Dorado - imodzi mwa nsomba zomwe amakonda kwambiri okhalamo chifukwa cha kukoma kwake. Ndipo chifukwa chakulima kwake kosavuta, mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi, nsomba zochulukirapo zochulukirapo zimatumizidwa kunja, kotero kuti zidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko ena. Dorado amadziwika bwino ku Russia.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Dorado
Woyandikira kwambiri nsomba ali ndi zaka zopitilira 500 miliyoni. Iyi ndi pikaya - yayitali masentimita angapo, analibe zipsepse, chifukwa chake amayenera kupindika thupi kuti asambire. Nsomba zakale kwambiri zinali zofanana ndi izi: patatha zaka 100 miliyoni zokha, zopangidwa ndi ray zidawonekera - Dorado ndi wawo. Kuyambira nthawi yomwe amawoneka, nsombazi zasintha kwambiri, ndipo mitundu yakale kwambiri idafa kale, komanso, mbadwa zawo zoyandikira kwambiri zidatha kufa. Nsomba yoyamba yamathambo idapezeka zaka 200 miliyoni zapitazo, koma mitundu yomwe ikukhala Padziko lapansi pano idachitika pambuyo pake, gawo lalikulu pambuyo pa nyengo ya Cretaceous.
Kanema: Dorado
Apa ndiye kuti kusinthika kwa nsomba kunapita mwachangu kwambiri kuposa kale, malingaliro adayamba kugwira ntchito. Nsomba ndizo zinayamba kukhala nyanja ya nyanja. Ngakhale gawo lalikulu la iwo nawonso linazimiririka - makamaka mitundu yakukhala m'madzi idapulumuka, ndipo zinthu zitasintha, zidayamba kukulira kumtunda. Dorado anali m'modzi mwa oyamba kubanja la spar - mwina ngakhale woyamba. Koma izi zidachitika ndi miyezo ya nsomba osati kale kwambiri, koyambirira kwa Eocene, ndiye kuti, zaka zopitilira 55 miliyoni zapitazo - banja lonse ndi laling'ono, ndipo mitundu yatsopano mkati mwake idapitilirabe mpaka nthawi ya Quaternary.
Malongosoledwe asayansi amitundu ya dorado adapangidwa ndi Karl Linnaeus mu 1758, dzina lachi Latin ndi Sparus aurata. Ndikuchokera kwa iye komwe mayina ena awiri, omwe amadziwika ndi nsomba iyi: spar golide - osati kungotanthauzira kuchokera ku Chilatini, ndi aurata.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Momwe dorado imawonekera
Mtundu wa nsomba ndi wosaiwalika: umakhala ndi thupi lathyathyathya, ndipo kutalika kwake kumatalika katatu - ndiye kuti, kufanana kwake kuli ngati carpian. Mutu uli ndi mbiri yotsika kwambiri yomwe ili ndi maso pakati ndi pakamwa pokhotakhota. Chifukwa cha ichi, nsomba nthawi zonse zimawoneka ngati zosakhutira ndi kena kake. Amakula mpaka 60-70 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kufikira 14-17 kg. Koma izi sizimachitika kawirikawiri, pokhapokha ngati dorado amakhala ndi zaka 8-11. Kulemera kwachilendo kwa nsomba wamkulu ndi 1.5-3 makilogalamu.
Mtundu wa dorado ndi wotuwa, mamba ake ndi owala. Msana ndi wakuda kuposa thupi lonse. Mimba, m'malo mwake, ndi yopepuka, pafupifupi yoyera. Pali mzere wozungulira wochepa thupi, umawonekera pafupi ndi mutu, koma pang'onopang'ono umatsata pang'ono pang'ono, ndipo suwoneka kumchira. Nthawi zina mumatha kuwona mizere ina yamdima ikuyenda motsatira nsomba. Pamutu wakuda, pali malo agolide omwe ali pakati pa maso. Mwa achinyamata, imatha kukhala yosawoneka bwino, kapena yosawoneka konse, koma ndi zaka zimawoneka bwino.
Dorado ali ndi mizere ingapo ya mano, kutsogolo kwake kuli mano olimba, osonyeza kuti amadya. Mano akumbuyo ndi ocheperako kuposa am'mbuyo. Nsagwada ndizofutukuka, m'munsi mwake ndi wamfupi kuposa wakumwambayo. Chinsinsicho chimakhala pakati, ndi ma lobes akuda; pakati pake pali malire akuda kwambiri. Pali mtundu wonyezimira wapinki mumtunduwo.
