Nightjar

Nightjar - mbalame zambiri zomwe zimadya tizilombo ndipo zimakonda kugona usiku komanso kugona masana. Nthawi zambiri zovota usiku zimawonedwa pafupi ndi ziweto. Mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya mbalame imasiyanasiyana, imakhala yocheperako komanso yopepuka kum'mawa. Anthu onse amasamuka, nthawi yozizira m'maiko aku Africa. Mbalame zimabisala bwino, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti azitha kubisala bwino. Zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira masana zikamagona pansi kapena kukhala phee m'nthambi.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Nightjar

Kulongosola kwa usiku wa usiku kunalowetsedwa mu gawo la 10 la chilengedwe ndi Karl Linnaeus (1758). Caprimulgus europaeus ndi mtundu wa mtundu wa Caprimulgus (ma jala ausiku), omwe, atakonzanso taxonomic ya 2010, adasankha mitundu 38, malinga ndi malo oberekera mbalame ku Eurasia ndi Africa. Ma subspecies asanu ndi limodzi akhazikitsidwa pamitundu yodziwika bwino ya ma nightjar, awiri mwa iwo omwe amapezeka ku Europe. Kusiyana kwa utoto, kukula ndi kulemera nthawi zina kumakhala kwamankhwala ndipo nthawi zina kumadziwika.

Kanema: Nightjar

Chosangalatsa: Dzinalo la nightjar (Caprimulgus) limamasuliridwa kuti "kuyamwa mbuzi" (kuchokera ku mawu achi Latin akuti capra - mbuzi, mulgere - mpaka mkaka). Lingaliro limabwerekedwa kuchokera kwa wasayansi Wachiroma Pliny Wamkulu kuchokera ku Mbiri Yake Yachilengedwe. Amakhulupirira kuti mbalamezi zimamwa mkaka wa mbuzi usiku, ndipo mtsogolo zimatha khungu ndikufa chifukwa cha izi.

Ziphuphu zausiku ndizofala pafupi ndi ziweto msipu, koma izi zimatheka makamaka chifukwa cha tizilombo tambiri tomwe timazungulira nyama. Dzinali, potengera malingaliro olakwika, lilipobe m'zilankhulo zina zaku Europe, kuphatikiza Chirasha.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Nightjar m'chilengedwe

Mikoko yausiku imatha kutalika masentimita 26 mpaka 28, ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 57 mpaka 64. Amatha kulemera magalamu 41 mpaka 101. Mtundu woyenera wamtunduwu ndi imvi mpaka bulauni yofiirira yokhala ndi zododometsa zoyera zoyera, zakuda, ndimitundumitundu. Maonekedwe amthupi amafanana ndi mphamba ndi mapiko ataliatali, osongoka komanso mchira wautali. Misomali yausiku imakhala ndi milomo ya bulauni, pakamwa pofiira, ndi miyendo ya bulauni.

Amuna achikulire amakhala ndi pharynx yoyera, yoyera, nthawi zambiri imagawika m'magawo awiri osiyana ndi mzere wamtambo wofiirira kapena wonyezimira. Mapikowo ndi aatali mwachilendo, koma opapatiza. Mzere woyera wonyezimira ukuwonekera m'gawo lomaliza la phiko. Nthenga zakunja kwa mchira wautali nazonso ndi zoyera, pomwe nthenga zapakati zimakhala zofiirira. Pali mbali yoyera m'mbali mwa phiko lakumtunda, koma osawonekera kwenikweni. Kwenikweni, mzere woyera wonyezimira ndi mtundu wowala wa nthenga m'chigawo cha pakhosi amatha kusiyanitsidwa.

Akazi ofanana mofanana komanso olemera mofananamo alibe zolemba zoyera pamapiko ndi mchira ndi malo owala pakhosi. Mwa akazi achikulire, malo am'mero ​​ndi opepuka kuposa nthenga zozungulira, pali utoto wambiri wofiyira. Zovala za anapiye ndizofanana kwambiri ndi zazimayi, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopepuka komanso zosiyana kwambiri ndi zazimayi zazikulu. Pouluka, mbalameyi imawoneka yayikulupo ndipo imawoneka ngati mpheta.

