Guillemot - nthenga yayikulu kwambiri pabanja la auks. Anatenga malo aulemuwa atatha mitundu ya mphalapala zopanda mapiko. Awa ndi mitundu yambiri, yomwe imakhala ndi awiriawiri opitilira 3 miliyoni ku Russia kokha. Iyi ndi mbalame yam'nyanja, moyo wake wonse umathera pamafunde oundana komanso mapiri ataliatali. M'nyengo yobereketsa, magulu a mbalame amafikira mbalame masauzande ambiri. Mutha kuphunzira zambiri zosangalatsa za guillemot Pano.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kaira
Mtundu wa Uria unadziwika ndi katswiri wazowona zanyama waku France M. Brisson mu 1760 ndikukhazikitsidwa kwa guillemot yaying'ono (Uria aalge) ngati mtundu winawake. Mbalame za guillemot ndizogwirizana ndi auk (Alca torda), auk (Alle alle) ndi auk osatha kuthawa, ndipo onse pamodzi amapanga banja la auks (Alcidae). Ngakhale adadziwika koyamba, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa DNA, sizogwirizana kwenikweni ndi Cepphus grylle monga momwe akuti kale.
Chosangalatsa: Dzina la mtunduwo limachokera ku Uriah wakale wachi Greek, mbalame yamadzi yotchulidwa ndi Athenaeus.
Mtundu wa Uria uli ndi mitundu iwiri: yaing'ono-billed guillemot (U. aalge) ndi guillemot wonenepa kwambiri (U. lomvia)
Palinso mitundu yakale ya Uria yomwe imadziwika kuti:
- uria bordkorbi, 1981, Howard - Monterey, mochedwa Miocene Lompoc, USA;
- uria affinis, 1872, Marsh - Pleistocene mochedwa ku USA;
- uria paleohesperis, 1982, Howard - mochedwa Miocene, USA;
- uria onoi Watanabe, 2016; Matsuoka ndi Hasegawa - Middle-Late Pleistocene, Japan.
U. brodkorbi ndiwosangalatsa chifukwa ndiwodziwika yekhayo woyimira ma auk omwe amapezeka m'malo otentha komanso otentha a Pacific Ocean, kupatula kunja kwa malire a U. aalge. Izi zikusonyeza kuti mitundu ya Uria, yomwe ndi taxon yofanana ndi ma auk ena onse ndipo imaganiziridwa kuti yasintha ku Atlantic monga iwo, atha kusintha ku Caribbean kapena kufupi ndi Isthmus ku Panama. Kugawidwa kwamasiku ano kwa Pacific kudzakhala gawo lakukula kwa Arctic pambuyo pake, pomwe mizere ina yambiri imapangika mosiyanasiyana ku Pacific kuchokera kumtunda mpaka kumadzi otentha.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Guillemot mbalame
Guillemots ndi mbalame zolimba za m'nyanja zokhala ndi nthenga zakuda zokutira kumutu kwawo, kumbuyo kwawo ndi mapiko awo. Nthenga zoyera zimaphimba pachifuwa pake ndi m'munsi thunthu ndi mapiko. Mitundu yonse yama guillemots imakhala yayikulu masentimita 39 mpaka 49, ndipo imalemera penapake mozungulira 1-1.5 kg. Atatha mbalame zopanda mapiko (P. impennis), mbalamezi zidakhala nthumwi zazikulu kwambiri za auks. Mapiko awo ndi 61 - 73 cm.
Kanema: Kaira
M'nyengo yozizira, khosi lawo ndi nkhope zawo zimakhala zotuwa. Mlomo wawo wooneka ngati mkondo ndi wakuda bii ndi mzere woyera womwe umayenda mbali zonse za chibwano. Ma guillemots okhala ndi nthawi yayitali (U. lomvia) amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi ma guillemots oonda kwambiri (U. aalge) ndi mawonekedwe awo olimba, omwe amakhala ndi mutu ndi khosi lolemera kwambiri komanso bilu yayifupi, yolimba. Alinso ndi nthenga zakuda kwambiri ndipo mikwingwirima yambiri yamtunduwu pambali ikusowa.
Zosangalatsa: Mitundu ina nthawi zina imasakanizana, mwina nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe zimaganiziridwapo kale.
