Okutapasi - cephalopod mollusk wodziwika bwino, wogawidwa pafupifupi m'nyanja zonse ndi m'nyanja. Nyama zodabwitsazi zimatha kutengera mawonekedwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kumadzibisa okha mozungulira. Ma Octopus ndi ofunika pakati pa anthu chifukwa cha kukoma kwawo, motero masiku ano kuli minda yathunthu yopangira ziwetozi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Octopus
Ma Octopus (nawonso ndi octopus) ndi omwe amaimira kwambiri cephalopod. Theutologists - asayansi omwe amaphunzira octopus, amasiyanitsa magulu awiri akulu omwe amasiyana m'njira yawo yamoyo: pansi ndi osamukasamuka. Ambiri a octopus ndi zolengedwa za benthic.
Thupi la octopus limakhala ndimatumba ofewa, chifukwa chake, malinga ndi paleontology, kafukufuku wokhudza komwe nyamayi imakhala yovuta - atamwalira amawonongeka nthawi yomweyo, osasiya zotsalira. Komabe, akatswiri ofufuza zakale ku Europe apeza zotsalira za octopus zomwe zidalembedwa m'nthaka yomwe kale inali yofewa ku Lebanon.
Kanema: Octopus
Izi zidatsala zaka 95 miliyoni zapitazo. Zotsalira za nyamazi sizimasiyana mosiyana ndi octopus amakono - zosindikizira zinali zolondola, mpaka pamimba. Palinso mitundu ina ya octopus zakale, koma kupezeka kokopa kunapangitsa kuti zitsimikizire kuti octopus sanasinthe pazaka mamiliyoni ambiri zomwe adakhalako.
Komanso, oimira otsatirawa ndi amtundu wa cephalopods:
- nsabwe;
- nsomba zam'madzi;
- sikwidi.
Chosangalatsa: squids ndiwoyimira akulu kwambiri a cephalopods. Mu 2007, squid wamkulu wamkazi adagwidwa, yemwe amalemera pafupifupi 500 kg.
Dzinalo "cephalopods" silinapezeke mwamwayi: zingapo (nthawi zambiri zisanu ndi zitatu) ziwalo zoyesera zimakula kuchokera pamutu wa woimira lamuloli. Zimakhalanso zachizoloŵezi kuti ma cephalopods alibe zipolopolo za chitinous kapena amakhala ndi chovala chochepa kwambiri chomwe sichimawateteza ku zochitika zakunja mwanjira iliyonse.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Giop Octopus
Octopuses amapangidwa kwathunthu ndi nsalu yofewa. "Mutu" wake umakhala ndi mawonekedwe owulungika, pomwe kukula kwake kumayambira. Pakamwa ndi nsagwada zomwe zimafanana ndi milomo ya mbalame zili pamalo ophatikizika onse - nyamazi zimagwira nyamayo ndikuyikoka pakati. Kutsegula kumatako kuli pansi pa chovalacho - thumba lachikopa kuseri kwa squid.
Khosi la octopus limakhala nthiti, lotchedwa "radula" - limagwira ngati chakudya chodyera. Zoyeserera za octopus zimalumikizidwa ndi kambande kakang'ono kotambasula. Kutengera kukula kwa octopus, mahema ake amatha kukhala ndi mzere umodzi kapena itatu yamakapu oyamwa. Octopus wamkulu amakhala ndi pafupifupi pafupifupi zikwi ziwiri zoyamwa, iliyonse yomwe imatha kukhala ndi magalamu 100 olemera.
Zosangalatsa: Makapu oyamwa a Octopus sagwira ntchito ngati makapu opangidwa ndi anthu - pachabe. Nyamayi imayamwa ndimphamvu.