Ndege pamapiko ataliatali, osongoka samakhala chete chifukwa cha nthenga zawo zofewa komanso zosalala kwambiri. Kulira kwa akulu kumachitika pambuyo poberekana, nthawi yosamuka, njirayi imayima, ndipo nthenga ndi mchira ndi chilimwe zimasinthidwa kale nthawi yachisanu kuyambira Januware mpaka Marichi. Mbalame zosakhwima zimagwiritsanso ntchito njira ya molting kwa achikulire, pokhapokha atakhala achichepere mochedwa, ndiye kuti kusungunuka konse kumatha kuchitika ku Africa.

Tsopano mukudziwa nthawi yomwe usiku wa usiku umathamangira kukasaka. Tiyeni tiwone komwe mbalameyi imakhala.

Kodi usiku wa usiku umakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Nightjar

Malo okhalamo usiku amayambira kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa mpaka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Eurasia kum'mawa mpaka ku Nyanja ya Baikal. Ku Europe kumakhala mitundu yonseyi, kulinso kuzilumba zambiri za Mediterranean. Nightjar sikupezeka ku Iceland kokha, kumpoto kwa Scotland, kumpoto kwa Scandinavia komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Russia, komanso kumwera kwa Peloponnese. Ku Central Europe, ndi mbalame yosowa yomwe imapezeka kawirikawiri, yomwe imapezeka ku Spain komanso kumayiko aku Eastern Europe.

Zovala zakusiku zilipo kuyambira ku Ireland kumadzulo mpaka ku Mongolia ndi kum'mawa kwa Russia kum'mawa. Malo okhala chilimwe amachokera ku Scandinavia ndi Siberia kumpoto mpaka kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Persian Gulf kumwera. Mbalame zimasamukira kukaswana kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Amakhala m'nyengo yozizira ku Africa, makamaka kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa kwa kontrakitala. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame za ku Iberia ndi ku Mediterranean zimakhazikika ku West Africa, ndipo mbalame zosamuka zimalembedwa ku Seychelles.

Nightjar amakhala m'malo owuma, otseguka okhala ndi tizilombo tokwanira tokwera usiku. Ku Europe, malo omwe amakonda ndi madambo ndi madambo, ndipo amathanso kukhala nkhalango zowala za mchenga wa paini zokhala ndi malo akuluakulu otseguka. Mbalameyi imapezeka, makamaka kum'mwera ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe, m'miyala yamiyala ndi mchenga komanso m'malo ang'onoang'ono okutidwa ndi tchire.

Ma Nightjar amalumikizidwa ndimitundumitundu, kuphatikizapo:

• madambo;
• minda ya zipatso;
• madambo;
• nkhalango zokhwima;
• mapiri;
• Zitsamba zaku Mediterranean;
• ma birch achichepere;
• popula kapena conifers.

Sakonda nkhalango zowirira kapena mapiri ataliatali, koma amakonda kudula malo, madambo ndi madera ena otseguka kapena opepuka, opanda phokoso la masana. Madera otsekedwa a nkhalango amapewa ndi subspecies zonse. Zipululu zopanda zomeranso sizoyenera iwo. Ku Asia, mtundu uwu umapezeka nthawi zambiri kumtunda wopitilira 3000 m, komanso m'malo ozizira ngakhale kumapeto kwa chisanu pamtunda wa pafupifupi 5000 m.