Ma Guillemots akuuluka mbalame zokhala ndi mapazi oluka, miyendo yayifupi ndi mapiko. Chifukwa chakuti miyendo yawo imakankhidwira kumbuyo, ali ndi mawonekedwe owongoka mosiyana, ofanana kwambiri ndi a penguin. Atsikana achimuna ndi achikazi amawoneka chimodzimodzi. Anapiye okumbira amafanana ndi achikulire potengera nthenga, koma khalani ndi mlomo wocheperako. Ali ndi mchira wakuda wakuda. Gawo lakumunsi la nkhope limasanduka loyera m'nyengo yozizira. Ndegeyi ndiyolimba komanso yolunjika. Chifukwa chamapiko awo achidule, kugunda kwawo kumathamanga kwambiri. Mbalamezo zimalira mokuwa mwamphamvu kwambiri m'malo okhala zisa, koma zimangokhala chete panyanja.
Kodi guillemot amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kaira ku Russia
Guillemot amakhala kwathunthu kumadzi a Arctic ndi subarctic aku Northern Hemisphere. Mbalame yam'madzi yosamukayi ili ndi magawo ambiri. M'chilimwe, imakhazikika m'mphepete mwa miyala ya Alaska, Newfoundland, Labrador, Sakhalin, Greenland, Scandinavia, zilumba za Kuril ku Russia, chilumba cha Kodiak pagombe lakumwera kwa Alaska. M'nyengo yozizira, ma guillemots amakhala pafupi ndi madzi otseguka, nthawi zambiri amakhala kumapeto kwa malo oundana.
Ma Guillemot amakhala m'madzi am'mbali mwa mayiko awa:
- Japan;
- Kum'mawa kwa Russia;
- USA;
- Canada;
- Greenland;
- Iceland;
- Northern Ireland;
- England;
- Kumwera kwa Norway.
Malo okhalamo nthawi yachisanu amachokera kumtunda kwa madzi oundana kumwera mpaka ku Nova Scotia ndi kumpoto kwa British Columbia, ndipo amapezekanso m'malire a Greenland, Northern Europe, Mid Atlantic, Pacific Northwest ku United States, ndi Pacific Ocean kumwera mpaka pakati pa Japan. Pambuyo pa mkuntho wamphamvu, anthu ena amatha kuwuluka kumwera. Mitunduyi imapezeka m'nyengo yozizira pagulu lalikulu m'nyanja, koma anthu ena osochera amatha kuwonekera m'mphepete mwa nyanja, m'mitsinje, kapena m'malo ena amadzi.
Monga lamulo, amasaka kutali ndi gombe ndipo ndiosiyana kwambiri, amafikira kupitirira mamita 100 kufunafuna nyama. Mbalameyi imathanso kuuluka mtunda wa makilomita 75 pa ola, ngakhale kuti imasambira bwino kwambiri kuposa momwe imauluka. Ma Guillemot amapanganso timagulu tambiri pagombe lamiyala, pomwe azimayi nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira awo pakampanda kakang'ono pamphepete mwa nyanja. Nthawi zambiri, zimachitika m'mapanga ndi ming'alu. Mitunduyi imakonda kukhala pazilumba m'malo mokhala kumtunda.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe mbalame ya guillemot imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi guillemot amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyanja mbalame guillemot
Khalidwe loyipa la guillemot limasiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa nyama yolanda ndi malo okhala. Nthawi zambiri amabwerera kumudzi ndi chinthu chimodzi, pokhapokha nyama zopanda mphako zikagwidwa. Monga nyama zam'madzi zogwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, njira zogwirira nyama zimatengera mphamvu zomwe zingapezeke kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zagwidwa, komanso ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zigwire nyama.
Ma Guillemots ndi mbalame zodya nyama ndipo amadya nyama zam'madzi zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo:
- pollock;
- gobies;
- fulonda;
- capelin;
- gerbils;
- sikwidi;
- chikwapu;
- ndalama;
- nkhanu;
- zooplankton zazikulu.
Guillemot amadyetsa pansi pamadzi akuya kupitirira 100 mita, m'madzi okhala ndi t zosakwana 8 ° C. Mtundu wamaguillemot owonda kwambiri ndi opha mwaluso, amalanda nyama pochita nawo mwakhama. Kumbali inayi, oimira okhwima kwambiri amtunduwu amakhala nthawi yayitali akusaka, koma mphamvu zochepa amafunafuna nyama zapansi, pang'onopang'ono akuyenda pansi kufunafuna matope kapena miyala.
