Nyongolotsi - wothandizira wofunika kwambiri paulimi. Mlimi aliyense amalota zakupezeka kwake m'nthaka. Nyama izi zimakhala zopera nthaka. Palibe cholengedwa chamoyo chomwe chingalowe m'malo mwa ntchito zomwe zimagwira. Kukhalapo kwa zolengedwa izi padziko lapansi kumafotokoza za chonde kwake. Mutha kuwawona nyengo yamvula, koma sizovuta kugwira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Earthworm
Lumbricina ndi wa suborder yaing'ono bristle nyongolotsi ndipo wa dongosolo Haplotaxida. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ku Europe ndi ya banja la Lumbricidae, lomwe lili ndi mitundu pafupifupi 200. Ubwino wa mavuvu mu 1882 adadziwika koyamba ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe ku England Charles Darwin.
Mvula ikagwa, minks ya mavuvu apadziko lapansi imadzazidwa ndi madzi ndipo amakakamizika kukwawa pamwamba chifukwa chosowa mpweya. Apa ndi pomwe dzinali limachokera. Amakhala ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri m'nthaka, amapangitsa nthaka kukhala yosalala, kuthiramo mpweya, komanso kukulitsa zokolola.
Kanema: Nyongolotsi
Ku Western Europe, nyongolotsi zouma zimasinthidwa kukhala ufa ndikuwapaka mabala kuti achiritsidwe mwachangu. Tincture wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito pochiza khansa ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Amakhulupirira kuti decoction imathandizira kupweteka kwamakutu. Opanda mafuta, owiritsa mu vinyo, amachiza matenda a jaundice, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi mafuta okhala ndi nyama zopanda mafupa, amamenya matenda a rheumatism.
M'zaka za zana la 18, dokotala waku Germany, Stahl, adathandizira odwala khunyu ndi ufa wopangidwa ndi nyongolotsi zotsuka. Mu mankhwala achi China, mankhwala adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthana ndi atherosclerosis. Mankhwala achikhalidwe achi Russia amathandizira kuchiza nthendayi mothandizidwa ndi madzi othiridwa kuchokera ku mphutsi zokazinga zamchere. Iye anaikidwa m'manda m'maso mwake.
Chosangalatsa: Aborigine aku Australia akadyabe mitundu yayikulu ya nyongolotsi, ndipo ku Japan amakhulupirira kuti ngati mungakodze ndi nyongolotsi, malowa adzatupa.
Ma invertebrate atha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu azachilengedwe, kutengera momwe amachitira ndi chilengedwe:
- epigeic - osakumba maenje, khalani kumtunda wapamwamba;
- endogeic - khalani m'mabowo opingasa a nthambi;
- anecic - idyani zakudya zopangidwa ndi thovu, kukumba maenje owongoka.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyongolotsi pansi
Kutalika kwa thupi kumadalira mitunduyo ndipo kumatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pa 2 sentimita mpaka mita 3. Chiwerengero cha magawo ndi 80-300, lirilonse lomwe limakhala ndi ziphuphu zazifupi. Chiwerengero chawo akhoza kukhala ku mayunitsi 8 makumi. Nyongolotsi zimadalira iwo poyenda.
Gawo lirilonse liri ndi:
- khungu;
- minofu yayitali;
- madzimadzi;
- minofu ya annular;
- ziphuphu.
Minofu yakula bwino. Zamoyozi zimapondaponda ndi kukulitsa minofu yautali ndi yozungulira. Chifukwa cha kupindika, sangathe kungoyenda m'mabowo, komanso kukulitsa mabowo, kukankhira nthaka mbali. Nyama zimapuma kudzera m'maselo akhungu. Epithelium ili ndi ntchofu zoteteza, zomwe zimadzaza ndi michere yambiri yoletsa kubereka.
Njira yoyendera magazi ndiyotseka komanso yapangidwa bwino. Magaziwo ndi ofiira. Invertebrate ili ndi mitsempha iwiri yayikulu yamagazi: kupindika ndi m'mimba. Amalumikizidwa ndi zotengera zowonekera. Ena mwa iwo amatengeka ndi kupukusa magazi, kuthira magazi kuchokera kumsana mpaka m'mitsempha yam'mimba. Zombozo zimakhala ma capillaries.
Njira yogaya chakudya imatseguka pakamwa, pomwe chakudya chimalowa m'kholingo, kenako pam'mero, zotupa zotsekemera, kenako ndikutuluka m'khutu. Mkati mwa midgut, chakudya chimasungunuka ndikulowetsedwa. Zotsalira zimatuluka kudzera mu anus. Njira yamanjenje imakhala ndi chingwe cham'mimba komanso ma ganglia awiri. Mitsempha yam'mimba imayamba ndi mphete ya periopharyngeal. Lili ndi maselo amitsempha kwambiri. Kapangidwe kameneka kamawonetsetsa kuti maguluwo azikhala odziyimira pawokha komanso kusasinthasintha kwa ziwalo zonse.
