Tuna amaonedwa kuti ndi chakudya chokoma kwenikweni pakati pa anthu odziwika bwino. Ngakhale zaka 5000 zapitazo, asodzi achijapani adagwira nsomba zamphamvu izi, dzina lake lomwe limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Greek kuti "kuponya kapena kuponya." Tsopano tuna sikuti ndi nsomba zamalonda zokha, komanso chikho cha asodzi odziwa zambiri, owopsa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Tuna
Tuna ndi nsomba yakaleyo yochokera kubanja la mackerel la mtundu wa Thunnus, womwe udakalipo mpaka lero osasintha. Thunnus imaphatikizapo mitundu isanu ndi iwiri; mu 1999, tuna wamba komanso Pacific adasiyanitsidwa ndi iwo ngati ma subspecies osiyana.
Kanema: Tuna
Nsomba zonse ndi nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray, gulu lofala kwambiri m'nyanja zapadziko lonse lapansi. Iwo ali nalo dzina ili chifukwa cha kapangidwe kapadera ka zipsepsezo. Mitundu yambiri ya ray fin idawonekera pakusintha kwakutali, mothandizidwa ndi ma radiation osinthika. Kupeza kwakale kwambiri kwa nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray zakale kumafanana ndi kutha kwa nyengo ya Silurian - zaka 420 miliyoni. Zotsalira za nyama yolusazi zapezeka ku Russia, Estonia, Sweden.
Mitundu ya tuna yochokera ku genus Thunnus:
- longfin nsomba;
- Waku Australia;
- tuna wamaso akulu;
- Atlantic;
- yellowfin komanso yayitali.
Onsewa amakhala ndi nthawi yosiyana, kukula kwakukulu ndi kulemera kwa thupi, komanso mtundu wa mitundu ya mitunduyo.
Chosangalatsa: Bluefin tuna imatha kutentha thupi pamadigiri 27, ngakhale kuzama kopitilira kilomita, pomwe madzi samatha ngakhale madigiri asanu. Amawonjezera kutentha kwa thupi pogwiritsa ntchito chowonjezera chowonjezera chotsitsimutsa chotentha chomwe chimakhala pakati pamiyendo ndi ziwalo zina.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Tuna
Mitundu yonse ya tuna imakhala ndi thupi lopindika ngati loluka, lolunjika kumchira kwambiri. Chinsalu chachikulu chakumaso ndi chopindika komanso chopingasa, chachiwiri ndi chowoneka ngati kachigawo, kochepa thupi. Kuchokera pamenepo kupita kumchira kulinso zipsepse zazing'ono 9, ndipo mchira uli ndi mawonekedwe a kachigawo kakang'ono ndipo ndi amene amachititsa kuti zitheke kwambiri pamadzi, pomwe thupi la tuna limangokhala silimayendayendabe poyenda. Izi ndi zolengedwa zamphamvu modabwitsa, zomwe zimatha kuyenda mwachangu kwambiri mpaka 90 km paola.
Mutu wa tuna ndi wokulirapo ngati kondomu, maso ndi ochepa, kupatula mtundu umodzi wa tuna - wamaso akulu. Pakamwa pa nsomba pamakhala pakatikati, nthawi zonse pofikira; nsagwada zili ndi mzere umodzi wa mano ang'onoang'ono. Masikelo kutsogolo kwa thupi komanso m'mbali mwake amakhala okulirapo komanso okulirapo kuposa mbali zina za thupi, chifukwa chake chipolopolo choteteza chimapangidwa.
Mtundu wa tuna umadalira mitundu yake, koma nthawi zambiri onse amakhala ndi mimba yopepuka komanso yakuda mdima wokhala ndi imvi kapena mtundu wabuluu. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi mikwingwirima pambali, pakhoza kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana kapena kutalika kwa zipsepse. Anthu ena amatha kulemera mpaka theka la tani ndi kutalika kwa thupi kwa 3 mpaka 4.5 mita - awa ndi zimphona zenizeni, amatchedwanso "mafumu a nsomba zonse". Nthawi zambiri, buluu kapena buluu wamba wa buluu amatha kudzitama ndi mawonekedwe oterowo. Mackerel tuna amalemera osapitilira ma kilogalamu awiri kutalika kwa theka la mita.
