Pali mitundu yambiri yam'nyanja, koma mawonekedwe ake ndi ofanana ndi onse: mbalamezi ndizopulupudza, zamphamvu komanso zamwano, zimatha kupita kutali kuti zizipezere chakudya. Gull nthawi zambiri amakhala pagombe pafupi ndi unyinji wa anthu, ndipo poyenda mumtsinje ndi panyanja, amaperekeza zombo, chifukwa kulira kwawo kumadziwika bwino ndi ambiri.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Seagull
Mtundu wa mbalameyi ndi wa banja lakumpoto ndipo umaphatikizapo mitundu khumi ndi iwiri yomwe imasiyana mosiyana (nthawi zina makumi khumi), utoto, malo okhala, chakudya chomwe amakonda, ndi ena ambiri. Adafotokozedwa kale ku 1758 ndi Karl Linnaeus wotchedwa Larus. Mitundu iwiri yodziwika kwambiri imatha kusiyanitsidwa: yoyamba ndi nkhono wamba, ndiyonso nyanja, ndipo yachiwiri ndi yolamba. Nyanja ndizocheperako ndipo zimakhala m'madzi amadzi. Malongosoledwe awo asayansi adapangidwanso ndi Linnaeus mu 1766, dzina lachi Latin ndi Larus ridibundus.
Ziphalaphala za m'nyanja ndizazikulu ndipo zimakhala pafupi ndi nyanja, zotchulidwa ndi Linnaeus yemweyo mu 1766 pansi pa dzina Larus marinus. Zonsezi, mtundu wamtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu 23, m'mbuyomu enanso amatumizidwanso, koma atafufuza za majini adasamutsidwira ku genera lina. Mbalame zakale kwambiri zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi zaka 150-160 miliyoni zapitazo, koma nkhono ndi banja laling'ono kwambiri. Zakale zake zakale zomwe zidapezeka zidakhala padziko lathu lapansi kutha kwakukulu kumapeto kwa Cretaceous - pafupifupi zaka 50-55 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kanema: Seagull
Mwachiwonekere, anali m'mabanja omwe adapangidwa chifukwa cha kutayika kwa izi zachilengedwe zambiri zomwe zidasungidwa, zomwe zidalandidwa ndi mbadwa za omwe adapulumuka, kuphatikiza mbalame. Koma ngakhale pamenepo, zinali kutali kwambiri ndi kuwonekera kwa gull okha - wakale kwambiri mwa iwo amakhala padziko lapansi zaka pafupifupi 7-12 miliyoni BC. Ma Chaikov nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi kusintha kwamphamvu: gululi munthawi yofulumira yosinthidwa ndi moyo wapafupi ndi madzi. Poyamba, awa anali matupi amadzimadzi amkati, kenako anayamba kupanga nyanja. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, adalandira zosintha zochulukira za moyo wapafupi ndi madzi ndi madzi, ndipo izi sizingaganizidwe kuti ndizokwanira.
Koma zomwe adachita motsimikiza ndikuti adagonjetsa Dziko Lonse Lapansi, kuyamba kukhazikika m'malo awiri: zotsalira zazinyama zakale kwambiri zidapezeka ku Central Asia ndi South America. Anapambana chifukwa chobereka kwambiri komanso kutha kusintha.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: mbalame yam'madzi
Mitundu yakuda yakuda imalemera magalamu 200-400 ndipo imawoneka yopyapyala. Zinyama zakunyanja zimalemera kangapo - 1.2-2 kg, izi ndi mbalame zazikulu, mpaka kutalika kwa 80 cm. Pali mitundu ina yambiri, iliyonse imakhala ndi kusiyana kwake kwakukulu: mbalame ziwiri zam'madzi zamitundumitundu zimatha kuwoneka mosiyana kwambiri ndi mbalame zomwe zili ndi mayina osiyana.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma gull kumakhala kovuta; masukulu osiyanasiyana okongoletsa amatha kuwagawa malinga ndi machitidwe awo. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera kwa mitundumitundu ya mitundu yosakanikirana ndikubereka ana, zizindikilo zakunja zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaphatikiza zizindikiritso zonsezi, zimawavuta zinthu.