Ziwalo zowonekera bwino zimapangidwa ngati ma machubu owonda, omwe matupi awo amalowa mthupi, ndi ena akunja. Metanephridia ndi pores excretory amathandizira kuchotsa poizoni mthupi kupita kunja pomwe akachuluka kwambiri. Ziwalo za masomphenya kulibe. Koma pakhungu pali maselo apadera omwe amamva kukhalapo kwa kuwala. Ziwalo zakukhudza, kununkhiza, masamba a kulawa nawonso amapezeka pano. Kutha kusandulika ndikuthekera kwakubwezeretsa gawo lomwe latayika pambuyo powonongeka.
Kodi nyongolotsi imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Earthworm ku Russia
Opanda msana agawika kwa omwe amadzipezera chakudya mobisa, ndi iwo omwe amafunafuna chakudya pamenepo. Yoyamba amatchedwa zinyalala ndipo musakumbe mabowo ozama kuposa masentimita 10, ngakhale nthawi yozizira kapena youma panthaka. Nthaka ndi zinyalala zitha kumira 20 sentimita kuya.
Nyongolotsi za Burrow zimatsikira mpaka kuya mita imodzi. Mtundu uwu umapezeka kawirikawiri pamwamba, chifukwa pafupifupi samakwerera m'mwamba. Ngakhale nthawi yokwatirana, nyama zopanda mafupa sizituluka muboola wawo.
Mutha kuwona nyongolotsi kulikonse, kupatula malo ozizira ozizira. Magulu okumba ndi zinyalala amakula bwino panthaka yodzaza madzi. Amapezeka pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, m'madambo ndi m'malo okhala ndi chinyezi. Nthaka zouma ngati dothi lonyowa, zinyalala ndi zinyalala zanthaka - tundra ndi taiga.
Chosangalatsa: Poyamba, ndi mitundu yochepa yokha yomwe idafalikira. Kukula kwa dera kwachitika chifukwa chobweretsa anthu.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timasinthasintha mosavuta dera lililonse ndi nyengo, koma timakhala omasuka kwambiri m'malo okhala ndi nkhalango zoterezi. M'chilimwe, amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi nthaka, koma m'nyengo yozizira amamira kwambiri.
Kodi nyongolotsi imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyongolotsi yayikulu
Nyama zimadya zotsalira za mbeu zomwe zawonongeka theka, zomwe zimalowa m'kamwa limodzi ndi nthaka. Pakadutsa midgut, dothi limasakanikirana ndi zinthu zakuthupi. Chimbudzi cha zamoyo zopanda mafupa chili ndi nayitrogeni kasanu ndi kamodzi, kasanu ndi kawiri phosphorous, potaziyamu kasanu ndi kamodzi poyerekeza ndi nthaka.
Zakudya za mbozi zapadziko lapansi zimaphatikizaponso zotsalira zazinyama zowola, letesi, manyowa, tizilombo, nthiti za mavwende. Zolengedwa zimapewa zinthu zamchere ndi acidic. Mtundu wa nyongolotsi umakhudzanso zokonda zawo. Anthu usiku, kulungamitsa dzina lawo, amafunafuna chakudya kunja kukada. Mitsempha imatsalira, kumangodya zamkati mwa tsamba.
Zikapeza chakudya, nyamazo zimayamba kukumba nthaka, ndikugwira zomwe zili mkamwa. Amakonda kusakaniza chakudya ndi dziko lapansi. Mitundu yambiri, mwachitsanzo, nyongolotsi zofiira, zimakhala ndi poizoni pamwamba posaka chakudya. Zinthu zachilengedwe m'nthaka zikamachepa, anthu amayamba kufunafuna zinthu zoyenera pamoyo wawo ndikusamuka kuti apulumuke.
Chosangalatsa: Masana, nyongolotsi imadya monga momwe imalemera.
Chifukwa chakuchedwa kwawo, anthu alibe nthawi yolowetsa zomera kumtunda, motero amakoka chakudya mkati, nachidzaza ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, ndikusunga pamenepo, kulola kuti anzawo azidya. Anthu ena amakumba mink yosungira kuti azidya ndipo, ngati kuli kofunika, pitani kumeneko. Chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa dzino ngati m'mimba, chakudya chimagayidwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono mkati.
