumene a beluga mwachangu omwe amadya nyama zam'madzi, mitundu yambiri ya nsomba, ndi mphutsi. Pamene ikukula, zakudya za beluga zimasintha. Atasamukira kunyanja, kwa nthawi yoyamba, achinyamata amadya nkhanu ndi nkhono. Kudya anthu wamba ndikofala kwambiri pakati pa nyama zazing'ono.
Akamakula, pang'onopang'ono amadya chakudya cha nsomba. Mwa akulu, nsomba zimapanga pafupifupi 95-97% yazakudya zonse. Pofunafuna chakudya, nthawi zina amatha kusamukira kumtunda wautali kwambiri. Kutengera nyengo, nyengo, komanso nthawi yobereka, zakudya za adani zimasinthidwa pang'ono.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Beluga
Ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu, nsomba ndizoyenda, zimakonda kusamukira pamtunda wautali. Malo okhalamo ndi nyanja; komabe, panthawi yopanga, beluga amapita kukamwa kwa mitsinje ikuluikulu.
Malingana ndi mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa kusamuka, ma belugas adagawika m'magulu awiri:
- kasupe. Nsomba zimasamukira m'mitsinje koyambirira kwa kasupe.
- yozizira. Kutsikira kwa nsomba ku Volga kumachitika nthawi yophukira.
Nsomba zachisanu zimakhazikika kwambiri, zomwe zimabisalira pansi, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa kasupe nthawi yomweyo zimayamba kutulutsa. Pambuyo pa kubereka, nyamayo imabwerera kumalo ake achilengedwe - munyanja. Amadziyang'ana mlengalenga, kudalira fungo lakuthwa kwambiri. Mukakhala munyanja, ma beluga amakhala moyo wosadalira anzawo. Mukasamukira kumitsinje, imasonkhana m'magulu angapo.
Pofika nyengo yozizira, beluga imamira mozama ndikugona m'mayenje akuya pansi. Atadziphatika mu tulo, amadikirira kuzizira. Poyamba kutentha ndi masika, nsomba zimadzuka ndikubala zimayamba. Munthawi imeneyi, anthu ena amasintha machitidwe awo, momwe amakhalira komanso zakudya zawo. Komabe, pakutha nthawi yoswana, amabwerera ku njira zawo za masiku onse.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nsomba zazikulu za beluga
Mu nsomba, kutha msinkhu kumayamba mochedwa. Akazi amakhala okonzeka kuswana ali ndi zaka 15-17, ndipo amuna azaka zapakati pa 12-14. Komabe, akazi samabereka ana mpaka atapeza kunenepa thupi. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri pasanathe zaka 25. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kubala ndi zaka ziwiri kapena zinayi.
Pa moyo wake, mkazi aliyense amaikira mazira pafupifupi nthawi 8-9. Amayikira mazira nthawi zambiri pansi pamchenga, kapena mwala. Mazirawo atakumana ndi umuna, amakhala omata, potero amalimba pansi. Pofuna kubzala bwino, mazira amayenera kuyikidwa pomwe pali kuyenda mwachangu komanso kupezeka kwa oxygen nthawi zonse.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi ina, mkazi wokhwima pogonana amatha kuikira mazira pafupifupi miliyoni, ndipo kulemera kwake konse kwa mazira omwe amakhala atayikidwa pafupifupi kotala la kulemera kwake.
Nthawi yobereka imakhala kumayambiriro kwa masika, pamene belugas amadzuka atagona. Feteleza ndi yakunja. Kupulumuka kumakhala kotsika, chifukwa mazira ambiri amakhala chakudya cha nyama zina zam'madzi, ndipo mwachangu makanda amadyedwa nthawi zambiri ndi zilombo. Mwachangu wopangidwa ndi mazira ndi mainchesi 5-7 kukula kwake. Poyamba, amakhala m'madzi osaya, kapena m'madzi apadziko lapansi otenthedwa ndi kunyezimira kwa dzuwa, kenako amasambira kufunafuna nyanja. Mwachangu amakula ndikukula msanga, ndipo pofika chaka amatha kutalika pafupifupi mita.
Adani achilengedwe a beluga
Chithunzi: Beluga
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi moyo wodya nyama, beluga alibe adani kulikonse komwe amakhala. Palibe nyama zolusa m'madzi zomwe zimazisaka. Kupatula kwake ndi mwachangu komanso caviar, komwe kumakhala chakudya cham'madzi ambiri am'madzi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti beluga ndi mmodzi mwa adani ake akuluakulu. Izi ndichifukwa choti kudya anthu wamba kumafala kwambiri pakati pa adani awa. Amadya abale awo ndi mazira, komanso, ambiri.