Kuphatikiza apo, kutengera komwe kuli, U. Lomvia amathanso kukhala ndi kusiyana kwakadyedwe kokhudzana ndi malo. Pamphepete mwa madzi oundana, amadyera m'madzi komanso kumapeto kwa ayezi wothamanga. Mosiyana ndi izi, m'mphepete mwa ayezi, U. lomvia amadyera pansi pa madzi oundana, kunyanja, komanso gawo lamadzi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Guillemots
Ma guillemots amapanga masango akuluakulu, obiriwira m'magulu amiyala pomwe amaswana. Chifukwa chonyamuka movutikira, mbalame zimawerengedwa kuti zimatha kusambira kuposa oyendetsa ndege. Anapiye akuluakulu ndi othamanga amayenda maulendo ataliatali paulendo wosamuka kuchoka kumadera opangira zisa kupita kumalo osasitsa ndi nyengo yachisanu. Anapiye amasambira pafupifupi makilomita 1000 limodzi ndi makolo achimuna pa gawo loyamba laulendo wopita kumalo ozizira. Munthawi imeneyi, akuluakulu amasungunuka mu nthenga zawo m'nyengo yozizira ndipo amalephera kwakeko kuuluka mpaka nthenga zatsopano zitayamba.
Zosangalatsa: Ma Guillemots nthawi zambiri amakhala otakataka masana. Mothandizidwa ndi odula mitengo ya mbalame, asayansi atsimikiza kuti amayenda makilomita 10 mpaka 168 ulendo wopita kukadyetsa malo.
Mbalame zam'nyanjazi zimathandizanso kwambiri pazachilengedwe zam'madzi potengera chakudya chawo cha pelagic. Amakhulupirira kuti ma Guillemot amalumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu. Mu anapiye, awa ndi phokoso lokhalokha, lodziwika ndi mayendedwe othamanga kwambiri othamanga. Kuyitanaku kumaperekedwa akachoka kumudzi, komanso ngati njira yolumikizirana pakati pa anapiye ndi makolo.
Akuluakulu, mbali inayi, amapanga zolemba zochepa ndikumveka kovuta. Phokoso ili ndi lolemera, lotikumbutsa kuseka kwa "ha ha ha" kapena phokoso lalitali, lolira. Ndi nkhanza, murres amatulutsa mawu ofooka, amawu. Ngakhale kuti zamoyo zimatha kukhazikika limodzi, zambiri, mbalame zam'mlengalenga ndizabwino komanso zokangana. Amagwirizana okha ndi nzika zazikulu zaku Arctic, mwachitsanzo, ndi ma cormorant akuluakulu. Izi zimathandiza ma guillemots pomenya adani.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Pair of guillemots
Ma Guillemot amayamba kuberekana azaka zapakati pa zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi komanso chisa m'miyala yayikulu, yolimba, yaphokoso pazitsulo zazing'ono. Zikakhala m'mbali mwa mbalamezi, mbalamezi zimayandikana, ndipo zimakhala ndi malo okhala zisa zochuluka zedi kuti ziziteteze ndiponso anapiye awo kwa adani awo. Nthawi zambiri amabwera kumaakaikira mazira nthawi yachilimwe, kuyambira Epulo mpaka Meyi, koma pomwe mapiri nthawi zambiri amakhala okutidwa ndi chipale chofewa, ma oviposition amayamba kumapeto kwa Meyi kapena koyambirira kwa Juni, kutengera kutentha kwa nyanja.
Zazikazi zimaikira mazira pafupifupi nthawi imodzimodzi kuti zithandizire nthawi yoti ziswetsedwe komanso nthawi yomwe ana amadumpha kuchokera kunyanja kupita kunyanja kuti akwaniritse ulendo wawo wautali m'nyengo yozizira. Ma guillemots azimayi amayika dzira limodzi lokhala ndi chipolopolo cholemera komanso cholemera, kuyambira pagulu lobiriwira mpaka lofiirira, lokhala ndi mawonekedwe.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mazira a ma guillemots ndi owoneka ngati peyala, chifukwa chake sagudubuzika atakankhidwa molunjika, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi kuti musazichotse pamphepete mwangozi.
Zazimayi sizimanga zisa, koma zimafalitsa timiyala tazungulirapo pamodzi ndi zinyalala zina, zosunga dzira mmalo mwake ndi ndowe. Zonse zazikazi ndi zazimuna zimasinthana posakaniza mazirawo m'masiku 33. Mwana wankhuku uja amaswa masiku 30-35 ndipo makolo onse amasamalira mwanayo mpaka atadumpha kuchokera kumapiri atakwanitsa masiku 21.
Onse makolo amafungatira dzira nthawi zonse, amasintha maola 12 mpaka 24. Anapiye amadyetsa makamaka nsomba zomwe makolo onse amabwera nazo kumalo oberekera masiku 15-30. Anapiye amakonda kubereka ali ndi masiku pafupifupi 21. Pambuyo pa mphindi iyi, mkaziyo amapita kunyanja. Kholo lamwamuna limakhalabe losamalira mwana wankhukuko kwakanthawi, pambuyo pake amapita kunyanja ndi mwana wankhuku usiku kutakhazikika. Amuna amatha milungu 4 mpaka 8 ali ndi ana asanafike pa ufulu wonse.