Nyamayi imasangalatsanso chifukwa ili ndi mitima itatu. Yoyamba imayendetsa magazi mthupi lonse, ndipo mitima inayo iwiri imagwira ntchito ngati mitsempha, kukankha magazi kuti apume. Mitundu ina ya octopus ili ndi poizoni, ndipo nyamayi yokhala ndi buluu yomwe imakhala pagombe la Pacific ili m'gulu la nyama zoopsa kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Zosangalatsa: Ma Octopus ali ndi magazi amtambo.
Octopuses alibe mafupa kapena mtundu uliwonse wa mafupa, omwe amawalola kuti amasinthe mawonekedwe. Amatha kufalikira pansi ndikudzibisa ngati mchenga, amatha kukwera khosi la botolo kapena kakhonde kakang'ono m'matanthwe. Komanso nyamazi zimatha kusintha utoto wawo, kuti zizolowere chilengedwe.
Ma Octopus amasiyana kukula. Oimira ang'onoang'ono amatha kutalika kwa 1 cm, wamkulu kwambiri - (Doflein's octopus) - 960 masentimita ndi 270 kg.
Kodi octopus amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Octopus munyanja
Amapezeka m'madzi ofunda a m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja mosiyanasiyana.
Ma Octopus amasankha malo otsatirawa kuti azikhalamo bwino:
- pansi penipeni, pomwe amadzibisa bwino ngati miyala ndi mchenga;
- zinthu zomizidwa ndi malo obisika ambiri;
- miyala;
- miyala.
Ng'ona zikubisala m'malo ang'onoang'ono ndi malo obisika, komwe zimatha kusaka. Nthawi zina nyamayi imatha kukwera mgobolomo lomwe linasiyidwa ndi nkhanu ndikukhala pamenepo, koma nyamazo zokha sizimayambira kukhazikika.
Kuzama kwakukulu komwe nyamayi imakhala momasuka ndi 150 m, ngakhale oyimira nyanja yayikulu amatha kutsika mita 5 zikwi, ngati squid. Nthawi zina, octopus amapezeka m'madzi ozizira, momwe amagona tulo tofa nato.
Amawoneka ngati nyama zakutchire, chifukwa amabisala m'malo awo masana. Nthawi zina, atagona pang'ono, nyamayi imatha kugwira nyama yosambira moyandikira, osadzuka, nkudya.
Ma Octopus amatha kusambira, ngakhale sakonda kutero - kusambira kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta kuti octopus azigwira. Chifukwa chake, amayenda pansi mothandizidwa ndi mahema. Kwa octopus palibenso zopinga zilizonse monga miyala yokhayokha komanso malo owongoka - octopus amawazembera limodzi mothandizidwa ndi oyamwa ndikugwira zinthu zilizonse ndizoyesa zake.
Akasambira, amayenda pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya cuttlefish: amatenga madzi mkamwa ndikuwatulutsira kunja. Chifukwa chakuchedwa kwawo, amabisala m'malo obisalapo ndikuyenda ngati mwadzidzidzi.
Kodi octopus amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Big octopus
Ntchentche ndi nyama zolusa zomwe zimatha kumeza nyama iliyonse, ngakhale yayikulu. Octopus wanjala amadikirira moleza mtima pamalo obisika, kusintha mtundu wake kukhala wophimba. Nyama ikasambira, imaponya mwamphamvu, kuyesera kuigwira ndi mahema onse nthawi imodzi.
Kuthamanga ndikofunikira pankhaniyi - mdani wamphamvu amatha kutuluka. Chifukwa chake, octopus nthawi yomweyo amayamwa nyama yake kukamwa kwake. Mlomo wake umaluma munthu wovulalayo ngati salowa mkamwa, ndipo pharynx imagwira ntchito yotafuna - imaphwanya chakudya mzidutswa tating'ono.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Octopus oopsa sagwiritsa ntchito poyizoni kupha nyama - iyi ndi njira yodzitetezera kuposa chida chosakira.
