Kamenka - yaing'ono, koma yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yofuna kudziwa. Amakhala mlengalenga nthawi zonse, amapanga mawonekedwe ovuta ndipo amatha kutsagana ndi anthu kwa maola ambiri. Samatenga chipiriro - chaka chilichonse amapita kumadera akumwera nthawi yachisanu, akuuluka maulendo ataliatali. Masika, imabwerera kumpoto chimodzimodzi, ndipo masitovu amatha kukhala ku Greenland.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kamenka
Mbalame zoyambirira zidawonekera pafupifupi zaka 160 miliyoni BC, makolo awo anali archosaurs - zokwawa zomwe zimalamulira dziko lathu nthawi imeneyo. Sizinakhazikitsidwe kuti ndi ndani mwa ma archosaurs opanda ndege omwe adayambitsa kuyendetsa ndege, kenako kwa mbalame, atha kukhala achinyengo-sucsians, thecodonts kapena mitundu ina, ndipo mwina angapo osiyanasiyana.
Pakadali pano, ndi zochepa chabe zomwe zapezedwa kuti zitsimikizire momwe mbalame zimasinthira koyambirira. "Mbalame yoyamba" sinadziwikenso. M'mbuyomu, amawerengedwa ngati Archeopteryx, koma tsopano malingaliro afalikira kwambiri kuti ndi kale mawonekedwe amtsogolo, ndipo payenera kuti panali mitundu yoyandikira pafupi ndi ma archosaurs osathawa.
Kanema: Kamenka
Zinyama zakale zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi zamakono: kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri adasintha, mitundu yosiyanasiyana idakula, mafupa awo ndi mawonekedwe awo amamangidwanso. Mitundu yamakono idayamba kutuluka zaka 40-60 miliyoni zapitazo - kutha kwa Cretaceous-Paleogene. Kenako mbalamezo zidayamba kulamulira mlengalenga, ndichifukwa chake kusintha kwawo kwakukulu kunachitika. Odutsa, omwe anali ndi chitofu, adawonekera nthawi yomweyo. M'mbuyomu, lamuloli lidawonedwa ngati laling'ono kwambiri, popeza zakale kwambiri zakale zidapezeka mu Oligocene - sizinapitirire zaka 20-30 miliyoni.
Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, zakale zakale zopitilira kale zapezeka m'makontinenti akumwera kwa dziko lapansi. Izi zidapangitsa akatswiri ofufuza nzeru zakale kuzindikira kuti adadzuka molawirira, kutha kumene kwa Cretaceous-Paleogene, koma sanawuluke kwa nthawi yayitali kumayiko aku kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, ndipo chifukwa chakusamuka kwawo, ambiri omwe sanali odutsa adataya zikhalidwe zawo zachilengedwe.
Mtundu wa Kamenka (Oenanthe) udafotokozedwa mwasayansi mu 1816 ndi LJ. Veljo. Chitofu wamba chidafotokozedwanso kale - mu 1758 ndi K. Linnaeus, dzina lake m'Chilatini ndi Oenanthe oenanthe.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kamenka mbalame
Iyi ndi mbalame yaying'ono, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 15, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi magalamu 25. Mapiko ake amakhalanso ocheperako - masentimita 30. Miyendo ya chitofu ndi yopyapyala, yakuda, ndipo miyendo ndiyitali. Pakubala nthenga, pamwamba pake wamwamuna ndi wojambulidwa ndi imvi, chifuwa ndi ocher, pamimba ndi choyera, ndipo mapiko ake ndi akuda.
Chifukwa cha mikwingwirima yakuda yomwe ili pankhope pa mbalameyi, imamva ngati yavala chigoba. Akazi ali ndi mtundu wofanana, koma wowoneka bwino, thupi lawo lakumtunda ndi lofiirira, mapiko awo amakhalanso ofiira kuposa akuda, ndipo chigoba kumaso sikuwonekera kwambiri. Akazi ena ndi owala kwambiri, pafupifupi ngati amuna, koma ambiri amadziwika bwino.
M'dzinja, mbalame zimakhalanso imvi, ndipo akazi ndi amuna pafupifupi amasiya kusiyanasiyana - mpaka masika otsatira. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira kuti chitofu chikuwuluka: zikuwonekeratu kuti mchira wake ndi woyera kwambiri, koma kumapeto kwake umakhala ndi mtundu wakuda wa T. Kuphatikiza apo, kuwuluka kwake kumaonekera - mbalameyi imawuluka m'njira yovuta, ngati kuti ikuvina mlengalenga.