Kodi nightjar amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Gray Nightjar

Ma Nightjars amakonda kusaka madzulo kapena usiku. Amagwira tizilombo tomwe timauluka ndi pakamwa pawo patali ndi milomo yayifupi. Wovutitsidwayo amatengedwa nthawi zambiri akuthawa. Mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zosakira, kuchokera pakusunthika kosunthika, kochenjera kusaka kupita ku hawkish, kuwuluka kokwiya kosaka. Kungotsala pang'ono kuti ikole nyama, njovuyo imang'amba mlomo wake wogawanika kwambiri ndikukhazikitsa maukonde ogwira ntchito mothandizidwa ndi ziphuphu zomwe zimazungulira mlomowo. Pansi, mbalameyi imasaka kawirikawiri.

Mbalameyi imadyetsa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timauluka, monga:

• mole;
• Zhukov;
• agulugufe;
• mphemvu;
• agulugufe;
• udzudzu;
• midges;
• mayfly;
• njuchi ndi mavu;
• akangaude;
• kupemphera mantises;
• ntchentche.

M'mimba mwa anthu omwe anafufuzidwa ndi asayansi, mchenga kapena miyala yoyera imapezeka nthawi zambiri. Zomwe nightjar imadya kuti zithandizire kugaya nyama yake ndi chomera chilichonse chomwe chimangozindikira posaka chakudya china. Mbalamezi sizisaka m'malo awo okha, koma nthawi zina zimauluka pandege posaka chakudya. Mbalame zimasaka m'malo otseguka, m'nkhalango ndi m'mphepete mwa nkhalango.

Miphika yausiku imathamangitsa nyama yawo pang'onopang'ono, mozungulira, ndikumwa, ikumira pamwamba pamadzi pamene ikuuluka. Amakopeka ndi tizilombo tomwe timangoyang'ana mozungulira magetsi, pafupi ndi ziweto, kapena madzi omwe akuyenda. Mbalamezi zimayenda pafupifupi 3.1 km kuchokera kuzisa zawo kupita pachakudya. Anapiye amatha kudya ndowe zawo. Mbalame zosamuka zimapulumuka m'malo awo osungira mafuta. Choncho, mafuta amasonkhana asanasamuke kuti athandize mbalamezi paulendo wawo wopita kummwera.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Nightjar ku Russia

Ma Nightjars samacheza kwenikweni. Amakhala awiriawiri m'nyengo yokwanira ndipo amatha kusamuka m'magulu a 20 kapena kupitilira apo. Gulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha limatha kupanga ku Africa nthawi yachisanu. Amphongo ali m'dera ndipo amateteza mwamphamvu malo awo oswana pomenyana ndi amuna ena mlengalenga kapena pansi. Masana, mbalame zimapuma ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala moyang'anizana ndi dzuwa kuti muchepetse mthunzi wosiyana wa thupi.

Gawo logwira ntchito la usiku limayamba dzuwa litangolowa ndikutha m'mawa. Ngati chakudya chikwana, nthawi yambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupumula ndikukonza pakati pausiku. Mbalameyi imathera tsiku lonse ili pansi, pa chitsa kapena pa nthambi. Kumalo oberekera, malo opumulira omwewo nthawi zambiri amayendera milungu ingapo. Pangozi zikayandikira, usiku wa usiku umakhala wosayima kwa nthawi yayitali. Pokhapokha wolowererayo akafika patali, mbalameyo imanyamuka mwadzidzidzi, koma pambuyo pa 20-40 mita imakhazikika. Pakunyamuka, pakumveka alamu ndi kukupiza mapiko.

Zosangalatsa: M'nyengo yozizira komanso yosasangalatsa, mitundu ina ya ma nightjar imatha kuchepetsa kagayidwe kake ndipo amasungabe boma kwa milungu ingapo. Mu ukapolo, idawonedwa ndi usiku, womwe umatha kukhala wopanda pake masiku asanu ndi atatu osavulaza thupi lake.