Kodi Dorado amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Dorado panyanja
Nsomba iyi imakhala:
- Nyanja ya Mediterranean;
- dera loyandikana ndi Atlantic;
- Bay ya Biscay;
- Nyanja ya Ireland;
- Nyanja Kumpoto.
Dorado amakhala makamaka mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean - amatha kupezeka pafupifupi kulikonse kuchokera kumadzulo mpaka kugombe lakummawa. Madzi a nyanja iyi ndi abwino kwa maanja agolide. Madzi a Nyanja ya Atlantic akugona kutsidya lina la Iberian Peninsula ndiosayenera kwa iye - ndi ozizira, koma alinso ndi anthu ambiri. Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito kunyanja ndi malo ena otsala - madzi a Kumpoto kapena Nyanja ya Ireland siabwino kwenikweni pamoyo wa dorado monga ku Mediterranean, chifukwa chake, ali kutali ndi anthu ochuluka chonchi. M'mbuyomu, dorado sinapezeke ku Black Sea, koma mzaka zaposachedwa apezeka pafupi ndi gombe la Crimea.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala atangokhala, koma pali zosiyana: ena dorado amakhala m khamu ndikupanga kusamuka kwakanthawi kuchokera kunyanja kupita kugombe la France ndi Britain, kenako ndikubwerera. Nsomba zazing'ono zimakonda kukhala m'malo ophulika mitsinje kapena m'madambo osaya ndi amchere pang'ono, pomwe akulu amapita kunyanja. Zomwezo mwakuya: dorado wachichepere amasambira kumtunda, ndipo atakula amakonda kukhala pamtunda wa 20-30 mita. Pakati pa nyengo yobereketsa, amizidwa kwambiri, mamita 80-150. Kuphatikiza pa dorado wamtchire, pali olandidwa omwe alimi, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kukukulira.
Nsomba iyi idabwereranso mu Ufumu wa Roma, womwe m'mayiwe amapangidwira mwapadera, koma ulimi weniweni wamakampani udayamba m'ma 1980. Tsopano dorado imabadwa m'maiko onse aku Mediterranean ku Europe, ndipo Greece ndiye mtsogoleri pankhani yopanga. Nsomba zimatha kusodzedwa m'manyanja, m'makola oyandama ndi m'madziwe, ndipo minda yamitengo ikukula chaka chilichonse.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nsomba za dorado zimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi Dorado amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Dorado
Nthawi zambiri, dorado imalowa m'mimba:
- nkhono;
- nkhanu;
- nsomba zina;
- caviar;
- tizilombo;
- udzu wanyanja.
Aurata ndi chilombo chomwe chimadya nyama zina. Chifukwa cha gulu lalikulu la mano apadera nthawi zosiyanasiyana, imatha kugwira ndikugwira nyama, kudula nyama yake, kuphwanya zipolopolo zamphamvu. Mofunitsitsa, nsomba wamkulu imadyanso caviar - nsomba zina zonse komanso abale. Imatha kumeza tizilombo komanso tizinyama tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tomwe tagwera m'madzi. Zakudya za dorado wachichepere ndizofanana ndi za akulu, kusiyana kokha ndikuti sangathe kusaka nyama zowopsa, komanso zipolopolo zogawanika, chifukwa chake amadya tizilombo tambiri, mazira, nkhanu zazing'ono komanso mwachangu.
Dorado amayenera kudyetsa ndere ngati sikunali kotheka kugwira aliyense - chakudya cha nyama ndichabwino kwa iye. Ndikofunikira kudya ndere zambiri, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosavuta kusaka ndi kudya kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa kudya ndere nthawi zonse. Komabe, amapezanso mavitamini ndi michere yofunika kwambiri ku nsomba. Atakulitsa mwanzeru, dorado imapatsidwa chakudya chamagulu. Zimaphatikizapo zinyalala kuchokera pakupanga nyama, nyama ya nsomba ndi soya. Amakula msanga pachakudya chotere.
Chosangalatsa: Ngati pali nsomba ina, yotchedwanso dorado, yomwe nthawi zina imasokoneza. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi za banja lina (haracin). Ndi mtundu wa Salminus brasiliensis, ndipo umakhala m'mitsinje ya South America.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba zam'madzi za Dorado
Aurata amasiyana ndi zowunikira chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala okha. Amakhala nthawi yayitali akusaka: amadikirira nsomba mosazindikira kuti ayigwire mwadzidzidzi, kapena kusambira pamwamba ndikusonkhanitsa tizilombo tomwe tagwera m'madzi. Koma nthawi zambiri amayang'anitsitsa pansi pa nyanja, kufunafuna nkhanu zodyedwa ndi molluscs. Monga osaka nsomba, maanja agolide sali opambana kwambiri, chifukwa chake gwero lalikulu la chakudya chawo ndi nyama zapansi, zomwe sizingathe kuthawa.
Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi chitetezo china - zipolopolo zolimba, koma dorado nthawi zambiri imalimbana ndi mano. Chifukwa chake, amakhala makamaka m'malo am'nyanja mwakuya pang'ono - kotero komwe amatha kuwona pansi. Amapita kumadzi akuya ngati kuli masukulu akuluakulu kumeneko, omwe ndi osavuta kusaka. Dorado amakonda bata, nyengo yotentha - ndipamene amasaka ndikugwira pafupipafupi. Ngati nyengo yasintha kwambiri kapena idayamba kugwa, ndiye kuti sizokayikitsa kuti adzagwidwa. Samakhalanso okangalika, ndipo ngati chilimwe chili chozizira, amatha kuyandama kupita kumalo ena komwe nyengo imakhala yabwino, chifukwa amakonda madzi ofunda kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Dorado iyenera kufufuzidwa ngati yatsopano mukamagula. Maso a nsomba ayenera kukhala owonekera, ndipo pambuyo povutikira pamimba, sipayenera kukhala chopindika. Ngati maso ali mitambo kapena kuli kopindika, ndiye kuti adagwidwa kalekale kapena amasungidwa m'malo osayenera.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Momwe dorado imawonekera
Ngati nsomba zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'masukulu omwe ali pafupi ndi gombe, ndiye atakula amakula, pambuyo pake amakhala okha. Kusiyanako nthawi zina ndi ma dorado omwe amakhala m'malo osamukira kwakanthawi - amasambira m'malo ndi gulu mwakamodzi. The awrat ndiyodziwika kwambiri poti iye ndi protandric hermaphrodite. Nsomba zazing'ono kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zosaposa zaka ziwiri, zonse ndizimuna. Kukula, onse amakhala akazi: ngati kale gland yawo inali tambala, pambuyo pobadwanso imayamba kugwira ntchito ngati ovary.
Kusintha kwakugonana ndikofunikira kwa dorado: chowonadi ndichakuti chokulirapo chachikazi, ndimazira ochulukirachulukira, ndipo mazirawo amakhala okulirapo - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti anawo adzakhala ndi mwayi wopulumuka. Koma palibe chomwe chimadalira kukula kwa champhongo. Amakhala miyezi itatu yapitayi, ndipo amasiya kugona panthawiyi. Zonsezi, amayi amatha kuikira mazira 20 mpaka 80,000. Ndi ochepa kwambiri, osakwana 1 mm, chifukwa chake ochepa amapulumuka - makamaka popeza nsomba zina zambiri zimafuna kudya dorado caviar, ndipo zimatenga nthawi yayitali kupanga: masiku 50-55.
Ngati caviar yakwanitsa kukhalabe yolimba kwa nthawi yayitali, mwachangu amabadwa. Pakuthyola, amakhala ochepa - pafupifupi 7 mm, poyamba samawoneka ngati nsomba yayikulu ndipo amakhala opanda chochita. Palibe amene amawateteza, chifukwa chake ambiri amafera m'nsagwada za adani, makamaka nsomba. Mwachangu atakula pang'ono ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe ngati dorado, amasambira kupita pagombe, komwe amakhala miyezi yoyambirira ya moyo. Achinyamata, koma nsomba zokula msinkhu zimatha kudziyimira pawokha ndikukhala olusa okha.
Pakubereketsa kwapangidwe, pali njira ziwiri zokwezera mwachangu: amaswa m'matangi ang'onoang'ono kapena m'matangi akulu. Njira yoyamba imakhala yopindulitsa kwambiri - pa lita imodzi yamadzi, theka ndi hafu mpaka mazana awiri mwachangu, chifukwa khalidwe lake limatha kuyang'aniridwa bwino ndikupangitsa kuti likhale labwino powasakaniza. M'madziwe akuluakulu, zokolola zake ndizotsika kwambiri mwadongosolo - pali 8-15 mwachangu pa lita imodzi yamadzi, koma ndondomekoyi ikufanana ndi yomwe imachitika m'chilengedwe, ndipo nsomba zolimbikira zimawonekera, zomwe pambuyo pake zimatha kumasulidwa.