Akatswiri ambiri a zachthyologists adagwirizana kuti nsomba izi ndizabwino kwambiri kuposa onse okhala munyanja:
- ali ndi mchira wamphamvu modabwitsa;
- chifukwa cha mitsempha yambiri, tuna amatha kulandira 50 peresenti ya mpweya m'madzi, yomwe ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu kuposa nsomba zina;
- dongosolo lapadera lamalamulo otentha, kutentha kukasamutsidwa makamaka ku ubongo, minofu ndi dera lam'mimba;
- kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin komanso kusinthana kwa mpweya mwachangu;
- mitsempha yabwino kwambiri ndi mtima, physiology.
Kodi tuna amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Tuna m'madzi
Tuna yatakhazikika pafupifupi m'Nyanja Yadziko Lonse, kusiyanako ndi madzi akuya. Bluefin tuna kapena tuna idapezeka kale m'nyanja ya Atlantic kuchokera kuzilumba za Canary kupita ku North Sea, nthawi zina zimasambira kupita ku Norway, Black Sea, m'madzi a Australia, Africa, zimamveka ngati katswiri mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Masiku ano malo ake akuchepa kwambiri. Ma congener ake amasankha madzi otentha ndi otentha a Atlantic, Pacific ndi Indian Ocean. Tuna imatha kukhala m'madzi ozizira, koma nthawi zina imangolowa, ndikusankha ofunda.
Mitundu yonse ya tuna, kupatula ya ku Australia, imakonda kuyandikira kugombe ndipo nthawi zambiri imasamukira; nthawi zambiri amakhala kuchokera kugombe patali kwambiri. M'malo mwake, waku Australia, amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi nthaka, samapita m'madzi otseguka.
Nsombazi zimasamukira m'masukulu omwe amadyetsa. M'chaka amabwera m'mphepete mwa Caucasus, Crimea, kulowa m'Nyanja ya Japan, komwe amakhala mpaka Okutobala, kenako ndikubwerera ku Mediterranean kapena Marmara. M'nyengo yozizira, tuna amakhala mozama kwambiri ndipo amatulukanso pakufika masika. Nthawi yosamukira kwina, imatha kuyandikira kufupi ndi gombe kutsatira masukulu a nsomba omwe amadya.
Kodi tuna amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Tuna m'nyanja
Ma tuna onse ndi odyetsa; amadyetsa pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe chimapezeka m'madzi am'madzi kapena pansi pake, makamaka mitundu yayikulu. Tuna nthawi zonse imasaka pagulu, imatha kutsatira nsomba pasukulu yayitali, ndikuyenda mtunda wawutali, nthawi zina ngakhale kulowa m'madzi ozizira. Bluefin tuna amakonda kudyetsa pakatikati pazakudya zazikulu, kuphatikiza nsomba zazing'ono, pomwe nyama zazing'ono zimakhalabe pafupi, ndikukhutira ndi chilichonse chomwe chabwera.
Chakudya chachikulu cha chilombochi:
- mitundu yambiri ya nsomba zophunzirira, kuphatikizapo hering'i, hake, pollock;
- sikwidi;
- nyamazi;
- fulonda;
- nkhono;
- masiponji osiyanasiyana ndi nkhanu.
Tuna mochulukira kwambiri kuposa anthu ena onse am'madzi amadzipangira mercury munyama yake, koma chifukwa chachikulu chodabwitsachi sichakudya chake, koma zochita za anthu, chifukwa chake chinthu chowopsa ichi chimalowa m'madzi. Zina mwa mercury zimathera m'nyanja panthawi yophulika kwa mapiri, pakupanga miyala.