Masamba opanda pake amagwiritsidwa ntchito osati chakudya chokha, komanso amaphimba nawo khomo. Kuti achite izi, amakoka maluwa owuma, zimayambira, nthenga, zidutswa zamapepala, ubweya wa khomo lolowera. Nthawi zina mapesi kapena nthenga zimatuluka polowera.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyongolotsi yofiira
Nyongolotsi zambiri nyama zapansi panthaka. Choyamba, chimapereka chitetezo. Zolengedwa zimakumba maenje pansi ndi kuya kwa masentimita 80. Mitundu ikuluikulu imadutsa ngalande mpaka 8 mita kuya, chifukwa chake nthaka imasakanizidwa ndikunyowa. Tinthu ta nthaka timakankhidwira pambali ndi nyama kapena kumeza.
Mothandizidwa ndi ntchofu, zopanda mafupa zimayenda mozungulira ngakhale panthaka yolimba kwambiri. Sangakhale pansi pa dzuwa kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa izi zimawopseza nyongolotsi ndi imfa. Khungu lawo ndi lochepa kwambiri ndipo limauma msanga. Kuwala kwa ultraviolet kumakhudza zowononga, kotero mutha kuwona nyama nthawi yamitambo.
The suborder amakonda kukhala usiku. Mumdima, mutha kupeza magulu amitundu pansi. Atatsamira, amasiya gawo lina lamatupi mobisa, kuti adziwe zomwe zachitika. Ngati palibe chomwe chinawawopsa, zamoyozo zikukwawa kwathunthu pansi ndikufunafuna chakudya.
Thupi la nyama zopanda mafupa limayamba kutambasula bwino. Mitundu yambiri yama bristles imapinda kuti iteteze thupi kuzinthu zakunja. Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kutulutsa nyongolotsi zonse kuchokera mink. Nyamayo imadziteteza komanso kumamatira m'mbali mwa mink, motero imakhala yosavuta kuikhadzula.
Ubwino wa nyongolotsi sizingafanane. M'nyengo yozizira, kuti asamabisala, zimamira pansi kwambiri. Pakufika masika, dothi limafunda ndipo anthuwo amayenda kuzungulira njira zomwe anakumba. Ndi masiku ofunda oyamba, amayamba ntchito yawo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Earthworms patsamba lino
Nyama ndi hermaphrodites. Kubereka kumachitika mwakugonana, kudzera pa umuna. Munthu aliyense amene wafika msinkhu ali ndi ziwalo zoberekera za akazi ndi abambo. Nyongolotsi zimalumikizidwa ndi zotupa komanso umuna wosinthana.
Chosangalatsa: Kukhathamira kwa nyama zopanda mafupa kumatha kukhala mpaka maola atatu motsatizana. Pa nthawi ya chibwenzi, anthu amakwera m'mabowo ndi kukwatirana nthawi 17 motsatana. Kugonana kulikonse kumatenga mphindi 60.
Njira yoberekera ili kutsogolo kwa thupi. Umuna umapezeka muzotengera zam'mimba. Pakukhwima, maselo omwe ali pagawo la 32 amatulutsa ntchofu, yomwe pambuyo pake imapanga chikuku cha dzira, chodyetsedwa ndimadzimadzi am'mimba. Zisindikizozo zimasanduka malaya amanjenje.
Zosapota zimayikira mazira mmenemo. Mazirawo amabadwa m'masabata 2-4 ndipo amasungidwa mu cocoon, otetezedwa mosamala ku chilichonse. Pambuyo pa miyezi 3-4 amakula mpaka kukula. Nthawi zambiri, mwana mmodzi amabadwa. Kutalika kwa moyo kumafika zaka 6-7.
Mitundu yaku Taiwan Amynthas catenus yataya ziwalo zawo zoberekera pakusintha ndipo amaberekanso kudzera mu parthenogenesis. Chifukwa chake amapatsira ana 100% amtundu wawo, chifukwa chake anthu omwewo amabadwa - miyala. Umu ndi momwe kholo limasewera udindo wa onse bambo ndi mayi.
Adani achilengedwe a nyongolotsi
Chithunzi: Nyongolotsi m'chilengedwe
Kuphatikiza pa zochitika zanyengo zomwe zimasokoneza moyo wabwinobwino wa nyama ndimadzi osefukira, chisanu, chilala ndi zochitika zina zofananira, zolusa ndi majeremusi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa anthu.
Izi zikuphatikiza:
- timadontho-timadontho;
- zolusa zazing'ono;
- amphibiya;
- zokonda;
- mbalame;
- kutchfun.
Timadontho-timadontho timadya nyongolotsi zambiri. Amadziwika kuti amasungira m'makola awo m'nyengo yozizira, ndipo amapangidwa ndi mbozi zapadziko lapansi. Nyama zolusa zimaluma mutu wopanda msanawo kapena zimawononga kwambiri kuti zisamalowe mpaka chigawo chokhadzikacho chibwererenso. Nyongolotsi yayikulu yayikulu imadziwika kuti ndi yokoma kwambiri kwa timadontho.
