Zatsopano (Pleurodeles waltl) - mtundu wa amphibians omwe ali m'gulu la Ribbed newts kuchokera pagulu la Tailed amphibians. Nyongolotsi ya spiny ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zamatenda, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhala chakumapeto kwa nthiti za mafupa otuluka m'mbali panthawi yomwe ili pachiwopsezo. Chowonadi ndichakuti poizoni amabisidwa kumapeto kwa nthiti, zomwe zimayambitsa zomverera zosasangalatsa m'zakudya ndikumukakamiza kuti amusiye yekha. Chifukwa chake dzinali lidakwaniritsidwa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Spiny newt
Ntsiti za singano ndi mitundu ina ya atsopanowa ndi akale kwambiri amphibiya, kamodzi kofala kwambiri. Popita nthawi, madzi oundana a Quaternary adawakakamiza kubwerera kumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Europe. Masiku ano mtunduwu umakhala m'malo ochepa kwambiri, pomwe amadziwika kuti ndiwofala.
Kanema: Spiny Newt
Izi ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe m'chilengedwe zimatha kutalika mpaka 23 cm, pomwe zili mu ukapolo kutalika kwake kumatha kufikira 30 cm kapena kupitilira apo. Akazi, monga lamulo, ndi akulu kuposa amuna, koma siosiyana nawo. Ziphuphu zatsopano sizikhala ndi chimphona chakumbuyo. Mchira wawo ndi wamfupi - pafupifupi theka la utali, wopindika, wokutidwa ndi khola lomaliza, ndikumaliza kumapeto.
Khungu lili ndi bulauni yakuda kapena pafupifupi mtundu wakuda wokhala ndi mabala owala. Silingafanane ndi kukhudza kwake, kwamiyala yambiri, yamachubu komanso yamatenda. Pali malo ofiira kapena achikaso angapo m'mbali mwa thupi. Ndi m'malo awa pomwe malekezero akuthwa kwa nthiti za newt amatuluka pakagwa ngozi. Mimba ya amphibians ndiyopepuka, yamtundu wakuda komanso mawanga ang'onoang'ono amdima.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ali mu ukapolo, mtundu wa maalubino am'madzi otuluka kumene adapangidwa posachedwa - ndi msana woyera, mimba yoyera ndi yachikaso komanso maso ofiira.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Spanish spiny newt
Khungu la newt ndi losalala komanso lowala likakhala m'madzi. Nyama zikapita kumtunda kuti zikapume kapena kusaka, khungu lawo limakhala loperewera kwambiri, limakhala lolimba, lolimba komanso losalimba. Mutu wa amphibiya ndi wofanana ndi wa chule wokhala ndi maso ang'onoang'ono agolide otseguka omwe amakhala pambali.
Chifukwa chakukula kwakumaso kwamatope, thupi la nyerere lonyansa limayang'ana mbali iliyonse likamayang'aniridwa kuchokera kutsidya. Mafupa a nyama ali ndi ma vertebrae 56. Kuphatikiza pa nthiti zakuthwa, zomwe zimatulukira panja potetezedwa ndikuboola khungu, palinso tiziwalo takupha tambiri mthupi lonse la nyongolotsi. The poison in spiny newts is weak and not akupal, but when it hit scratches on the mucous membranes of the enemy, chifukwa cha nthiti lakuthwa mafupa a newt, zimapweteka nyama.
Chosangalatsa: Milomo yophimba imapangidwa kwambiri mwa akazi, ndipo imakhala ndi hypertrophied mwa amuna.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe nyongolotsi yatsopano imawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone komwe amakhala.
Kodi spt newt amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Spiny newt ku Spain
Nthiti yatsopanoyi imapezeka ku Portugal (kumadzulo), Spain (kumwera chakumadzulo) ndi Morocco (kumpoto). Atsopano amakhala makamaka mosungira madzi ozizira. Amapezeka kawirikawiri m'mapiri a Granada (Sierra di Logia) pamtunda wa mamitala 1200. Amathanso kupezeka pamalo ozama 60-70 m m'mapanga pafupi ndi Bukhot kapena Ben Slaymain ku Morocco. Nyama yotchedwa Spanish spiny newt imakhala pamalo akuya mpaka 1 mita m'madzi otsika: m'mitsinje, m'mayiwe, m'madzi.