Masiku angapo oyamba mwachangu amadyetsa m'malo osungira, ndipo tsiku lachinayi kapena lachisanu amayamba kuwadyetsa ndi ma rotifers. Pakadutsa masiku khumi, zakudya zawo zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi brine shrimp, kenako mavitamini ndi mafuta acid amayambitsidwa pang'onopang'ono, ma microalgae amawonjezeredwa m'madzi, ndipo amayamba kudyetsa ndi nkhanu. Pakadutsa mwezi umodzi ndi theka, amakula mokwanira kuti amasamutsidwa kupita kumadzi ena ndikudya chakudya chamagulu, kapena kuti atulutsidwe m'madzi am'mbuyo kapena malo ena oyandikira chilengedwe.
Adani achilengedwe a Dorado
Chithunzi: Dorado
Nsombayi ndi yayikulu mokwanira kusangalatsa nyama zikuluzikulu zam'madzi monga sharki, koma ndizochepa mokwanira kuti zimenyane nayo. Chifukwa chake, ndiwoopseza kwambiri dorado. Mitundu yambiri ya nsombazi imakhala mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi Atlantic: mchenga, kambuku, nthenga yakuda, mandimu ndi ena. Shark wa pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa nyama samadana ndi zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi ku dorado - nthawi zambiri samakonda kudya, koma dorado amakopeka kwambiri kuposa nyama ina, ndipo akawona nsombayi, amayamba kuigwira. Dorado mwina ndichakudya chomwecho kwa iwo monganso anthu.
Anthu iwonso amathanso kuwerengedwa pakati pa adani a dorado - ngakhale kuti nsomba zochulukazi zimakwezedwa m'minda ya nsomba, nsombazo zimagwiranso ntchito. Chokhacho chomwe chimamulepheretsa ndikuti dorado amakhala okha, kotero kumakhala kovuta kuwapeza, ndipo nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika limodzi ndi mitundu ina. Koma nsomba zazikulu ndizokwanira kuti zisawope nyama zambiri zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi am'nyanja. Zowopsa zambiri zimawopseza caviar ndi mwachangu. Caviar imadyedwa mwachangu ndi nsomba zina, kuphatikiza nsomba zazing'ono, zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito mwachangu - komanso, amatha kugwidwa ndi mbalame zodya nyama. Makamaka ambiri mwa iwo amasakanso dorado wachichepere wolemera kilogalamu - ndiponsotu, mbalame zodya nyama, sizingathe kuthana ndi achikulire, akuluakulu.
Chosangalatsa: Dorado amatha kukhala otuwa kapena achifumu - mtundu wachiwiri umakhala ndi utoto wofewa kwambiri, wojambulidwa mu mtundu wapinki pang'ono.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Dorado
Dorado ndi wa mitundu yomwe ili ndi ziwopsezo zochepa. Ndi imodzi mwamasamba ofala kwambiri ku Mediterranean, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwake ndi kwakukulu kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale kuwedza mwachangu sikunasokoneze izi. M'malo ena, a Dorado ndi ocheperako, komanso ochulukirapo. Palibe kuchepetsedwa kwa kuchuluka kapena kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mabanja agolide komwe kwadziwika, kuchuluka kwawo kuthengo kumakhala kolimba, mwinanso kukula. Chifukwa chake, mzaka makumi angapo zapitazi, akuwonekera kwambiri m'madzi oyandikana ndi komwe amakhala, koma osapitako kale. Ndipo mu ukapolo, kuchuluka kwa nsombazi kumaweta chaka chilichonse.
Pali njira zitatu zofunika kuswana:
- mwamphamvu - m'matangi osiyanasiyana;
- zolimbikira - m'makola ndi ma feeder omwe adayikidwa pafupi ndi gombe;
- Kukula kwakukulu - kulima kwaulere m'madzi ndi kunyanja.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa njirazi ndikofunikira, chifukwa chomalizirachi chikufanana ndi kusodza kwachizolowezi - ngakhale akukhulupirira kuti nsombayo idapangidwa, koma imakhala mwamakhalidwe ndipo imakhala gawo lachilengedwe. Nsomba zomwe zimasungidwa motere zitha kuwerengedwa mwa anthu wamba, mosiyana ndi zomwe zimawerengedwa m'makola olimba. Ndi zinthu zaulere, kudyetsa kwanzeru nthawi zambiri sikuchitika ngakhale. Nthawi zina achinyamata amaleredwa moyang'aniridwa kenako amatulutsidwa - chifukwa cha kutayika kwa nsomba chifukwa cha adani, amachepetsedwa kwambiri.
Dorado - wokhala m'madzi ofunda a Atlantic - nsomba yofuna nyengo, koma mosadzichepetsa. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mukule m'minda yapadera yambiri. Koma dorado wokhala m'malo achilengedwe amayenera kugwidwa m'modzi m'modzi, chifukwa samatsikira pang'ono.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 25.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 19:56
