Nsomba gulu - ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa komanso zachilendo zam'madzi. Masiku ano, asayansi ali ndi mitundu pafupifupi zana ya magulu. Ena mwa iwo ndi zimphona zenizeni zolemera theka la tani mpaka mamita atatu. Palinso mitundu yomwe kukula kwa thupi sikupitilira masentimita angapo. Mamembala osiyanasiyana amtunduwu samasiyana mosiyanasiyana, komanso mawonekedwe ndi moyo. Nsombayi ndiyofunika kwambiri pakati pa ma gourmets chifukwa chakumva kwake kodabwitsa, kosakhwima ndi fungo lapadera. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama yake ilibe kalori ndipo imadzaza ndi mavitamini ndi michere. Nsombazi zimapezeka pansi pa dzina loti mirow kapena lakuda.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Gulu
Gululi limasankhidwa kukhala mtundu wovutikira, gulu la nsomba zopangidwa ndi ray, dongosolo lofanana ndi nsomba, banja la miyala yamiyala, ndi gulu la grouper.
Njira yamoyo, mawonekedwe a moyo ndi magawo osinthika kwa miyala ya miyala sanaphunzire mokwanira. Komabe, asayansi ndi ofufuza atsimikiza kuti oimira awa a zinyama ndi nyama zam'madzi adapezeka pafupifupi zaka 5 miliyoni zapitazo. Maonekedwe a Isthmus of Panama pafupifupi zaka 3 miliyoni zapitazo adathandizira kugawa nsomba m'magawo awiri chifukwa chakugawika kwa anthu.
Asayansi akuti gululi ndi la oimira zomera ndi zinyama zomwe sizinasinthe kuyambira pomwe zidawonekera. Pakufalikira, nsomba zidagawika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, iliyonse yomwe idapeza mawonekedwe akunja, mawonekedwe amachitidwe ndi moyo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gulu la nsomba
Mosasamala za subspecies, kukula ndi dera lokhalamo, onse opanga magulu amadziwika ndi mikhalidwe ina yomwe imawalumikiza.
Makhalidwe a gulu:
- thupi lalikulu, lalikulu, lophwanyidwa mozungulira;
- gill amaphimba ndi mitsempha;
- chachikulu m'kamwa;
- kupezeka kwa chinsalu chimodzi chakuthambo kumbuyo kwake;
- kupezeka kwa mitsempha itatu kumapeto kwa kumatako;
- mano ndi aafupi komanso akuthwa kwambiri, opangidwa m'mizere ingapo.
Mtundu uwu umatchedwa miyala chifukwa cha kufanana kwakunja ndi miyala yapansi. Izi zimachitika osati chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa thupi, koma mtundu wake, womwe umafanana kwambiri ndi miyala, miyala ndi miyala yamiyala yamiyala. Panyama ya nsomba pamakhala madontho ambiri, mabwalo, mikwingwirima, ndi zina zambiri.
Nsombazo zilinso ndi mawonekedwe angapo omwe amasiyanitsa ndi omwe akuyimira zamoyo zam'madzi.
Mawonekedwe:
- maso ang'ono, ozungulira;
- gawo lalikuru, lotambalala, motsutsana nalo pomwe maso amawoneka ochepa komanso opanda pake;
- pafupifupi onse omwe amakhala pagulu ndi ma hermaphrodites. Ali ndi ovary kuti apange mazira ndi testis, mothandizidwa ndimaselo omwe amapangidwa kuti awapatse feteleza;
- Kukula kwa thupi kumatha kufikira masentimita 10 mpaka mita zitatu.
Chosangalatsa: Nsombayo idapatsidwa kuthekera kosintha mtundu ndi mawonekedwe amthupi kuti ibise.
Kulemera kwa thupi kwa munthu wamkulu kumadalira kukula kwake ndi masentimita 10-20 mpaka 350-400 kilogalamu. Mtundu umatha kukhala wosiyanasiyana, kuyambira wowala, wofiyira wolemera mpaka wamitundu, imvi kapena bulauni. Zimatengera dera la chilombo. M'mimbamo yamlomo ndi yayikulu kwambiri, ikukankhira patsogolo pang'ono. Amapangidwa ndi zophuka pakhungu zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe a milomo yotchulidwa.
