Char - ndi wa banja la saumoni ndipo amapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imasokoneza ofufuza-ichthyologists, popeza nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosamvetsetseka kuti ndi mtundu wanji wazitsanzo zomwe zaperekedwa. Char ndiye nsomba yakumpoto kwambiri ya saumoni. Mamembala ambiri amtunduwu ndi nsomba zodziwika bwino zamasewera, ndipo ena akhala akusodza pamalonda.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Loach
Kalatayo idapatsidwa mtundu wina wamaphunziro a Karl Linnaeus ngati Salmo Alpinus mu 1758. Nthawi yomweyo, adalongosola kuti Salmo salvelinus ndi umbla wa Salmo, zomwe pambuyo pake zimadziwika kuti ndizofanana. A John Richardson (1836) adatulutsa gawo laling'ono la Salmo (Salvelinus), lomwe tsopano ladziwika kuti ndi lodzaza.
Chosangalatsa: Dzina loti Salvelinus limachokera ku liwu lachijeremani "Saibling" - nsomba yaying'ono. Dzinali limakhulupirira kuti linachokera ku Old Irish ceara / cera, kutanthauza "magazi ofiira," omwe amatanthauza kumunsi kofiira kofiira pansi pa nsomba. Imakhudzanso ndi dzina lachi Welsh torgokh, "mimba yofiira". Thupi la nsombalo silinaphimbidwe ndi masikelo; ichi mwina ndi chifukwa chake dzina lachi Russia lansombalo - char.
Arctic char imasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ingapo ya ma morphological kapena "morphs" m'mitundu yonse. Chifukwa chake, Arctic char amatchedwa "nyama yosakhazikika kwambiri padziko lapansi." Ma Morphs amasiyanasiyana kukula, mawonekedwe, ndi utoto, ndikuwonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwamachitidwe osamukasamuka, malo okhala kapena zodabwitsa, komanso machitidwe akudya. Ma morphs nthawi zambiri amaphatikizana, koma amathanso kubalalikana okhaokha ndikuwonetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazibadwa zomwe zatchulidwa ngati zitsanzo za kutsogola.
Ku Iceland, Nyanja ya Tingvadlavatn imadziwika pakupanga mitundu ina ya ma morph: ang'onoang'ono a benthic, akulu benthic, ang'ono okhala ndi maginito komanso akulu. Ku Svalbard, Norway, nyanja ya Linne-Vatn ili ndi nsomba zazing'ono, "zabwinobwino" komanso zowopsa, pomwe ku Bear Island kuli ma morff, ma tebulo osazama komanso ma pelagic.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Loach fish
Char iyi ndi mtundu wa salmonids, ena omwe amatchedwa "trout". Ndi membala wa banja la Salmoninae m'banja la Salmonidae. Mtunduwo umagawidwa mozungulira kumpoto, ndipo nthumwi zambiri, monga lamulo, ndi nsomba zamadzi ozizira zomwe zimakhala m'madzi oyera. Mitundu yambiri imasamukira kunyanja.
Kanema: Loach
Arctic char imagwirizana kwambiri ndi nsomba za salimoni ndi nyanja, ndipo ili ndi mawonekedwe ambiri. Nsomba ndizosiyana mitundu, kutengera nthawi ya chaka komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira. Nsomba iliyonse imatha kulemera makilogalamu 9.1 kapena kupitilira apo. Nthawi zambiri, nsomba zonse zamsika zimakhala pakati pa 0.91 ndi 2.27 kg. Mtundu wa mnofu umatha kukhala wofiira mpaka pinki wotumbululuka. Chajambulidwa char chachikulu mpaka 60.6 cm kutalika ndi chimfine cha 9.2 cm. Kumbuyo kwa nsombayo kumakhala kwamdima, pomwe mbali yamkati imasiyanasiyana kuchokera kufiyira, chikasu ndi zoyera kutengera malo.
Makhalidwe apamwamba a nsomba za char:
- thupi lopangidwa ndi torpedo;
- wamba adipose fin;
- pakamwa chachikulu;
- mitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera malo okhala;
- mimba yofiira pang'ono (makamaka nthawi yopanga);
- buluu-imvi kapena bulauni-wobiliwira mbali ndi kumbuyo;
- kukula makamaka: kuyambira masentimita 35 mpaka 90 (m'chilengedwe);
- kulemera kwa 500 mpaka 15 kg.