Chosangalatsa: Osati kale kwambiri, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ku Sweden adazindikira za matupi athu a spiny. Chifukwa cha kafukufukuyu, zidapezeka kuti nambala ya DNA ya nyama ili ndi zambiri zakubadwa zambiri kuposa nambala ya DNA ya munthu. Kuphatikiza apo, ma newt ali ndi repertoire yayikulu kwambiri yazinyama zonse zinayi. Amatha kukula ndikubwezeretsanso mchira wawo, ziwalo, nsagwada, minofu ya mtima, komanso maselo amubongo. Gawo lotsatira la kafukufukuyu lidzakhala kafukufuku watsatanetsatane wa ntchito yakusintha kwa maselo amubongo ndi momwe maselo amtundu weniweni amakhudzidwira ndi njira zobwezeretsanso zatsopano zatsopano.
Kuyeretsa kwa madzi kwa amphibiya sikofunikira. Amachitanso bwino m'madzi amchere pang'ono. Newt waku Spain amatha kutsogolera moyo wam'madzi komanso wapadziko lapansi, komabe, imakonda zoyambirirazo, chifukwa chake simumakumana nazo pamtunda. Ntsiti za singano nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madzi amodzi kwa zaka zingapo, kapena ngakhale moyo wawo wonse. Ngati, pazifukwa zina, malo awo satha kuwakwanira, ndiye kuti amasamuka kukasaka nyumba yatsopano, ndipo amachita izi nthawi yamvula kuti asataya madzi. M'nyengo yotentha, kutentha kwambiri, nthawi yadzuwa kwambiri, amphibiya amatha kusiya zitsime ndikubisala m'mitsinje yakuya ndi mphako pakati pa miyala. Pakadali pano, ma newt ndi ovuta kuwazindikira, chifukwa amabwera pamwamba usiku ndikungofuna kusaka.
Kodi spiny newt amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Spiny newt kuchokera ku Red Book
Ntsiti za singano ndi nyama zolusa zenizeni, koma sizomwe zimapatsa chakudya, kuti athe kudya chilichonse. Chikhalidwe chachikulu: chakudya chomwe angathe kukhala nacho chikuyenera kuwuluka, kuthamanga kapena kukwawa, ndiye kuti, akhale amoyo. Pakudya, adagwa pansi pamikhalidwe yoyipa kwambiri, ma newt sanazindikiridwe, koma milandu yakudya anzawo, makamaka mu ukapolo, zidachitika.
Menyu tsiku lililonse amphibians zikuwoneka motere:
- nkhono;
- nyongolotsi;
- tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ting'onoting'ono;
- tizilombo;
- njoka zazing'ono.
M'nyengo yotentha, ikatentha kwambiri ngakhale m'madzi ndipo timitengo timakakamizika kubisalira kutentha, savutika ndi njala kwakanthawi kochepa. Pakati pamasewera olimbirana, pomwe chibadwa chobereka chimaonekera kwambiri ndikukhala champhamvu kuposa zosowa zina, amphibiya nawonso samadya chilichonse, koma amalimbana kosalekeza ndi omwe akupikisana nawo, kusamalira akazi, anzawo, ndi kubereka.
Ali mu ukapolo, atsopanowa amakonda kudya chakudya chamoyo. Oyenera izi ndi mahule, ntchentche, ziwala, nkhono, slugs, magazi a mphutsi, komanso zidutswa za nyama yaiwisi kapena nsomba. Zimakhumudwitsidwa kwambiri kudyetsa atsitsi ndi chakudya chouma kapena chonyowa cha amphaka kapena agalu, chifukwa ali ndi zosakaniza zomwe sizingafanane ndi zakudya zachilengedwe zatsopano.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Spiny newt
Ma Ribbed newt amamva bwino pamtunda komanso m'madzi, koma nthawi yomweyo sangapite kumtunda kwa zaka zingapo. Chosangalatsa chomwe nyama ndimakonda "kupachika" kwa nthawi yayitali mgulu lamadzi, kuyang'ana mozungulira. Kutengera nyengo, amatha kutsogolera usana ndi usiku. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yopanda nyengo, kukakhala kuti sikutentha kwambiri, mbalame zatsopano zimakonda kusaka masana. M'nyengo yotentha, kutentha kwa mpweya kukakwera kwambiri, ma newtti amakakamizidwa kubisala m'mabowo ndi m'mapanga masana, ndikupita kukasaka usiku.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Molt ndimakhalidwe azatsopano zatsopano. Nthawi zomveka bwino za molting sizinakhazikitsidwe - zonse ndi za aliyense payekha.