Kodi grouper amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Gulu lalikulu
Mitundu yambiri yamagulu imakhala m'madzi am'nyanja. Onsewo ndi nsomba zokonda kutentha ndipo amasankha madzi otentha kapena otentha. M'dera la Russia, mitundu iwiri yokha mwa mitundu yonse yomwe ikufotokozedwayo imapezeka.
Zigawo zachilengedwe zokhazikika:
- gombe la South Africa;
- Nyanja Yofiira;
- Algoa;
- Greenland;
- gombe la Panama City;
- Nyanja ya Pacific;
- Nyanja ya Indian;
- Nyanja ya Atlantic;
- Gombe lakumwera kwa Japan;
- gombe la America;
- gombe la Hawaii.
Nsombazi zimatha kukhala pansi pamadzi mosiyanasiyana kuyambira 15 mpaka 50 mita. Chofunikira pakukhalamo kwamagulu ampumulo ndiye mpumulo wapansi, womwe umafunikira kuti mupatse malo ogona. Amatha kukhala miyala yam'madzi, miyala yayikulu, matanthwe amiyala yamiyala, zombo zouma, mapanga akuya, miyala, ndi zina zambiri. Nsomba sizilekerera madera okhala ndi mchenga komanso matope mopitirira muyeso.
Nsomba zamtunduwu sizimasuntha. Amakhala nthawi yayitali mdera lina. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizoopsa kwambiri poteteza malo awo okhala. Amatha kumenya nkhondo mosavuta komanso mosazengereza ndi omenyera omwe kukula kwawo ndi kulimba kwawo zimatha kupitilira kukula kwawo. Munthu amathanso kukhala pachiwopsezo atayandikira pafupi ndi malo okhala chilombo. Chilombocho chimagwiritsa ntchito pakamwa potsegula chinthu chomwe chimaika pachiswe. Makamaka anthu akuluakulu amatha kumeza munthu.
Tsopano mukudziwa kumene nsomba zamagulu zimapezeka. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe timadya.
Kodi grouper amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Atlantic grouper
Thanthwe ndi nsomba zolusa. Samakhala wokonda kudya ndipo amadya chilichonse chomwe angameze. Mkhalidwe wake ndikuti nyamayo iyenera kukwana pakamwa pa nyamayo. Grouper ndi mlenje weniweni. Amatha kudikirira nthawi yayitali kuti amuthandize, pobisalira. Nyamayo ikayandikira kwambiri, nyamayo imangoimenya ndi pakamwa poyasama.
Ngati nyamayo itakhala yothamanga komanso yachangu, ndipo thanthwe silinathe kuigwira, imayamba ulendo wofunafuna. Nkhani imafotokozedwa pomwe woimira wamkulu wamtunduwu amameza mita imodzi ndi theka shark, yomwe idagwera pachikopa cha msodzi. Chilombocho chinathamangitsa nsombazi kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo itasweka, idachimeza nthawi yomweyo. Thanthwe lokhala ndi pakamwa ponse lotseguka limakhala ndi mawonekedwe owopsa. Chifukwa chake, anthu omwe ndi akulu akulu amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Anthu ena amalangizidwa kuti asayandikire kwambiri.
Gululi limakhala ndi luso lapadera - amatha kusaka mogwirizana ndi ma moray eels. Chilombocho chikamawona kuti chilombo sichikupezeka kwa iye, amapempha mnzake kuti amuthandize. Kuti izi zitheke, nyamakazi yayikulu imayandikira malo obisalapo kenako ndikupukusa mutu kangapo. Nthawi zambiri, mawa amatha kuyankha, ndipo kusaka limodzi kumayamba. Murena amasambira ndikubisala, komwe wovulalayo adabisala, ndikumuthamangitsa. Nthawi zina, mnzake wa thanthwe palokha samatsutsana ndi kutsitsimula.
Nthawi zambiri, gululi amakonda kusaka paokha osagawana ndi aliyense. Mitengo yamwala imakhala ndi zokonda zawo.