Nthawi zambiri, nyamayi imadyetsa nyama izi:
- nsomba iliyonse, kuphatikizapo chakupha;
- nkhandwe, zomwe nthawi zina zimatsutsa kwambiri nyamazi;
- Zokoma zomwe octopus amakonda ndi nkhanu, nkhanu ndi nkhanu, zomwe, zikawona chilombo chowopsa, zimayesetsa kusambira kuchoka pamenepo posachedwa;
- nthawi zina nyamazi zazikulu zimatha kugwira nsomba zazing'ono;
- Kudya umunthu siwachilendo pakati pa octopus. Anthu olimba nthawi zambiri amadya ang'onoang'ono.
Pali nthawi zina pamene octopus samawerengera mphamvu zake polimbana ndi izi kapena nyamayo, kapena nsomba yodya yokha imayesa kudya nyamayi. Kenako kumachitika nkhondo yomwe octopus amatha kutaya mawonekedwe ake. Koma ma octopus amatha kukhala opweteka, ndipo zovuta zawo zimakula msanga.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyanja Octopus
Ma Octopus amakhala osungulumwa, okonda kwambiri gawo lawo. Amakhala moyo waulesi, wokhalitsa, amangoyenda kuchokera kumalo kupita kwina pokhapokha pakakhala zofunikira: pakakhala kuti palibe chakudya chokwanira mdera lakale, pomwe adani awonekera mozungulira kapena akafuna mnzake.
Octopuses amawonana ngati opikisana, choncho octopus imodzi imayesetsa kupewa gawo lomwe nyamayi ina imakhala. Ngati kugundana kunachitika ndipo wophwanya malire safulumira kuchoka, ndiye kuti kumenyanako kumatha kuchitika, pomwe octopus m'modzi amakhala pachiwopsezo chovulala kapena kudyedwa. Koma kugundana koteroko kumachitika kawirikawiri.
Masana, nyamakazi zimabisala pogona, usiku zimapita kumalo otseguka osaka. Ma Octopus amakonda kusankha zochitika zosiyanasiyana za anthu monga nyumba yawo: mabokosi, mabotolo, matayala amgalimoto, ndi zina zambiri. Amakhala m'nyumba zotere kwanthawi yayitali. Ukhondo umalamulira mozungulira nyamayi: amachotsa zinyalala ndi ndere zakufa, ngati kuti zikusesa chilengedwe ndi mtsinje wamadzi. Amayika zinyalala ndi zinyalala pamulu wina.
M'nyengo yozizira, octopus amatsikira pansi, m'nyengo yotentha amakhala m'madzi osaya, ndipo nthawi zina amapezeka pagombe - nyamayi nthawi zambiri zimatulutsa mafunde.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Octopus yaying'ono
Kawiri pachaka, chachikazi chimayamba kufunafuna chachimuna kuti chikwere. Amapanga gulu lolimba ndikupeza nyumba limodzi, yomwe amawakonzera m'njira yoti azitha kuwona mazira. Nthawi zambiri, nyumba zotere zimapezeka m'madzi osaya.
Octopuses alibe pachibwenzi komanso ndewu ya akazi. Mkazi yekhayo amasankha wamwamuna yemwe akufuna kukhala naye mwana: chifukwa cha moyo waulesi, nthawi zambiri amakhala wamwamuna wapafupi kwambiri yemwe amupeza.
Mkazi amaikira mazira pafupifupi 80,000. Iye amakhala ndi ana ndi mwachangu kuteteza zowalamulira. Nthawi yokwanira imatenga miyezi 4-5, pomwe mkazi samapita kukasaka, amatheratu ndipo, monga lamulo, amamwalira chifukwa chotopa nthawi yomwe ana amawonekera. Amuna amatenganso gawo m'miyoyo ya ana amtsogolo, kuteteza akazi ndi mazira, komanso kuchotsa dothi ndi zinyalala zamtundu uliwonse.