Atsopano amafunika kusungunuka chifukwa amapuma kudzera pakhungu. Imadzazidwa ndimitsempha yamagazi yopyapyala (ma capillaries), momwe magazi amapindulitsa ndi mpweya m'madzi momwemo. Izi zimathandiza amphibiya kuti asayandikire pafupipafupi pamwamba pa mpweya. Popeza kuti timadzi ta m'nyanja timatha kuzindikira kuti madzi ndi oyera, khungu lawo limadetsedwa msanga. Khungu loyipa limasokoneza kupuma koyenera, motero ma newt amatulutsa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mwachilengedwe, ziphuphu zatsopano zimatha kukhala zaka 12, mu ukapolo - mpaka zaka 8. Ngakhale zochuluka, ngati sizinthu zonse, zimadalira chakudya komanso momwe amasungidwira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Spanish spiny newt
Ntsiti za singano zimatha kubereka kamodzi pachaka. Nthawi yoyamba kuswana ndi mu February-Marichi, yachiwiri mu Julayi-Ogasiti. Mwa mtundu wamakhalidwe awo, ndi nyama zokhazokha zomwe zimasonkhana m'magulu nthawi yokhwima yokha.
Kukula msinkhu kwa amphibiya kumachitika kuyambira zaka 1 mpaka 3, kutengera momwe akukhalira. Ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yokhwima, ma callus amakula pamiyendo ya newt male. Zomwe apanga sizikudziwika bwinobwino. Mwinanso pofuna kudziteteza pankhondo ndi omenyana nawo.
Nyengo yakukhwima ili ndi magawo otsatirawa:
- ndewu zolimbirana;
- chibwenzi;
- kuphatikiza;
- kuponya mazira.
Pakamenyana, amuna amamenyera okha, komanso mwankhanza. Njira yakubwenzi imaphatikizira chiyambi cha kukwatirana. Chomangira chachimuna chachikazi chomwe chimamenyedwa molimbika ndi zikhasu zake ndipo kwakanthawi "chimamupukusa" pansi pamadzi. Pambuyo pawonetseratu, kukwatira kumayamba. Amunawo amakhudza pakamwa pa mkaziyo ndi mawoko ake ndipo amawagwira mokoma kuchokera pansi, nthawi yomweyo amatulutsa timadzi tating'onoting'ono mthupi ndikuliyendetsa ndimiyendo yake yaulere kupita ku cloaca. Mwambo wokutira ukhoza kubwerezedwa nthawi 5-7.
Kusamba kumayambira masiku 2-3 mutakwatirana. Malingana ndi kukula ndi msinkhu, nyongolotsi yaikazi imatha kuikira mazira 1,300. Mazirawo amakonzedwa ndi mkazi pamasamba ndi zimayambira za zomera zam'madzi ngati maunyolo a ma PC 10-20., Komwe kumachitika makulitsidwewo.
Chosangalatsa: Mazira a spiny newt amakhala mpaka 2 mm m'mimba mwake, pomwe m'mimba mwake mwa gelatinous osapitilira 7 mm.
Pazifukwa zabwino, mphutsi zimaswa m'mazira m'masiku 15-16. Kwa masiku owerengeka oyamba amoyo, samva kusowa kwa chakudya konse. Komanso, mphutsi zimadya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokha. Kutalika kwa mphutsi ndi 10-11 mm. Pakadutsa miyezi itatu, mphutsi zimayamba kusintha, zomwe zimatha miyezi 2.5 - 3. Pamapeto pa metamophosis, mphutsi zimakhala zazing'ono, zomwe zimasiyana ndi akulu kukula kwake.
Chosangalatsa: M'chaka choyamba cha moyo, timwana tatsopano timatha kukula mpaka 14 cm.
Adani achilengedwe am'mimba yatsopano
Chithunzi: Spiny newt wochokera ku Spain
Monga tanena kale, timitundu tating'onoting'ono timadziteteza kwa nyama zolusa zomwe zimafuna kuzisaka mothandizidwa ndi nthiti komanso chinthu chakupha chomwe chimatulutsidwa kumapeto kwa nthiti nthawi zoopsa. Komabe, poizoni wa nyongolotsi siimapha, yomwe nthawi zambiri imawathandiza. Palinso milandu ya kudya anzawo pakati pa zipsinjo zatsopano, koma izi ndizochepa kwambiri.
Popeza ma newtt akulu akulu kukula - mpaka 23 cm, alibe adani achilengedwe ambiri, komabe, njoka zazikulu zimatha kuzisaka, kumeza nyama zawo zonse ndi mbalame zodya nyama (ziwombankhanga, nkhwangwa), ndikupha nyama yawo. akuponya kuchokera kutalika pamiyala. Popeza tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala tating'onoting'ono pansi, titha kukhala nyama zangati mphalapala ndi zinkhanira.