Pa nthawi yobereka, mtundu wofiira umakhala wolimba kwambiri, ndipo amuna amawonetsa mtundu wowala. Chikhalidwe cha mafuko chimakhala ndi zipsepse zofiira za pectoral ndi kumatako ndi malire achikasu kapena agolide kumapeto kwa caudal. Mtundu wachinyamata wa atsikana ndiwopepuka kuposa wa akulu.
Kodi char amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Loach ku Russia
Ma char omwe amakhala m'madzi am'mapiri ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi kozizira amakhala ndi magawidwe ozungulira. Itha kukhala yosamukasamuka, yokhalamo, kapena yopanda malowo kutengera komwe kuli. Nsomba za char zimachokera ku gombe la arctic ndi subarctic komanso nyanja zamapiri. Zakhala zikuwonedwa kumadera a Arctic ku Canada ndi Russia komanso ku Far East.
Nsombazi zikupezeka m'mabeseni amitsinje ya Barents Sea kuchokera ku Volonga kupita ku Kara, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Kolguev, Bear ndi zilumba za Novaya Zemlya, Northern Siberia, Alaska, Canada ndi Greenland. Kumpoto kwa Russia, char sichikupezeka m'mitsinje ikudutsa m'nyanja za Baltic ndi White. Nthawi zambiri imaswana ndikudzibisalira m'madzi abwino. Kusamukira kunyanja kumachitika koyambirira kwa chilimwe kuyambira pakati pa Juni mpaka Julayi. Kumeneko akukhala masiku ngati 50, kenako nabwerera kumtsinje.
Palibe nsomba ina yamadzi amchere yomwe imapezeka kumpoto kuno. Ndi nsomba zokhazokha zomwe zimapezeka m'nyanja ya Heisen ku Canada Arctic komanso mitundu yosowa kwambiri ku Britain ndi Ireland, yomwe imapezeka makamaka m'nyanja zakuya. M'madera ena osiyanasiyana, monga maiko aku Nordic, ndizofala kwambiri komanso kumayikidwa minda yambiri. Ku Siberia, nsomba zinayambitsidwa m'nyanja, momwe zimawopsa ku mitundu yochepa kwambiri ya nkhono.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nsomba za char zimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi char amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Loach kuchokera ku Red Book
Nsomba za char zimasintha kadyedwe malinga ndi malo. Asayansi apeza mitundu yoposa 30 ya chakudya m'mimba mwake. Char ndi nsomba zolusa zomwe zimatha kusaka usana ndi usiku. Nsomba zochokera m'banja la salmon zimawerengedwa ngati zolusa. Ngakhale mtundu wamtundu wa char udawonedwa, zikhalidwe zake zadyera zidatengera kulawa komanso zoyeserera, osati m'masomphenya.
Amadziwika kuti char amadyetsa:
- tizilombo;
- caviar;
- nsomba;
- nkhono;
- zooplankton;
- amphipods ndi zina zam'madzi zam'madzi.
Ziphona zazikulu zina zalembedwa kuti zimadya nyama za mitundu yawo komanso char. Zakudya zimasintha ndi nyengo. Chakumapeto kwa kasupe komanso nthawi yonse yotentha, amadya tizilombo topezeka pamwamba pamadzi, salmon caviar, nkhono ndi tizinyama tina tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapezeka pansi pa nyanjayi, ndi nsomba zazing'ono. M'miyezi yadzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, char chimadyetsa zooplankton ndi shrimp zamadzi, komanso nsomba zazing'ono.
Zakudya zam'madzi zam'madzi zimakhala ndi: copepods ndi krill (Thysanoessa). Nyanja char imadyetsa makamaka tizilombo ndi zoobenthos (molluscs ndi mphutsi). Komanso nsomba: capelin (Mallotus villosus) ndikuwona goby (Triglops murrayi). Kuthengo, chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo wa char ndi zaka 20. Zaka zambiri za nsomba zolembedwa zinali zaka 40.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Red fish char
Ma loach ndi omwe amasamuka komanso amakhala ndi nsomba zambiri m'magulu pakusamuka. Zimaswana ndikudzibisalira m'madzi abwino. Nsomba zimalumikizana pakamabereka kununkhiza. Amuna amatulutsa pheromone yomwe imakopa akazi otsekemera. Pa nthawi yobereka, amuna amakhala m'dera lawo. Ulamuliro umasungidwa ndi amuna akulu. Tchalitchichi chimakhala ndi mzere wotsatira womwe umawathandiza kuzindikira mayendedwe ndi kunjenjemera kwa chilengedwe.