Chosangalatsa: M'modzi mwaomwe adayenda panyanjayi adatenga mphindi yomwe munthu wamkulu kwambiri wa tuna adatenga pamwamba pamadzi ndikumeza chinyanja, koma patapita kanthawi adalavulira kunja, pozindikira kulakwa kwake.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Tuna
Tuna ndi nsomba yophunzirira yomwe imafunikira kusunthika nthawi zonse, chifukwa nthawi yomwe imayenda imalandira mpweya wabwino kudzera m'mitsempha yake. Ndiosangalatsa kwambiri komanso osambira mwachangu, amatha kukhala ndi liwiro lalikulu pansi pamadzi, kuyendetsa, kuyenda mtunda wautali. Ngakhale timasunthika nthawi zonse, tuna nthawi zonse amabwerera kumadzi omwewo mobwerezabwereza.
Tuna nthawi zambiri amatenga chakudya kuchokera pansi kapena pamadzi, posankha kufunafuna nyama yolimba. Masana, amasaka pansi penipeni, ndipo usikuwo amadzuka. Nsombazi zimatha kuyenda mopingasa, komanso mozungulira. Kutentha kwamadzi kumatsimikizira mtundu wa mayendedwe. Tuna nthawi zonse imayesetsa kuti madzi asungunuke mpaka madigiri 20-25 - ichi ndiye chisonyezo chabwino kwambiri.
Pakusaka kusukulu, tuna amapitilira nsomba pasukulu mozungulira kenako amaukira mwachangu. Mu kanthawi kochepa, gulu lalikulu la nsomba limawonongeka ndipo ndichifukwa chake asodzi mzaka zapitazi adaganizira tuna ngati wopikisana naye ndipo adaiwononga mwadala kuti asasiyidwe osagwidwa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, nyama inali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zinthu zopangira chakudya cha nyama.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Nsomba za Tuna m'madzi
Tuna amakula msinkhu pofika zaka zitatu, koma samayamba kubala mosakwana zaka 10-12, m'madzi ofunda kale pang'ono. Amakhala ndi moyo zaka 35, ndipo amatha kufikira theka la zana. Pobzala, nsomba zimasamukira kumadzi ofunda a Gulf of Mexico ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean, pomwe gawo lirilonse limakhala ndi nthawi yake, kutentha kwamadzi kukafika madigiri 23-27.
Nsomba zonse ndi zachonde - nthawi imodzi mkazi amatulutsa mazira okwana 10 miliyoni pafupifupi millimeter imodzi kukula, ndipo onse amapangidwa ndi umuna nthawi yomweyo. Patatha masiku angapo, amawotcha mwachangu, omwe amasonkhanitsa kwambiri pafupi ndi madzi. Zina mwa izo zidzadyedwa ndi nsomba zazing'ono, ndipo zina zonse zidzakula msanga, kudya ma plankton ndi tizinyama tating'onoting'ono. Achinyamata amasinthana ndi zakudya zomwe amakonda kudya akamakula, pang'onopang'ono amalowa nawo akuluakulu panthawi yomwe amasaka kusukulu.
Tuna nthawi zonse imakhala m'gulu la obadwa nayo, osakwatira ndi osowa, ngati ndi scout wofunafuna nyama yabwino. Mamembala onse a paketiyo ndi ofanana, palibe olamulira, koma pamakhala kulumikizana pakati pawo, zochita zawo panthawi yosaka limodzi ndizomveka bwino.
Adani achilengedwe a tuna
Chithunzi: Tuna
Tuna ili ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe chifukwa chazizindikiro zake zodabwitsa komanso imatha kuthamanga mwachangu kwambiri. Panali milandu ya mitundu ina ya nsombazi zazikulu, nsomba za lupanga, zomwe tuna anafa, koma izi zimachitika kwambiri ndi timagulu ting'onoting'ono.
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa anthu kumayambitsidwa ndi anthu, popeza tuna ndi nsomba zamalonda, nyama yofiira yowala kwambiri yomwe imayamikiridwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni ndi chitsulo, kulawa kwabwino, komanso kusatengeka ndi tiziromboti. Kuyambira zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu makumi asanu
Chosangalatsa: Nyama ya tuna imayamikiridwa makamaka ndi anthu aku Japan, mbiri yamitengo imakhazikika pamisika yogulitsa ku Japan - mtengo wa kilogalamu imodzi ya tuna watsopano ukhoza kufika $ 1000.