Akamera, mphutsi zimasiyidwa zokha, kwa miyezi iwiri yoyamba amadya plankton ndikusambira ndimayendedwe. Chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakhala chakudya cha cetaceans chodya plankton. Pakadutsa miyezi iwiri, mphutsi imakhala munthu wamkulu ndipo imayamba kukhala moyo wamatsenga. Kukula mwachangu kumathandiza anthu ambiri kupulumuka. Ali ndi miyezi inayi, nyamayi imatha kulemera ma kilogalamu 1-2. Zonsezi, ma octopus amakhala zaka 1-2, amuna amakhala zaka 4.
Adani achilengedwe a octopus
Chithunzi: Octopus
Mwa adani achilengedwe a octopus, iwo omwe amaika pachiwopsezo chachikulu kwa iwo atha kusiyanitsidwa:
- nsombazi, kuphatikizapo nsomba zam'madzi;
- zisindikizo, mikango yam'nyanja ndi zisindikizo zaubweya;
- ma dolphin ndi anamgumi akupha nthawi zambiri amasewera ndi octopus, pamapeto pake amawadya kapena kuwasiya amoyo;
- nsomba zazikulu.
Ngati nyamayi imapezeka ndi chilombo poyipa, chinthu choyamba chomwe amachita ndikuyesera kusambira. Mitundu yambiri imatulutsira mdani wa inki kwa mdani, kenako ndikusambira - umu ndi momwe octopus amapezera nthawi mpaka mdaniyo ataziwona kapena akuchita mantha. Komanso, kuti adziteteze, nyamazi zimakhomedwa m'mitsinje yopapatiza ndikudikirira mpaka mdani achoke.
Njira ina yapadera yotetezera octopus ndi autotomy. Mdaniyo akagwira cholengedwa chija, octopus amachichotsa mwadala mthupi ndikuthawa. Zili chimodzimodzi ndi momwe buluzi amaponyera mchira wake ngati wagwidwa. Chihema chimakula pambuyo pake.
Zosangalatsa: Ma octopus ena amadziwika kuti ndi autocannibalistic - adadya zovuta zawo. Izi ndichifukwa cha matenda amanjenje, pomwe octopus, akumva njala yaying'ono, amadya chinthu choyamba chomwe, "chimayandikira".
Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti octopus ndi mitundu yopambana kwambiri ya zamoyo zopanda mafupa. Amawonetsa luntha ndi kuwunika m'mayesero amitundu yonse. Mwachitsanzo, nyamazi zimadziwa kutsegula zitini ndi mavavu akale; anthu a octopus amatha kupindika matayala ndikuzungulira m'mabowo ena omwe amafanana. Nzeru zapamwamba za zolengedwa izi zimawapangitsa kukhala nyama zopezeka m'madzi, zomwe zambiri sizikhala ndi chizindikirochi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyama zazikulu
Nyamayi ndi yomwe imadya kwambiri. Mwambiri, kugwidwa kwa octopus pachaka kumakhala pafupifupi matani 40,000, ndipo imagwidwa makamaka m'mphepete mwa Mexico ndi Italy.
Kudya nyamakazi kwayamba kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale anthu aku Asia anali oyamba kuzidya. Mu zakudya zaku Japan, octopus si nyama yamtengo wapatali kwambiri, koma nyama yotchuka. Ma Octopus amadyanso amoyo pocheka ndikudya zopindika.
Octopus ili ndi mavitamini B ambiri, potaziyamu, phosphorous ndi selenium. Amaphikidwa kuti achotse mamina ndi inki nthawi yophika, ngakhale nthawi zina amadya ndi inki. Chiwerengero cha octopus sichikuwopsezedwa ndi usodzi - ndi mtundu waukulu womwe umapangidwanso pamalonda ogulitsa malo odyera.
Wanzeru komanso wosinthika kwambiri okutapasi anakhala zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, osasintha. Nyama zodabwitsa izi zimakhalabe mitundu yodziwika bwino kwambiri ya cephalopod, ngakhale kuti ndizo zomwe zimasodza kwambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 20.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/26/2019 nthawi ya 9:00