N`zotheka kutchula mbali wamba mbali ya ambiri mwa anthu a mtundu: Mwachitsanzo, ntchentche ndi streamline ndi wautali thupi ndi aerodynamics wabwino, mapiko aatali ndi mchira lalikulu. Zida zogwiritsira ntchito posambira zimawoneka bwino pamapazi - pambuyo pake, mbalameyi imatha kuthawira nyama, ndipo nthawi zina imangodzaza m'madzi.
Amadziwika ndi nthenga zoyera kapena zotuwa; Zizindikiro zakuda zimapezeka pamutu kapena pamapiko. Mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi nthenga za utoto wofiirira, kenako ndikakalamba zimawala kwambiri mpaka zimasanduka zoyera. Nthengazi sizikhala ndi madzi ndipo zimapangitsa kuti nyanjayi isambe mosavuta.
Mlomo ndi wolimba komanso wautali, mathero ake ndi opindika - nyama m'madoko ndiyoterera, ndipo mulomo wamtunduwu umathandizira kuusunga. Miyendo ndi yaifupi, yakuda kapena yofiira. Sizovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, chifukwa cha izi muyenera kudziwa zizindikilo zazing'ono zomwe zingachitike pamtundu uliwonse.
Kodi mbalamezi zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame yoyera mbalame yoyera
Amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mitsinje ndi nyanja. Zinyama zina zimakhazikika m'madambo. Mwachidule, mitundu yawo ndiyotakata kwambiri; mbalamezi zimapezeka m'makontinenti osiyanasiyana komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana anyengo. Mitundu ina imasamuka, ina imakhala m'nyengo yozizira.
Mtundu uliwonse uli ndi malo ake ogawa.
Chifukwa chake, ma gull wamba amapezeka mu:
- Russia;
- ambiri a ku Ulaya;
- Nkhukundembo;
- Iceland;
- kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Greenland;
- Central Asia.
Monga mukuwonera, atha kukhala m'malo osiyana siyana, kuyambira kunyanja yotentha ya Mediterranean ndi Uzbekistan yotentha, mpaka ku Greenland kozizira, dera la Arkhangelsk ndi Kolyma.
Mitundu ina yam'mitsinje ndi yolumikizana, ndiye kuti, amakhala pafupi ndi anthu ndipo amayanjanitsa moyo wawo nawo. Oimira anthu amtundu uliwonse sawopa, nthawi zambiri amauluka ndikuyamba kupempha chakudya, amatha kuba ngakhale mwini wake atatembenuka. Nthawi zambiri amatsatira zombo ndikuziwona zikuyenda mofuula.
Ng'ombe zimapezeka osati pafupi ndi matupi amadzi okha, komanso patali ndi iwo: pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kuwuluka kupita kumtunda kapena kumizinda yomwe ili makilomita makumi kuchokera kunyanja kapena kunyanja kwawo. Zachidziwikire, simupeza seagull pokhapokha pamwamba pamapiri, m'chipululu kapena m'nkhalango zowirira.
Chosangalatsa: Makoloni am'madzi amaphunzitsidwa mwakhama, pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chawo kuti awone momwe nyama zimakhalira m'magulu akulu otere. Mfundo zambiri za sayansi yamakhalidwe abwino zinayambira makamaka potengera momwe amphongo ndi abale awo apamtima amakhalira, ndikupanganso magulu ofanana.
Kodi mbalame zam'madzi zimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyanja ikuthawa
Zakudya za mbalamezi ndizosiyanasiyana, amatha kudya chilichonse, kuphatikiza mkate, soseji ndi ayisikilimu. Alendo omwe amasiya chakudya pamalo owonekera nthawi zonse amakhala otsimikiza za izi. Koma maziko a gull akadali zamoyo zomwe amayenera kusaka.
Ndi:
- nkhono;
- nkhanu;
- nsomba;
- nsomba;
- sikwidi;
- makoswe;
- tizilombo;
- zovunda.
Kuzungulira pamwamba pamadzi, kudikirira nyama, kumatha kukhala kwakutali kwambiri - ngati kusaka kulibe, nthawi zina kumayenera kuchitika kwa maola angapo motsatizana popanda zotsatira. Ndipo amatha kuchita izi - mbalamezi ndizolimba kwambiri. Akangopeza nyama, amawuluka pambuyo pake ndikulowera m'madzi, kenako nkuigwira ndi milomo yawo. Atha kugwiritsa ntchito mochenjera ndikutsata nsomba zazikuluzikulu: amasakanso ndikuwongolera nyanjayi ku nsomba zing'onozing'ono, kenako amayesa kuletsa nsomba ija. Ndipo ngakhale zitakhala kuti, chilombo chachikulu chikagwira nyama ndikuchigwetsa, gull amayesa kulanda chidutswa chake - poganiza kuti, nthawi zambiri amazungulira nsombazo.