Chosangalatsa: Nthawi yakumasirana, mutha kumva kuyimba kokongola kwamagudumu - amalira ndi mluzu, ndipo nthawi zina amatsanzira mbalame zina. Kuyimba mokweza kwambiri kwa kambalame kakang'ono chonchi, kulibe mawu kapena phokoso m'menemo. Amakonda kuyimba pomwe akuuluka, kapena kukhala pamalo ena okwezeka - mwachitsanzo, pamwamba pa thanthwe.
Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mbalame ya tirigu imawonekera. Tiyeni tiwone komwe amakhala komanso zomwe amadya.
Kodi chotenthetsera chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: chotenthetsera wamba
Malo okhala Wheatear ndiwambiri, kupatula apo, imathawa nthawi yozizira, chifukwa chake ndizotheka kusiyanitsa magawo onse omwe imakwirako komanso komwe imabisala.
Chisa chowotcha:
- ku Ulaya;
- ku Siberia;
- kumpoto kwa Canada;
- ku Alaska;
- mu Kamchatka;
- ku Greenland.
Kwa nyengo yozizira amauluka kumwera - atha kukhala North Africa, Iran kapena Arabia Peninsula. Anthu onse amathawira njira yawoyawo, ndipo ndi chifukwa chake tirigu yemwe amakhala kumpoto kwa Canada ndi Alaska agawika, ngakhale ali pafupi.
Zowotcha zaku Canada zimapita koyamba kummawa ndikufika ku Europe. Atapumula kumeneko, amapita ulendo wachiwiri - ku Africa. Koma masitovu ochokera ku Alaska m'malo mwake amapita ku Asia ndipo, akudutsa Kum'mawa kwa Siberia ndi Central Asia, nawonso amapita ku Africa.
Njira yawo imakhala yayitali kwambiri, imayenda makilomita masauzande ambiri. Koma izi zikutsimikizira kuti mbalamezi zidabwera ku North America m'njira zosiyanasiyana - mwina, anthu okhala ku Alaska adasamuka kuchokera ku Asia kapena ku Europe, ndikusamukira kummawa, ndipo anthu okhala ku Canada adachoka ku Europe kupita kumadzulo.
Zotentha za ku Europe ndi ku Siberia zimauluka kupita ku Saudi Arabia ndi Iran nthawi yachisanu - njira yawo siyitali kwambiri, koma amapitanso kutali. Ndege zachisanu zimafuna kupirira kwambiri, makamaka maulendo apandege kunyanja, ndipo mbalame zazing'onozi zimakhala nazo kwathunthu. Amakonda kukhala m'malo otseguka: sakonda nkhalango ndipo samakhala mmenemo - amafunika kuwuluka nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake madera omwe ali ndi mitengo yambiri sakonda iwowo. Nthawi zambiri amadzipangira miyala pamiyala, pomwe amadzipezera chakudya. Amakonda kukhala kumapiri komanso pakati pa zitunda.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa `` Kamenki '' chifukwa nthawi zambiri mbalamezi zimapezeka pakati pa miyala. Ndikofunikanso kuti azikhala pafupi ndi dziwe - litha kukhala dziwe, nyanja, mtsinje, kapena mtsinje - koma ndikofunikira kuti mufike msanga. Amakhalanso m'malo ouma, mapiri amitsinje, mapiri adongo, malo odyetserako ziweto komanso miyala yamiyala. Amathanso kukhala pafupi ndi anthu, koma nthawi yomweyo amakonda kukhala kwayokha, chifukwa chake amasankha malo omanga osiyidwa, madera amabizinesi amakampani, malo osungira akulu ndi zina zotero - malo omwe anthu sapezeka kwenikweni.
Mutha kukumana ndi chitofu ku Europe konse, kuchokera pagombe la Mediterranean kupita ku Scandinavia - awa ndiwo okhawo omwe akuyimira banja lowonera omwe akumva bwino nyengo yaku Northern Europe, ngakhale ku Greenland. Ku Asia, amakhala kumwera chakumwera kwa Siberia ndi Mongolia, komanso madera oyandikana ndi China.