Monga ma salmonid ambiri, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pamtundu wa thupi ndi mawonekedwe pakati pa anthu okhwima ogonana amuna kapena akazi osiyanasiyana. Amuna amatuluka nsagwada zomwe zimakhala ndi mtundu wofiyira wowala. Akazi amakhalabe osabereka. Amuna ambiri amapanga ndikulondera madera ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi akazi angapo. Tchalitchichi sichimafa pambuyo pobala, monga nsomba ya Pacific, ndipo nthawi zambiri chimakwatirana kangapo nthawi ya moyo wake (chaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu chilichonse).
Achinyamata achangu amatuluka pamiyala masika ndikukhala mumtsinje kwa miyezi 5 mpaka 7 kapena mpaka kutalika kwake kufika masentimita 15 mpaka 20. Nsomba za char sizipereka chisamaliro cha makolo mwachangu atangobereka. Maudindo onse amachepetsedwa pakukonza chisa ndi mkazi komanso malo achitetezo amderali ndi amuna nthawi yonse yobala. Mitundu yambiri yama char imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yawo kutsika kwa mamitala 10, ndipo ina imakwera mpaka mamita 3 kuchokera pamwamba pamadzi. Kuzama kwakukulu pamadzi kunalembedwa pamamita 16 kuchokera pamwamba pamadzi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Loach fish
Nsomba za char zimabwerera kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumitsinje yakomweko ndimadzi abwino oti zimaswana. Amuna achimuna amakhala mitala, pomwe akazi amakhala okha. Pokonzekera kubereka, amuna amakhazikitsa gawo lomwe amateteza. Akazi amasankha malo m'dera lamwamuna ndikukumba chisa chawo. Amuna amayamba kukondana ndi akazi, kuzungulira iwo, kenako kusunthira pafupi ndi akazi ndikunjenjemera. Pamodzi, amuna ndi akazi amataya mazira ndi mkaka m dzenjelo, ndiye kuti umuna ndi wakunja. Mazira achonde amayikidwa mu miyala.
Kuyamba kwa kukula kwa kugonana kwa Arctic char kumasiyana zaka 4 mpaka 10. Izi zimachitika akafika kutalika kwa 500-600 mm. Anthu ambiri amabwera kugwa kuyambira Seputembara mpaka Disembala, ngakhale kuli anthu ena otsekedwa omwe amabwera nthawi yachilimwe, chilimwe kapena nthawi yozizira. Arctic char imakonda kubala kamodzi pachaka, ndipo anthu ena samabereka kangapo kamodzi pachaka chilichonse cha 3-4. Amuna akulu kwambiri amakhala mderalo komanso amateteza akazi.
Amuna nthawi zambiri amaswana ndi azimayi opitilira nthawi imodzi. Zazikazi zimatha kuikira mazira kuchokera pa 2,500 mpaka 8,500, pomwe amphongowo amaphatikiza. Nthawi zowongolera zimasiyana, koma zimachitika pakati pa miyezi 2-3. Kulemera kwake kophatikizira kumasiyanasiyana pakati pa anthu. Kulemera kwa mphutsi zamatenda pobisalira kuyambira 0.04 mpaka 0.07 g. Mwachangu nthawi yomweyo amadziyimira pawokha popanda makolo awo nthawi yongotuluka.
Kukula kwa dzira kumachitika magawo atatu:
- Gawo logawanika limayamba pambuyo pa umuna ndikupitilira mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa kamwana koyamba;
- gawo la epibolic. Pakadali pano, maselo omwe amapangidwa nthawi yolumikizana amayamba kupanga ziwalo zapadera;
- gawo la organogenesis limayamba ziwalo zamkati zikayamba kutuluka.
Kusiyanitsa kwakugonana kumachitika patangoduladula ndipo kumayang'aniridwa ndi kapangidwe kake ka chromosomal pamimba mu dzira la umuna. AY ndi X chromosome amatsogolera amuna, pomwe ma X chromosomes awiri amatsogolera wamkazi. Makhalidwe azikhalidwe zakugonana amatsimikiziridwa ndi mahomoni.