Ngati nyamayo idatha kuthawa, ndiye kuti nyanjayi iyeneranso kupita kukasaka, ndipo mphamvu zake ziyenera kukhala zokwanira kupanga ma dive ambiri osachita bwino motsatana. Ngakhale kulimba kwa mbalamezi, ndizovuta kusaka, chifukwa mbalame zam'madzi zimakonda kupempha chakudya kwa anthu. Ndikosavuta kwa iwo kugwira nkhanu kapena nsomba zam'madzi zotayidwa kumtunda - zoyambazo zimathawa pang'onopang'ono, pomwe zomalizirazo sizingatheke. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zam'madzi zimakonda kudya nawo ndipo zimakonda kupita kumalo achonde kwambiri pagombe, pomwe zolengedwa zamoyo zimaponyedwa m'mafunde.
Ndipo ngati yakwanitsa kuwola pang'ono, zilibe kanthu - mbalame zam'madzi sizinyansitsa kudya nyama yakufa. Amathanso kuyang'ana malo otayira zinyalala omwe ali pafupi ndi gombe posaka china chodyedwa. Komanso, mbalame zam'madzi zomwe sizinapeze chakudya panyanja zimatha kugwira amphibiya, makoswe, kuwononga zisa za anthu ena ndikudya mazira.
Tsopano mukudziwa zomwe mbalamezi zimadya. Tiyeni tiwone momwe akukhalira kuthengo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Sea gull
Amagwira ntchito masana, amathera nthawi yawo yambiri akuyesera kuti apeze chakudya chawo - ndipo mumafunikira zambiri, chifukwa mbalame zam'madzi ndizosusuka. Pakusaka uku, amatha kuwuluka kutali ndi komwe amakhala kwa makilomita ambiri, koma kumapeto kwa tsiku amabwerera kumalo obisalira usiku. Amatetezedwa mosadukiza ndi mphepo, ndipo kuchuluka kwawo kumateteza ku nyama zolusa.
Amadziwika ndi ukadaulo ndipo amawonetsa m'njira zosiyanasiyana: mwachitsanzo, ngati nyanjayi singathe kutsegula chipolopolo cha mollusk ndi mlomo wake, imachiponya pamiyala yakuthwa kuchokera kumtunda kuti idule chipolopolocho. Nthawi zambiri ma gull amatha kupezeka m'misewu yamizinda pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, amamatira kwa aliyense amene amakumana naye ndi chakudya, akuyembekeza kuti adzagawana nawo. Amatha kuwuluka kuti azidyetsa limodzi komanso pagulu. Njira yoyamba ili ndi mikangano pakati pa mbalame: amayesetsabe kubera mnansi, akangomwetulira, kenako adzagwiritsa ntchito milomo yake ndi zikhadabo kubwezera wolakwayo.
Moyo wawo wonse kumadalira momwe nyengo ilili yabwino chaka chamawa komanso kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Chaka chikakhala kuti sichili bwino, mwina sangayikire mazira konse, koma nthawi yomweyo amakhala pansi pazisa ngati kuti amaswa. Ngati mikhalidwe ikuipa chaka ndi chaka, njuchi zonse zimatha kusamukira kwina.
Zinyama sizilola kuti aliyense azidutsa gawo lawo laling'ono mozungulira chisa - izi zimakhudzanso abale ndi ena onse. Ngati pagombe lina likupezeka pagawoli, ndiye kuti nkhondoyo imayamba, ndipo ngati chilombo kapena munthu wina wabwera, ndiye kuti gulu lonse la nyanjayi likulira, zimanyamuka ndikumayesa kuthamangitsa mlendoyo, ndikumukoka ndi ndowe.