Kodi chowotcha chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kamenka ku Russia
Amakonda kugwira ndikudya:
- ntchentche;
- mbozi;
- Nkhono;
- ziwala;
- akangaude;
- Zhukov;
- makutu;
- nyongolotsi;
- udzudzu;
- ndi nyama zina zazing'ono.
Uwu ndi mndandanda wawo masika ndi chilimwe, ndipo nthawi yophukira, zipatso zikakhwima, zotenthetsera zimasangalala nazo. Amakonda mabulosi akuda ndi rasipiberi, phulusa lamapiri, amatha kudya zipatso zina zazing'ono. Ngati nyengo imagwa, ndipo pofika nthawi yophukira pali chakudya chochepa, amadya mbewu. Masitovu amatha kugwira nyama mlengalenga - mwachitsanzo, kafadala ndi agulugufe, koma nthawi zambiri amachita pansi. Amayang'ana tizilombo ndi zamoyo zina m'malo omwe udzu sucheperako, amatha kuzitola ndi m'manja kapena kung'amba pansi posaka nyongolotsi ndi kafadala.
Chitofu chimasaka mosatopa - nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo chimangoyenda nthawi zonse. Ngakhale atakhala pansi kuti apumule pa tchire kapena mwala waukulu, nthawi zonse amawunika momwe zinthu ziliri ndipo, ngati kachilomboka kamawoneka kosavuta kakuuluka, kapena ngati awona chiwala muudzu pafupi ndi icho, chimathamangira pambuyo pake.
Imatha kuigwira ndi mawondo ake kapena nthawi yomweyo ndi mulomo wake, kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri. Nthawi zina zimangolendewera m'mlengalenga kwa masekondi pang'ono ndikuyang'anitsitsa malo ozungulira, kufunafuna wina akusuntha paudzu kapena pansi. Akangoona nyama ija, amamuthamangira. Kukula kwake, Wheatear ndi mbalame yolimba kwambiri, chifukwa imakhala yovuta komanso yopuma - kuwuluka mosalekeza, imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, chifukwa chake imafunikira kudyetsedwa pafupipafupi. Chifukwa chake, amakhala nthawi yayitali asaka nyama - ngakhale zikuwoneka kuti amangoyenda mlengalenga.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kamenka mbalame
Kamenka ndi mbalame yolimba kwambiri; imakhala mlengalenga nthawi zonse kapena imalumpha pansi. Ndiko kulondola - sakudziwa momwe angayendere pamtunda, chifukwa chake amalumpha malo ndi malo, zomwe ndizoyenera kutengera chilengedwe chake. Yogwira masana, kupumula usiku.
Poyamba, chotenthetsera moto chimatha kulingaliridwa kuti ndi mbalame yaubwenzi chifukwa cha kusangalala kwake komanso zida zake zomwe zimapanga mlengalenga. Koma sizingakhale choncho ayi: ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo zimakonda kumenya nawo zipolowe komanso mbalame zina zamtundu wofanana. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika chifukwa choti mbalame sizingagawane nyamazo.
Zowotcha ziwiri zimenya nawo nkhondo mosavuta, amatha kugwiritsa ntchito milomo ndi miyendo yawo, ndikupweteketsana mabala. Koma mbalame zina, zomwe chowotcha chimatha kuukira, nthawi zambiri chimakhala chosagwirizana chimodzimodzi ndipo nthawi zambiri chimakonda kuuluka - ndipo chimatha kuzithamangitsa kwakanthawi. Wiliyasi amakhala yekha ndipo ngati pali mbalame ina pafupi, izi zimatha kusasangalatsa. Akakwiya ndi kukwiya, nthawi zambiri amayamba kupendeketsa mutu wake ndikupukusa mchira wake, amatha kufuula nthawi ndi nthawi.
Ngati machenjezo ake anyalanyazidwa, atha kumenya nkhondo kuti athamangitse "wowukira" yemwe amamulepheretsa kusungulumwa. Amachita izi kwa aliyense amene wapita kudera lomwe akuwona kuti ndi lake - ndipo ili ndi danga lalikulu, nthawi zambiri limakhala lalikulu makilomita 4-5.
Kamenka ndi mbalame yochenjera komanso yosamala, choncho nthawi zambiri samazembera osadziwika - imakonda kudzisankhira malo okwezeka, pomwe ikuwonekera bwino zomwe zikuchitika mozungulira, ndikuwona momwe zinthu ziliri. Ngati iwona nyama, imathamangira kwa iyo, ndipo ngati ndi chilombo, imafulumira kubisala.