Timadontho tating'onoting'ono ndi oopsa kwambiri kwa ana amphongo chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo. Nyama zazing'ono zimasaka nyongolotsi. Achule osusuka amayang'anira anthu m'mabowo awo ndikuukira usiku, mutu ukangowonekera pamwamba panthaka. Mbalame zimawononga kwambiri anthu.
Chifukwa cha maso awo akuthwa, amatha kudziwa malekezero a nyongolotsi zomwe zimatuluka kuchokera kubowo. M'mawa uliwonse, mbalamezi, pofunafuna chakudya, zimatulutsa zokhotakhota ndi milomo yawo yakuthwa. Mbalame sizidyetsa anthu akuluakulu okha, komanso zimatola zikwa ndi mazira.
Mafinya a mahatchi, omwe amapezeka m'madzi osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo matope, samaukira anthu kapena nyama zazikulu chifukwa cha nsagwada zawo. Sangathe kuluma kudzera pakhungu lakuda, koma amatha kumeza nyongolotsi mosavuta. Atatsegulidwa, m'mimba mwa adaniwo munali zotsalira za mphutsi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Earthworm
Mu nthaka yabwinobwino, yosadetsedwa m'minda yolimapo, pakhoza kukhala paliponse kuyambira nyongolotsi zana mpaka miliyoni. Kulemera kwawo kwathunthu kumatha kuyambira ma kilogalamu zana mpaka chikwi pa hekitala. Alimi olima zipatso amatukula anthu awo kuti abereke chonde m'nthaka.
Nyongolotsi zimathandizira kukonzanso zinyalala mu vermicompost, yomwe ndi feteleza wabwino. Alimi akuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa nyama zopanda mafupa kuti aziwapatsa chakudya cha ziweto ndi mbalame. Kuonjezera chiwerengero cha nyongolotsi, kompositi amapangidwa ndi zinyalala organic. Asodzi amagwiritsa ntchito nsomba zopanda msoko popha nsomba.
Pakafukufuku wa chernozem wamba, mitundu itatu ya mbozi zapezedwa: Dendrobaena octaedra, Eisenia nordenskioldi ndi E. fetida. Woyamba mu mita imodzi ya namwali anali mayunitsi 42, nthaka yolimapo - 13. Eisenia fetida sanapezeke mdziko la namwali, m malo olimapo - pamlingo wa munthu m'modzi.
M'madera osiyanasiyana, chiwerengerocho ndi chosiyana kwambiri. M'mapiri omwe adasefukira mumzinda wa Perm, zitsanzo za 150 / m2 zidapezeka. M'nkhalango yosakanikirana ya dera la Ivanovo - zitsanzo 12,221 / m2. Nkhalango zamphesa za dera la Bryansk - 1696 specimens / m2. M'nkhalango zamapiri ku Altai Territory mu 1950, panali ma 350 zikwi pa m2.
Kuteteza nyongolotsi
Chithunzi: Earthworm kuchokera ku Red Book
Mitundu 11 yotsatirayi yalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia:
- Allobophora wamutu wobiriwira;
- Wokonda mthunzi wa Allobophora;
- Njoka ya Allobophora;
- Eisenia Gordeeva;
- Eizenia wa Mugan;
- Eisenia ndi wamkulu;
- Eiseny Malevich;
- Eisenia Salair;
- Eisenia Altai;
- Eisenia Transcaucasian;
- Dendrobena ndi pharyngeal.
Anthu akusamutsira nyongolotsi kumadera omwe akusowa. Nyamazi ndizodziwika bwino. Njirayi imatchedwa kukonzanso kwa zoological ndipo imalola osati kungosunga, komanso kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa.
M'madera omwe zochulukazo ndizocheperako, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muchepetse zovuta zaulimi. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza mopitirira muyeso komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumawononga kubereka, komanso kudula mitengo ndi ziweto. Olima minda amaonjezeranso zinthu zanthaka m'nthaka kuti azikhala bwino ndi zamoyo zopanda mafupa.
Mphungu ndi nyama yolumikizana ndipo imalankhulana kudzera pakukhudza. Umu ndi momwe gulu limasankhira njira yosunthira aliyense wa mamembala ake. Kupeza kumeneku kukuwonetsa chikhalidwe cha mphutsi. Chifukwa chake mukatenga nyongolotsi ndikusunthira kwina, mwina mukugawana ndi abale kapena abwenzi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 20.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/26/2019 pa 9:04 m'mawa