Chosangalatsa: Mbalame zamitu yakuda nthawi zambiri zimadya nyama mbalame zazing'ono. Amangowakwerera, kuyamba kumenya ndi milomo yawo ndikuwapangitsa kugwetsa nyama yawo kuti adziteteze. Pambuyo pake, amangothamangitsa munthu wosaukayo kuti adzitengere kwawo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Gull chick
Mbalamezi zimakhala m'madera onse, omwe ali ndi anthu 500 mpaka 5,000, omwe zisa zawo zimakhala pafupi - kuyambira theka la mita mpaka mamita khumi. Ngakhale moyo kumalo oterewa uli ndi maubwino ake - choyambirira, ndi chitetezo kwa adani, komanso uli ndi zovuta zambiri. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe chankhanza cha mbalamezi. Ndiwo omwe amadyetsana kwambiri, ndipo mikangano imangokhalapo pakati pawo chifukwa chakuwombedwa kwa dera lina kapena chifukwa cha chakudya.
Mbalamezi zimakhala zogonana zokha ndipo zimapanga awiri mwakamodzi kwa zaka zambiri - nthawi zambiri mpaka kumwalira kwa m'modzi mwa anzawo. Nthawi yobereketsa imayamba m'malo otentha mu Epulo komanso ozizira mu Meyi kapena Juni. Pakadali pano, mbalame zosamuka zimangokhala ndi nthawi yolowera ndikuyang'ana kozungulira, zigawani malo obisalapo - panthawi yopanga izi, nthawi zambiri amunawo amamenyerana bwino kwambiri. Nkhondo zikatha, amuna amadzisankhira akazi, pambuyo pake amadyetsa mwamwambo: ngati mkazi atenga chakudya, avomera kupanga awiriawiri, kenako wamwamunayo amamubweretsa patsamba lake.
Chisa chimamangidwa pamenepo. Pachifukwa ichi, mbalame zam'madzi zimagwiritsa ntchito nthambi, moss, algae, zipolopolo. Nthawi zambiri amayendera anthu kuti akawapezere zida, ndipo atapatsidwa chizolowezi chonyamula zinthu zazing'ono, itha kukhala ndi mikanda yamitundu yonse, zikhomo zaubweya, ulusi. Chifukwa chamakhalidwe oterewa, okhala m'mbali mwa nyanja samawakonda, koma mbalamezi zimathandizanso: zimanyamula zinyalala zambiri m'misewu.
Chisa chomwecho nthawi zambiri chimakhala chozungulira komanso chachikulu, chokhala ndi vuto pakati. Amapezeka pamiyala ndi m'matanthwe, kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ngati gombe silingathe kufika kunyanja, ayenera kukhala chisa patali pang'ono, ndiye amayesa kukhazikika m'phirimo. Mkazi amaikira mazira 2-3 amtundu wakuda wokhala ndi matani obiriwira, pambuyo pake iye ndi wamwamuna amawasakaniza. Mazira amafunikira masiku 20-30 kuti akule, kenako anapiye olusa ndi amphokosowo amabadwa - amayamba kufuna chakudya nthawi yomweyo. Amatha kuyenda okha patatha sabata, koma ngakhale pambuyo pake, makolo awo amapitilizabe kuwapatsa chakudya.
Makolo onse amatenga nawo gawo, ndipo ngakhale palimodzi zimawavuta kudyetsa anapiye angapo: amafuna chakudya chochuluka tsiku lililonse, kudyetsa kumafunika kuchitidwa kasanu ndi kamodzi patsiku, ndipo nthawi zonse kumakhala kofunikira kubweretsa chakudya chochepa kwambiri pamenepo. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalame zimafunikiranso kudya zokha - sizimakwanitsa kuchita izi kale. Anapiye amayamba kuphunzira kuuluka asanakwanitse mwezi, ndipo amatha kuuluka bwino pakadutsa miyezi iwiri, kenako amayamba kufunafuna nyama zawo ndikukhala patokha ndi makolo awo. Kukula msinkhu m'magulu nthawi zambiri kumachitika mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo, ngakhale mumitundu ina kumabwera msanga - miyezi 8-10; pali omwe amayenera kudikirira zaka zopitilira zitatu.
Adani achilengedwe a mbalame zam'madzi
Chithunzi: mbalame yam'madzi
Mbalame zambiri zam'madzi ndi mbalame zazikulu, zimauluka mwachangu ndipo zimakhala ndi ziwalo zomveka bwino. Zotsatira zake, sawopsezedwa ndi adani ambiri - mitundu ina ilibe adani achilengedwe konse. Koma kwa mbalame zazing'onozi, izi ndi mbalame zazikuluzikulu zodya nyama monga ziwombankhanga kapena mphamba.