Kodi gulu limadya chiyani:
- nkhanu;
- nkhanu;
- nkhono;
- mbola;
- akamba ang'onoang'ono am'nyanja.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gulu la nsomba
Gawo lachilengedwe la Gulu. Amakhala m'dera lomweli pafupifupi m'miyoyo yawo yonse, ndipo salola anzawo kapena ena kukhala mmenemo. Amawona omenyera osati mwa anthu okha, kapena oimira mitundu ina ya zomera zam'madzi ndi zinyama, komanso mwa abale awo. Pangozi zowopsa zikawonekera, nyamayo imasambira ikubisala ndi pakamwa potsegula. Komabe, amatha kuvulaza kwambiri. Kuukira kumatha kupitilira kangapo. Poteteza madera awo, adani amatha kumenyana ndi adani awo omwe ndi akulu kuposa iwo kukula ndi mphamvu.
Ogulitsa amagwiritsira ntchito nthawi yawo yambiri kubisala. Mwakutero, odyetsa nthawi zambiri amasankha miyala yamchere yam'madzi ndi sitima zapamadzi. Nsombazo zimatha kuchoka kumalo obisalako pokhapokha zikafunika kupita kukafunafuna, kapena kuyitanitsa moray eel kuti awathandize. Kuphatikiza pa ma moray eel, omwe amakhala pagulu nthawi zambiri amayesa kukhala pafupi ndi ziwombankhanga. Mbalamezi zimakonda kudya nsomba. Akuwukira nsomba zamasukulu, amalanda nyama zawo. Nsombazo, nazonso zimathamangira kukasunthika, ndipo gululo limagwira anthu omwe atsalira kusukulu.
Ngakhale kuti nyama zolusa zimakonda kwambiri kutentha, ndipo zimakhala m'madzi amchere amchere, palinso zosiyana. Amapezeka m'madzi am'nyanja abwino. Groupers amakonda kukhala ndi liwiro mwachilungamo mkulu wa kayendedwe - mpaka 25-30 Km / h. Luso limeneli kumawonjezera kwambiri mwayi wa kusaka bwino.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Gulu
Kukula msinkhu kumachitika pakatha zaka 2-3. Kubereka kumachitika ndi caviar. Nsomba zimaziyika nthawi zambiri m'malo obisalapo omwe amasankhidwa. Pakapita kanthawi, amawathira manyowa, kenako amawoneka mwachangu ambiri. Zimakhala zotheka. Kukula kwawo ndi mtundu wawo ndiwosiyanasiyana kutengera ma subspecies ndi dera lomwe amakhala.
Chosangalatsa: Wodya nyama zam'madzi ndi hermaphrodite. Izi zikutanthauza kuti wamkulu aliyense amakhala ndi ovary yopangira mazira komanso gland yopangira umuna. Pachifukwa ichi, munthu m'modzi amatha kutulutsa mazira ndikuwaphatikiza okha. Anthu onse akabadwa amawerengedwa kuti ndi akazi. Komabe, akamakula, amakhala amuna.
Zikuwoneka kuti iyi ndi njira yabwino yobwezeretsanso kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kubereka kwayokha. Komabe, patatha mibadwo ingapo, matupi athu amachepa; chifukwa chake, nsomba zamtunduwu zimafunika kusakanizidwa ndi mitundu ina.
Kutalika kwanthawi yayitali ya nthumwi za nyama zam'madzi izi ndi zaka 30-35. Kutalika kwa moyo kumatengera mitundu ndi dera lomwe akukhalamo. Anthu amphona amakhala mwachilengedwe pafupifupi zaka 70-80. Mitundu yaying'ono yomwe imatha kubalidwa panyanja m'madzi osapitirira zaka 10.
Adani achilengedwe a magulu
Chithunzi: Gulu lalikulu
Ngakhale ili ndi mphamvu komanso kulimba mtima, khombelo silili mgulu la nyama zowononga kwambiri. Subpecies, omwe ndi akulu kwambiri, alibe adani. Subspecies, omwe amadziwika ndi zing'onozing'ono, amakhala ndi adani ambiri m'malo awo achilengedwe.
Natural adani a nsomba:
- nsombazi;
- anamgumi;
- kuyipa kwanyengo;
- barracuda.