Chochititsa chidwi: Wolemba mbiriyo patali ndi ndege yozizira - chotenthetsera chikhoza kuphimba mpaka makilomita 14,000, ndipo panthawi yapaulendoyo imathamanga kwambiri - 40-50 km / h.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kamenka mwachilengedwe
Zowotchera moto zimakhala zokha, aliyense amakhala ndi gawo lake ndipo salola achibale kapena mbalame zina zazing'ono kulowa mmenemo. Ngati mbalame yayikulu yakhala pafupi, iyenera kuchoka panyumba pake kukafunafuna ina. Zowotchera kutentha sizimakonda kucheza ndipo zimakonda kukhala m'malo opanda phokoso.
Pamodzi zimangokhala munthawi yokhwima. Zimabwera pambuyo poti sitovu zofika nyengo yachisanu. Poyamba, amuna okha ndi omwe amabwera - kumadera akumwera kwambiri izi zimachitika koyambirira kwa Epulo, kumpoto - kumapeto kwa mwezi kapena ngakhale Meyi. Zimatenga milungu ingapo kuti mbalame ziziyang'ana pozungulira ndikupeza malo okhala chisa, ndipo koposa zonse - kupeza peyala. Pakadali pano, zamphongo zimachita makwerero a virtuoso mlengalenga ndikuyimba mokweza, kuyesa kukopa akazi. Kuphatikiza apo, amuna amakhala ndi mitala, ndipo ngakhale atapanga awiri, amatha kuyesa kukopa wina wamkazi.
Nthawi zina izi zimachita bwino, ndipo awiri amakhala mchisa chimodzi nthawi imodzi, ngakhale kuti zisa zambiri zimamangidwa. Mbalame zimayandikira zomangamanga zawo, zikuyang'ana malo abwino kwanthawi yayitali, zimasankha zinthuzo ndikuzikoka mosamala - chifukwa chake, zimafunika kusonkhanitsa tsitsi ndi ubweya wambiri. Ndikofunika kuti chisa chikhale pamalo ovuta kufikako komanso osadziwika. Masitovu ndi akatswiri obisala, zisa zawo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuziwona ngakhale patali, ngati mungafufuze mwachindunji - ndipo ndizosatheka kupeza mwangozi.
Zisa zimapezeka m'malo owonekera: izi zitha kukhala ming'alu pakati pamiyala kapena makoma, kapena maenje osiyidwa. Ngati palibe chilichonse chamtunduwu chomwe chapezeka, masitovu amathanso kudzikumbira okha - komanso mozama. Chisa chomwecho chimakhala ndi udzu wouma, mizu, ubweya, moss ndi zina zofananira. Mkazi amaikira mazira 4-8 a utoto wabuluu, nthawi zina wokhala ndi timiyala tofiirira. Zovuta zazikulu zimagwera pagawo lake: akuchita nawo mazira, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ayenera kusamalira chakudya chake. Pa nthawi yomweyi, amayesetsa kusiya zomangamanga mobwerezabwereza, apo ayi pali chiopsezo kuti zidzawonongeka.
Ngati chilombo china chiukira chisa, nthawi zambiri chimachitchinjiriza mpaka chomaliza, ngakhale sichikhala ndi mwayi wolimbana nacho, ndipo chimasandanso nyama. Koma ngati zonse zitheka, ndiye kuti pakatha milungu iwiri yoyamwitsa, anapiye amaswa. Poyamba amakhala opanda chochita, ndipo amangopempha chakudya. Makolo onse amawadyetsa, zimatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri - nthawi zambiri amakoka ndi ntchentche ndi udzudzu. Ndiye anapiyewo amapeza chakudya chawo, koma amakhala ndi makolo awo kufikira atachoka m'nyengo yozizira.
Ngakhale ma heaters omwe amakhala m'malo otentha, ku Mediterranean, amatha kugona kawiri m'nyengo yotentha, kenako mwana wawo woyamba amayamba kukhala payokha kale. Kutentha koyamba, kubwerera kumalo obisalira, ma Wheatears achicheperewa akumanga kale chisa chawo. Amakhala zaka pafupifupi 6-8.