Adani achilengedwe a nsomba char
Chithunzi: Loach mumtsinje
Kusintha kwa char kosagwirizana ndi kudya ndikutha kusintha mtundu kutengera chilengedwe. Amakonda kukhala akuda m'nyanja komanso owala panyanja. Kafukufuku wina wa 2003 adapeza kuti ma charctric ena achichepere amakhala ndi chidwi chodziwika bwino ndi fungo lazilombo. Ofufuza apeza kuti chikhalidwe chachibadwa cha nsomba zachinyamata motsutsana ndi zolusa ndikuwongolera makamaka zisonyezo zamankhwala zomwe zimachokera ku nsomba zosiyanasiyana, komanso zakudya za adani.
Zowononga zambiri za char ndi:
- otters a m'nyanja;
- Zimbalangondo zoyera;
- arctic char;
- nsomba ya trauti;
- nsomba zazikulu kuposa char.
Kuphatikiza apo, char nsomba imazunzidwa ndi tiziromboti monga nyali yam'nyanja. Vampire iyi, yochokera kunyanja ya Atlantic, imakakamira pa char ndi pakamwa ngati kapu yokoka, imapanga dzenje pakhungu ndikuyamwa magazi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timadziwikanso kuti protozoa, trematodes, tapeworms, nematode, prickly worm, leeches ndi crustaceans.
Anthu amapindula ndi arctic char ngati chakudya komanso kuwedza masewera. Monga chakudya, nsomba za char zimawerengedwa kuti ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali. Mtengo wamsika umasiyana kutengera mtundu. Mitengo yayikulu imagwirizana ndi voliyumu yotsika. Mitengo ya Charr mu 2019 pafupifupi $ 9.90 pa kg ya nsomba zomwe zagwidwa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Loach
Arctic char idalembedwa mu IUCN Red Data Book ngati Mitundu Yowopsa Kwambiri. Vuto lalikulu kwa iye ndi anthu. Vuto lina ndi la mchere wamadzi. Kummwera kwa Scotland, nsomba zingapo za char zatha chifukwa cha mchere wamadzi. Anthu ambiri ku Arctic char ku Ireland atha chifukwa cha mchere wamadzi komanso kuwonongeka kwa madzi chifukwa cha kuipitsa kwapakhomo ndi ulimi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Zomwe zimawopseza anthu ena aku Arctic ndi kusowa kwa majini. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Lake Siamaa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Finland chimadalira nyama zam'madzi kuti zipulumuke, chifukwa kusowa kwa mitundu ya anthu komwe kumayambitsa kufa kwa dzira komanso matenda.
M'madzi ena ovuta kufikako, kuchuluka kwa char kumafika pakukula kwakukulu. M'nyanja zomwe zili m'dera la BAM, migodi yagolide ndi kuyerekezera kwa geological, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumawonongeka kwambiri, ndipo m'matupi ena amadzi, char yawonongedweratu. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimakhudza kapangidwe ndi kukula kwa anthu a char ndi kuipitsa matupi amadzi ndikuwedza kosaloledwa.
Chitetezo cha loach
Chithunzi: Tsegulani nsomba ku Red Book
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyengo yabwino m'mitsinje ya kumwera kwa Scotland ndichinthu chotheka kusamalira char. Njira zosungira zanenedwa ku Ireland ngati njira yotetezera anthu otsalira a arctic char. Zina mwa njira zomwe zikufotokozedwazi zikuphatikiza kuonetsetsa kuti chitukuko chikukula, kutulutsa mwachangu, kuwongolera kudya kwa michere komanso kupewa nsomba zolusa kuti zisalowe munyanja zomwe zili ndi char. Kubwezeretsa nsombazi m'madzi ndi njira ina yosamalira zachilengedwe yomwe ikuchitika m'malo ena, monga Nyanja Siamaa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Finland.
Mu 2006, mapulogalamu okweza ma arctic akhazikitsidwa ngati njira yabwino yosamalira zachilengedwe kwa ogula, popeza nsombazi zimangogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochepa zam'madzi ngati chakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, arctic char imatha kulima m'malo otsekedwa omwe amachepetsa kuthawirako kuthengo.
Char pakadali pano yatchulidwa ngati Mitundu Yowopsa Pansi pa Federal Species at Risk Act ndi Ontario Endangered Species Act, yomwe imapereka chitetezo chalamulo ku nsomba ndi malo awo. Chitetezo chowonjezera chimaperekedwa ndi Federal Fisheries Act, yomwe imapereka njira zodzitetezera ku mitundu yonse ya nsomba.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 22.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/29/2019 pa 19:06