Adani achilengedwe a guillemot
Chithunzi: Guillemot mbalame
Ma Guillemots nthawi zambiri amakhala pachiwopsezo cha adani amlengalenga. Mimbulu imvi imadziwika kuti imadya mazira ndi anapiye osiyidwa osayang'aniridwa. Komabe, nkhalango zowirira kwambiri, momwe mbalamezi zimakhalira limodzi, zimathandiza kuteteza achikulire ndi ana awo kuwombedwa ndi ziwombankhanga, mbalame, ndi mbalame zina zolusa, komanso kuukira kwa nkhandwe. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu, kuphatikiza magulu ku Canada ndi ku Alaska, amasaka ndikudya mazira azitsotso kuti adye.
Olusa nyama odziwika kwambiri ndi awa:
- khungu (L. hyperboreus);
- nkhwangwa (Accipitridae);
- Khwangwala wamba (Corvus corax);
- Nkhandwe ya Arctic (Vulpes lagopus);
- anthu (Homo Sapiens).
Ku Arctic, anthu nthawi zambiri amasaka ma guillemot ngati chakudya. Nzika zaku Canada ndi Alaska chaka chilichonse zimawombera mbalame pafupi ndi malo awo okhala ndi zisa kapena posamuka pagombe la Greenland ngati gawo la kusaka chakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, magulu ena, monga a Alaska, amatola mazira kuti adye. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, mabanja ambiri pachilumba cha St. Lawrence (kumadzulo kwa Alaska kumtunda kwa Bering Sea) amadya mazira 60 mpaka 104 pachaka.
Nthawi yayitali ya moyo wa guillemot kuthengo imatha kufikira zaka 25. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Canada, kuchuluka kwa anthu okalamba pachaka kumakhala pafupifupi 91%, ndipo 52% azaka zopitilira zitatu. Ma Guillemot ali pachiwopsezo cha ziwopsezo zopangidwa ndi anthu monga kutaya mafuta ndi maukonde.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Guillemot mbalame
Pokhala imodzi mwa mbalame za kunyanja zochuluka kwambiri ku Northern Hemisphere, kuchuluka kwa ma guillemot padziko lonse lapansi akuti akuti amapitilira 22,000,000 mosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, mtundu uwu suyandikira pafupi ndi malowedwe amtundu wosatetezeka. Komabe, ziwopsezo zimapitilira, makamaka chifukwa chakutha mafuta ndi ma gillnets, komanso kuchuluka kwa nyama zachilengedwe monga ma gulls.
Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Europe akuti ndi anthu okhwima 2,350,000-3,060,000. Ku North America, anthu akuwonjezeka. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Europe kwawonjezeka kuyambira 2000, kuchepa kwaposachedwa kwawonedwa ku Iceland (komwe kuli pafupifupi kotala la anthu aku Europe). Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa lipoti ku Iceland, kuyerekezera komanso kuyerekezera kwa kuchepa kwa anthu ku Europe nthawi ya 2005-2050 (mibadwo itatu) kuyambira 25% mpaka 50%.
Mtundu uwu umapikisana mwachindunji ndi usodzi kuti upeze chakudya, ndipo kuwedza kwambiri masheya ena kumakhudza mwachindunji guillemot. Kugwa kwa katundu wa capelin mu Nyanja ya Barents kudapangitsa kutsika kwa 85% ya kuchuluka kwa ziweto ku Chilumba cha Bear osazindikiranso kuti akuchira. Kufa chifukwa cha kusodza kosavomerezeka kwa gillnet kumathandizanso.
Zosangalatsa: Kuwonongeka kwa mafuta kuchokera m'zombo zomwe zidamira munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse akukhulupirira kuti ndiomwe adayambitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa madera aku Nyanja ya Ireland mkatikati mwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, komwe madera omwe akhudzidwa sanabadwe bwino.
Kusaka kuzilumba za Faroe, Greenland ndi Newfoundland sikulembedwa ndipo kumatha kuchitika mosadalirika. Palibe kuwunika kovomerezeka komwe kwachitika pamagulu osasaka amtunduwu. Guillemot imakhudzanso kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa nyanja, ndikusintha kwa 1˚C kutentha komwe kumakhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa anthu 10% pachaka.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 13.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/24/2019 ku 22:46