Maganizo a tuna ngati nsomba zamalonda adasintha kwambiri. Ngati kwazaka zikwi zingapo nsomba yamphamvu iyi imalemekezedwa kwambiri ndi asodzi, chithunzi chake chidalembedweratu ndalama zachi Greek ndi chi Celtic, ndiye kuti mzaka za zana la 20 nyama ya tuna idasiya kuyamikiridwa - adayamba kuigwira chifukwa chofuna masewera kuti apeze chikho chogwira ntchito, chogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida popanga zosakaniza za chakudya.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Big Tuna
Ngakhale kulibe pafupifupi adani achilengedwe, chonde chambiri, kuchuluka kwa nsomba kukucheperachepera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa asodzi. Tuna wamba kapena wabluefin adalengezedwa kuti ali pachiwopsezo. Mitundu ya ku Australia yatsala pang'ono kutha. Ndi ma subspecies ochepa okha omwe samayambitsa mantha pakati pa asayansi ndipo udindo wawo ndiwokhazikika.
Popeza tuna amatenga nthawi yayitali kuti afike pokhwima pogonana, pali lamulo loletsa achinyamata. Zikachitika mwangozi pachombo chowedza, saloledwa pansi pa mpeni, koma amamasulidwa kapena kutumizidwa kumafamu apadera kuti akule. Kuyambira zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu zapitazo, nsomba za tuna zakhala zikulimidwa moyenera pogwiritsa ntchito zolembera zapadera. Japan yakhala ikuchita bwino kwambiri pankhaniyi. Minda yambiri ya nsomba ili ku Greece, Croatia, Cyprus, Italy.
Ku Turkey, kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka Juni, zombo zapadera zimatsata magulu a tuna ndipo, powazungulira ndi maukonde, amawasamutsira ku famu ya nsomba ku Karaburun Bay. Zochitika zonse zokhudzana ndi kugwira, kuswana ndi kukonza nsomba izi ndizoyang'aniridwa ndi boma. Mavuto a tuna amayang'aniridwa ndi ena, nsomba imanenepetsa kwa zaka 1-2 kenako imapatsidwa poizoni kuti ikonzedwe kapena kuzizira kuti ipitilize kutumizidwa kunja.
Chitetezo cha Tuna
Chithunzi: Tuna kuchokera ku Red Book
Nsomba wamba, yomwe imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kodabwitsa, ili pafupi kutheratu ndipo yatchulidwa mu Red Book m'gulu la nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Chifukwa chachikulu ndikutchuka kwambiri kwa nyama ya nsomba iyi mu gastronomy ndi nsomba zosalamulirika kwazaka zambiri. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, mzaka 50 zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ina ya tuna kwatsika ndi 40-60%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nsomba zodziwika bwino mwachilengedwe sizingakwanire kukhalabe ndi anthu.
Kuyambira 2015, mgwirizano wakhala ukugwira ntchito pakati pa mayiko 26 kuti achepetse nsomba za Pacific ndi theka. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito ikuchitika pakulera kwamunthu payokha. Nthawi yomweyo, mayiko angapo omwe sanaphatikizidwe pamndandanda wamayiko omwe agwirizira mgwirizano wokhudza kuchepetsa nsomba akuwonjezera kwambiri kuchuluka kwa asodzi.
Chosangalatsa: Nyama ya tuna sinali yamtengo wapatali nthawi zonse monga momwe ilili tsopano, nthawi ina sinkawonekanso ngati nsomba, ndipo ogula amawopsedwa ndi mtundu wofiira wowoneka bwino wa nyama, womwe udapeza chifukwa cha myoglobin wambiri. Izi zimapangidwa mu minofu ya tuna kuti izitha kupirira katundu wambiri. Popeza nsombazi zimayenda mwachangu kwambiri, myoglobin imapangidwa mochuluka kwambiri.
Tuna - wokhala mwangwiro m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja, wopanda mdani wachilengedwe, wotetezedwa ndi chilengedwe chomwechi kuti asathere ndi kubereka kwakukulu komanso chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo, adatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa chakulakalaka kwambiri kwa munthu. Kodi zingatheke kuteteza mitundu yosaoneka ya tuna kuti iwonongeke - nthawi idzauza.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 20.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/26/2019 pa 9:13