Ponena za achinyamata, mphutsi ndi timitengo tating'onoting'ono tidzakhala ndi adani ambiri m'chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mphutsi zimasakidwa bwino ndi achule ndi nsomba zowononga. Kuphatikiza apo, newt caviar, yomwe ili ndi zomanga thupi zambiri, ndiyothandizanso kwambiri kwa toads ndi nsomba. Komanso, njoka zing'onozing'ono, mbalame komanso ngakhale ana anayi amapita kukasaka tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Akatswiri a zooology awerengetsera kuti, pafupifupi, pali mazira 1,000 omwe amaikira, theka lawo limapulumuka mpaka kutha msinkhu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Spiny newt
Ziphuphu zatsopano, monga amphibiya ambiri, zimakhala zachonde. Kuphatikiza apo, amakhala ndi nyengo ziwiri zokwatirana pachaka. Komabe, ngakhale izi m'dziko lamatawuni lamakono sizingateteze izi, ndipo lero m'maiko onse atatu kuchuluka kwa spiny newt kwatsika kwambiri ndikupitilira kuchepa.
Zifukwa zikuluzikulu zakuchepa kwa ziwombankhanga:
- moyo waufupi. Kuthengo, newt amakhala zaka zosaposa 12. Pali zifukwa zambiri izi, monga masoka achilengedwe, kusowa kwa chakudya, adani achilengedwe;
- zachilengedwe zoipa, kuipitsa kwambiri matupi amadzi ndi zinyalala ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale timadzi timeneti sitimva kwenikweni madzi opanda ukhondo, komabe, ndikukula kwa mafakitale ndi ulimi, mankhwala ambiri owopsa amalowa m'madzi mwakuti ngakhale anyani sangakhalemo;
- kusintha kwa chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha chitukuko cha ulimi, malo achithaphwi nthawi zambiri amatayidwa, omwe pamapeto pake amatsogolera kuzimiririka kwa malo osungira kumene ma newt anali kale;
- nyini yatsopano imafunika kwambiri ngati chiweto. Zachidziwikire, amapangidwa kuti agulitsidwe, koma kugwidwa kosaloledwa kwa nyerere zakutchire, makamaka zazing'ono, kumangowononga anthu mosasinthika.
Kuteteza Ziphuphu
Chithunzi: Spiny newt kuchokera ku Red Book
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ziwombankhanga zazing'onoting'ono zikuchepa chifukwa cha zinthu zina zambiri, kuphatikiza zovuta zachilengedwe komanso kuipitsa matupi amadzi.
Pachifukwa ichi, amphibian akuphatikizidwa mu Red Data Books ku Italy, Portugal, Spain, Morocco, komanso International Red Data Book. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, m'maiko omwe tatchulazi mzaka khumi zapitazi, yopitilira theka la matupi amadzi adasefedwa, zomwe zidapangitsa kutsika kwakanthawi kwa ziwombankhanga zomwe zimakhala m'malo achilengedwe.
Izi zidadzetsa nkhawa pakati pa akatswiri a zoo, ndipo amakhulupirira kuti ngati tisiya zonse momwe ziliri osachitapo kanthu poteteza, ndiye kuti m'zaka 10-15 sipadzakhala zokometsera zatsopano m'chilengedwe konse. "Koma mtundu uwu umasamalidwa bwino mu ukapolo," wina angatero. Inde, koma zatsopano zapakhomo m'chilengedwe sizingakhazikike, chifukwa chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wabwino, ataya maluso onse omwe angafunike.
Zomwe zikuyenera kuchitidwa kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa zipsinjo m'malo awo:
- zovuta za udindo wosodza mosaloledwa;
- kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe;
- kuteteza matupi amadzi;
- kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala owopsa pa nthaka yaulimi.
Zatsopano ndi m'modzi mwa mamembala akulu kwambiri pabanja. Nyama imeneyi yomwe imakhala imakhala ngati yosowa, koma itha kugulidwa ngati chiweto pafupifupi m'sitolo iliyonse ya ziweto. Ntsiti za singano zimakhala m'madzi komanso pamtunda, koma amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi. Masiku ano ma newt amafunikira chisamaliro chapadera, chifukwa manambala awo akuchepa tsiku lililonse.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 23.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/29/2019 ku 19:24