Adani achilengedwe a chotenthetsera
Chithunzi: Kamenka mbalame
Monga mbalame zina zazing'ono, chitofu chili ndi adani ambiri m'chilengedwe. Akuluakulu amawopsezedwa makamaka ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama ndi zazikuluzikulu. Mwachitsanzo, akabawi, mphamba, chiwombankhanga, ndi mphamba zimatha kuzisaka. Zowononga izi zimatha kukula kwambiri komanso zimakhala ndi ziwalo zomveka bwino, kotero ndizovuta kuti chitofu chizibisala.
Akangoona chilombo chachikulu, nthawi yomweyo amayesa kuthawa, akuyembekeza kuti sangazithamangitse. Moyo wobisika, mbali imodzi, umagwira ntchito yabwino - olusa nthawi zambiri amayesa kusaka komwe mbalame zing'onozing'ono zimauluka m'magulu awo, kotero ndikosavuta kugwira wina. Koma, ngati chilombocho chalabadira kale mawilo, ndiye kuti mwayi wake wochoka ndi wocheperako - ndiponsotu, nthawi zambiri sipamakhala mbalame zina m'derali, ndipo chidwi chake chonse chimayang'ana pa nyama imodzi. Ngoziyi ikudikira mbaula zakumwamba, ndipo zikapuma, zimakhala pamwala kapena panthambi.
Mbalame zing'onozing'ono zitha kuwononga zisa za ma Wheatears - mwachitsanzo, akhwangwala, jay ndi magpies amanyamula anapiye ndikudya mazira. Ngakhale kuwapeza pamalo opalamula, ndizovuta kuti chowotcha chikanitsutse, chifukwa ndi chocheperako kukula ndi mphamvu. Akhwangwala ali achangu makamaka: sizimawononga zisa za mbalame zina chakudya.
Kwa anapiye ndi mazira, zowopseza nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri kuposa mbalame zazikulu: izi ndizonso makoswe ndi nthata. Mwachitsanzo, agologolo ndi martens amatha kuwononga zisa za zotenthetsera. Njoka, monga mphiri kapena ngakhale, sizimadana ndi kudya mazira, kapena anapiye otenthetsera.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kamenka ku Rossiisever
Ngakhale ziwopsezo zomwe zidatchulidwa koyambirira, matigawo amaberekana ndikupulumuka bwino, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwawo kumakhalabe kokwera. Zachidziwikire, sizingafanane ndi mbalame zodziwika bwino, pokhapokha ngati sizikhala m'magulu, ndipo iliyonse imakhala m'dera lake - ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala mbalame zochepa.
Komabe, chotenthetsera wamba ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zosaopsa kwambiri. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito kwa mamembala ena amtunduwu, mwachitsanzo, zoyera-zoyera, zakuda-piebald, chipululu, ndi zina zotero. Gawo lawo logawika ndilokhazikika, komanso anthu, ndipo pakadali pano palibe chomwe chingawaopseze. Ziwerengero zenizeni za anthu sizikuchitika, zidziwitso zokha ndizodziwika m'maiko ena, makamaka ku Europe. Mwachitsanzo, ku Italy kuli magudumu pafupifupi 200-350 zikwi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti Europe ndiyosiyana - kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi momwemo kwatsika posachedwa.
Izi ndichifukwa choti malowa adakwaniritsidwa bwino ndi anthu, ndipo pamakhala malo ocheperako. Nthawi zambiri amayenera kukhazikika pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu.
Chosangalatsa: Anthu aku mbaula samachita mantha ndi anthu - amadziwika kuti nthawi zambiri amatsatira apaulendo. Chotenthetsera chikhoza kuwuluka makilomita makumi pambuyo pa munthu ndikumusangalatsa nthawi zonse mumsewu, kupanga mabwalo ndikupanga ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana mlengalenga.
Mbalame zazing'onozi komanso zowoneka ngati zopanda vuto, koma zokopa ndizofunikira kwambiri ku Eurasia ndi North America. Kamenka sichimavulaza kawirikawiri, kupatula kuti imatha kuthyola zipatso m'munda, koma nthawi zambiri imakhazikika patali ndi nthaka yolimidwa ndikudya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Amadziwika chifukwa cha kupirira komwe kumawonetsedwa nthawi yozizira pandege.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 17.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/25/2019 ku 21:01