Adani akulu a oimira odabwitsa a zamoyo zam'madzi ndi munthu. Chifukwa cha ntchito zake, nsomba zakhala zikuchepa mwachangu pafupifupi zaka khumi. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuwasaka mwaunyinji. Anthu osaka nyama amawagwira osati kungofuna kupezera chuma kapena ngati chakudya, komanso chifukwa chongofuna masewera. Nyamayo inkagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira nyama yodzaza, yomwe inali ngati chokongoletsera, kapena chikho.
Nsomba ndizovuta kwambiri pakusintha kwanyengo kapena mawonekedwe ena anyanja. Ndicho chifukwa chake kuwonjezeka kwa chilengedwe kumakhudza anthu ambiri oimira zamoyo zam'madzi ndi zinyama.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Gulu m'madzi
Malinga ndi kusanthula kwawo, asayansi apeza kuti mzaka khumi zapitazi, mitengo ya miyala yatsika ndi 80%. Pali zifukwa zingapo izi.
Zifukwa zakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa nsomba:
- Kuwononga kwakukulu kwamadzi am'nyanja;
- kutha kwa zinyama ndi zinyama, chifukwa chake chakudya chimachepetsedwa;
- Kusintha kwakukulu kwa nyengo ndi nyengo.
Zonsezi palimodzi zidakhudza kwambiri chiwombankhanga. Pali kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso zochitika za anthu. Izi ndichifukwa chokwera mtengo komanso kuchuluka kwa nyama yachinyamata. Ili ndi nyama yabwino kwambiri komanso yokoma, yomwe ilibe ma calories. Chinthu chinanso chofunika kwambiri chodya nyama ndi mavitamini ndi mchere wambiri.
Chifukwa china chachikulu cha kuchepa kwa nsomba ndi kuchuluka kwa asodzi ndi opha nyama mosaka nyama omwe amasaka nyama zomwe akufuna kuti apeze phindu kapena zosangalatsa. Oimira amtunduwu amakhala pachiwopsezo makamaka nthawi yoswana, akamasonkhana pakamwa pamtsinje. Munthawi imeneyi, amasonkhana m'malo ambiri, ndipo asodzi amadziwa izi.
Kuteteza magulu
Chithunzi: Gulu kuchokera ku Red Book
Lero miyala yamwala yalembedwa mu Red Book. M'madera ambiri okhala nyama zolusa, kusodza ndi kugwira nsomba nthawi yopuma ndizoletsedwa ndi lamulo. Kuphwanya lamuloli kumalangidwa ndi chindapusa pamtengo waukulu kwambiri, kapena kumangidwa nthawi zingapo. Asayansi akuwona kuti kuchuluka kwamagulu kudawonongeka kwambiri, ndipo zitenga zaka zopitilira khumi kuti zibwezeretse kuchuluka kwa manambala.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, anthu adayesa kukhazikitsa ndikukhazikitsa njira zodzitchinjiriza zomwe zikufuna kubwezeretsa anthu ndikuwonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu. Ku United States of America, zamoyo zam'madzi izi zimaphatikizidwa mu International List of Rare and makamaka Valuable Species, momwe adapatsidwa udindo wa "nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha".
Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti njira yabwino kwambiri yopulumutsira nyama zakunyanja kuti zisawonongeke ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa malo omwe malo okhala miyala amatha kukhala omasuka momwe angathere. Nsomba ndizomasuka kuti zizimva zili m'malo opangidwa mwanzeru. Mukasamalira bwino, njira yoswana imabereka zipatso, ndipo chiyembekezo cha moyo chimakula.
Gulu amatanthauza moyo wosowa komanso wamtengo wapatali wam'madzi. Nyama yake imadziwika kwambiri mdziko lazamalonda. Zojambula zenizeni zophikira zakonzedwa kuchokera pamenepo. Nyama ya nsomba ili ndi ma calories ochepa ndipo imakhala ndi mavitamini ndi michere yambiri. Ntchito yayikulu ya anthu ndikusunga mitundu ndikuwonjezera kukula kwa anthu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 17.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/25/2019 at 21:09