Mmodzi mwa adani akuluakulu ndipo pafupifupi adani okhawo omwe amadana ndi nyanja ndi munthu. Poyambirira m'madera ambiri, makamaka pa Volga, panthawi yobereka, matani 1.5-2 zikwi za nsomba zamtengo wapatali izi zinagwidwa. M'madera ambiri lero amapangidwira kugulitsa mafakitale, chifukwa caviar imadziwika kuti ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso yabwino. Amakonda kwambiri.
Zomwe zimakhala ndi caloriki ndizokwera kuposa zonenepetsa za nyama ya nsomba. Beluga caviar ili ndi mapuloteni achilengedwe ambiri, omwe amathandizira kusamalira khungu launyamata. Komabe, sizimakhala zopambana nthawi zonse kuwubereketsa wambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, kupha nyama mosavomerezeka kwafala kwambiri m'madera ambiri, makamaka nthawi yopanga, nsomba zikamasonkhanitsidwa zambirimbiri pakamwa pa mitsinje.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Momwe beluga amawonekera
Masiku ano nsomba zikucheperachepera. Kutsika kofulumira kwa manambala kunachitika koyambirira kwenikweni kwa zaka za m'ma 2000. Belugas adapatsidwa udindo wokhala nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, zomwe zidatchulidwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation ndi Red Book yapadziko lonse. Dokotala wazinyama akuwona kuti chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakanthawi kwachilengedwe, nyama zolusa nthawi zambiri zimaswana ndi oimira mitundu ina ya zamoyo zam'madzi.
Mu 1952, pansi pazinthu zopangira, asayansi adakwanitsa kupanga mtundu wosakanizidwa, womwe udapezeka chifukwa chakuwoloka wosakanizidwa ndi sterlet ndikutchedwa Bester. Nsomba zamtunduwu zimapangidwa kuti zizisungidwa mu malo osungiramo zinthu. Komabe, mtundu wa bester caviar ndiwotsika kwambiri pamtundu wa nyama zodya zopanda nyama.
Belugas atsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa chakutha msinkhu. Zipangizo zamagetsi zamagetsi zimamangidwa m'malo ambiri momwe nsomba zakhala zikuzolowera kuswana kwazaka zambiri, madziwo aipitsidwa ndi mitundu ingapo yazinyalala za mafakitale, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kubala kuthe. Wodya nyama wamtunduwu amakhala ndi mawonekedwe oti pakatha kubala, akazi ambiri amafa. Zimakhudzanso kukula kwa anthu.
Beluga alonda
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Beluga
Kusodza nyama zolusa kumadera okhala zachilengedwe nkoletsedwa. Chifukwa chophwanya lamuloli, anthu opha nyama mopanda chilolezo amakhala m'ndende. Lamuloli limagwira ntchito mdera la maboma onse omwe amakhala ndi beluga. Chilango m'maiko osiyanasiyana ndichosiyana: kulipira chindapusa pamlingo waukulu komanso kulanda katundu mpaka kumangidwa zaka zisanu.
Pofuna kuteteza chilombo chodabwitsachi ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwake, nazale zikukonzedwa m'malo ambiri momwe amayesera kusunga ndi kubzala beluga. Komabe, zochitika ngati izi nthawi zonse sizimapereka zomwe mukufuna.
Komanso, m'zigawo zachilengedwe za beluga, ndizoletsedwa kuipitsa madzi ndi zinyalala zapakhomo ndi mafakitale, chifukwa kuipitsa malo okhala ndi adani kumabweretsa kuchotsa kubereka, kuletsa malo okhala ndi kuchepa kwa anthu. Munthawi ya kubala, malo opezera ma beluga amatetezedwa ndi oyang'anira nsomba. Nsombazo zalembedwa mu Red Book. Masiku ano, kusodza pamlingo uliwonse sikungatheke, chifukwa chake kumakhala kulota kwa asodzi ambiri omwe samataya chiyembekezo kuti adzagwira mwamwayi.
Beluga ndi nsomba yodabwitsa, yomwe ndi yosowa kwambiri masiku ano. Ili ndi caviar yayikulu yakuda, yomwe imasiyana ndi ma caviar ena aliwonse malinga ndi kukoma.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/27/2019
Tsiku losintha: 30.09.2019 nthawi 20:51