Kuukira kwanyanja kumachitika kawirikawiri, chifukwa ndikowopsa kuwuluka m'gulu: nthawi zambiri chilombo chimagwira imodzi mwa mbalamezo ndikubwerera nazo. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zam'nyanja zimatha kuphedwa ndi zolengedwa zam'nyanja monga octopus. Nthawi zina amakhala pachiwopsezo pansi - mwachitsanzo, nkhandwe zimawasaka.
Koma zolusa sizimawononga kwambiri mbalame ngati achibalewo. Amakhala m'magawo akulu, momwe chikhalidwe chaukali komanso chopanda tanthauzo cha mbalame zodya nyama chikuwonetseredwa kwambiri: amaba chakudya nthawi ndi nthawi, kumenyera izi kapena pazifukwa zina, ndipo amatha kuwononga zisa za obadwa nawo.
Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika masiku omwe pali nyama zochepa ndipo mbalame zimayamba kufa ndi njala. Zimakhala zovuta kusunga zowalamulira, komanso kuteteza anapiye, zikafunikanso kudyetsa ndikudyetsa anawo. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zambiri zilibe nthawi yoti zitulukire m'mazira awo kapena kufa zochepa kwambiri - zimangophedwa ndi abale awo.
Anthu amathanso kuweta ziwombankhanga: m'malo ena amawerengedwa kuti ndi mbalame yovulaza yomwe imapha nsomba zamtengo wapatali, ngakhale sizikhala choncho nthawi zonse - nthawi zambiri amasaka nsomba zazing'ono zomwe sizogulitsa. M'malo ena mumakhala zochuluka kwambiri, ndipo zimayamba kusokoneza.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame yam'madzi ku Russia
Mbalamezi zimasinthasintha bwino, kuphatikiza kuti zidakwanitsa kuzolowera kukula kwa dziko lapansi ndi anthu. Ngati mbalame zina zambiri zimavutika nazo ndipo zimapezeka kuti zatsala pang'ono kutha, mbalame zam'madzi, m'malo mwake, zimatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwawo chifukwa cha anthu.
Chofunikira kwambiri ndikuti amasinthira pang'ono kuti atolere chakudya cha chiyambi cha anthropogenic. Ndiye kuti, amadya m'malo otayira osiyanasiyana, kapena kutsatira mabwato osodza ndikunyamula nsomba ndi zakudya zina zomwe ataya. Nthawi yolima ikafika, amauluka kupita kumunda ndipo, atatha kulima, amatola nyongolotsi ndi tizilombo tomwe tapezekanso kumtunda.
Chifukwa cha zonsezi, mitundu ikuluikulu ya nkhono sizowopsezedwa, m'malo mwake, ikufalikira kwambiri. Koma palinso mitundu yosawerengeka, m'malo ena ngakhale yotetezedwa ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, awa ndi mbalame zamaso oyera zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi Nyanja Yofiira, New Zealand Bullerian gull ndi lava gull, yomwe imapezeka kuzilumba za Galapagos zokha.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mbalame zam'madzi zimalumikizidwa ndi zikwangwani zapanyanja: ngati atakhala pamtengo kapena pamadzi, nyengo imakhala yabwino, ndipo ngati afuula ndikuyenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndiye kuti mkuntho ukuyandikira. Zizindikirozi zili ndi zifukwa zawo - ngati kuthamanga kwamlengalenga kuli kwakukulu, ndiye kuti palibe mafunde okwera pamwamba pamadzi ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuti mbalame ziuluke, chifukwa chake zimakonda kukhala pagombe.
Gull ali ndi chikhalidwe chankhanza ndipo nthawi zonse amamenya nkhondo, akuwononga zisa za ena ndikuchotsa nyama za anthu ena - sangatchulidwe kuti mbalame zabwino. Koma sizimawononga kwambiri anthu, pokhapokha zitakoka kanthu kakang'ono. Amamvetsetsa momwe angapeze chakudya, ndipo amatha kuchipempha kwa anthu kapena kuchichotsa kwa mbalame zina.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 18.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/25/2019 ku 21:14