Ndegeyo imatha kuthamanga, ngati nkhwende, ndipo nthawi zina imakhala yosalala, ngati gulugufe. Pansi, nthenga imayenda, ikupunthwa, thupi limayendayenda mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo. Amakonda kutentha dzuwa ndikusamba fumbi. Monga mbalame zina monga ma swifts ndi swallows, ma nightjar amathira m'madzi mwachangu ndikudzisambitsa. Ali ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi chisa chapakati, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsuka khungu ndipo mwina kuchotsa tiziromboti.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Chimbudzi cha Nightjar

Kubereka kumachitika kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi mpaka Ogasiti, koma kumatha kuchitika kale kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa kapena kumadzulo kwa Pakistan. Amuna obwerera amabwera pafupifupi milungu iwiri azimayi asanagawane magawo, kuthamangitsa olowa m'malo, kukupiza mapiko awo ndikumveka phokoso lowopsa. Nkhondo zimatha kuchitika pothawa kapena pansi.

Ziwonetsero zapaulendo wamphongo zimaphatikizaponso mawonekedwe amthupi momwemo ndikumapapira kwamapiko pomwe amatsata wamkazi mokweza. Ngati chachikazi chikugwera, champhongo chimapitilizabe kuyandama, kugwedezeka ndikumagwedezeka, mpaka mnzake atatambasula mapiko ake ndi mchira wake kuti agwirizane. Nthawi zina kukondana kumachitika pamalo okwera osati pansi. Pamalo abwino, pamatha kukhala ma 20 pa kilomita.

Nightjar yaku Europe ndi mbalame yokhayokha. Simamanga zisa, ndipo mazira amayikidwa pansi pakati pazomera kapena mizu yamitengo. Tsambali limatha kukhala lopanda nthaka, masamba akugwa, kapena singano zapaini. Malowa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zingapo. Zowalamulira zili ndi mazira oyera amodzi kapena awiri okhala ndi bulauni komanso imvi. Mazirawo amakhala pafupifupi 32mm x 22mm ndipo amalemera 8.4g, pomwe 6% ali mgobolomo.

Zosangalatsa: Mitundu ingapo ya jekete yodziwika usiku imadziwika ikayika mazira kutatsala milungu iwiri kuti mwezi ukhale wathunthu, mwina chifukwa chakuti tizilombo timagwira mosavuta mwezi wathunthu. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti gawo la mwezi ndilofunika kwambiri kwa mbalame zomwe zimayikira mazira mu Juni, koma osati kwa omwe amachita kale. Njirayi ikutanthauza kuti ana achiwiri mu Julayi adzakhalanso ndi mwezi wabwino.

Mazira amaikidwa pa ma ola 36 mpaka 48 ndipo amakwiriridwa makamaka ndi wamkazi, kuyambira ndi dzira loyamba. Yaimuna imatha kulumikizana kwakanthawi kochepa, makamaka mbandakucha kapena madzulo. Ngati mkazi wasokonezeka pakaswana, amathawa pachisa, kudzionetsera ngati wavulala m'mapiko, mpaka atasokoneza wobisalayo. Dzira lililonse limaswa masiku 17-21. Nkhunda imachitika m'masiku 16-17, ndipo anapiye amadziyimira pawokha kwa achikulire patatha masiku 32 ataswa. Ana achiwiri amatha kuleredwa ndi mitundu iwiri yoyambilira, momwe zimakhalira kuti amayi amasiya ana oyamba masiku angapo asanawuluke pawokha. Makolo onsewa amadyetsa anawo ndi mipira ya tizilombo.

Adani achilengedwe a nkhokwe zausiku

Mitundu yosamveka bwino yamtunduwu imalola mbalame kubisala masana, osakhazikika pa nthambi kapena mwala. Pakakhala zoopsa, ming'alu yausiku imanama kuti imavulaza kuti isokoneze kapena kukopa nyama zolusa kuti zisiye zisa zawo. Amayi nthawi zina amagona osayenda kwa nthawi yayitali.

Nthawi zambiri, pothamangitsa chiwombankhanga, kugwedeza mapiko otambasula kapena kutambasula kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakulira kapena kufuula. Anapiye odabwitsika akatsegula pakamwa pawo ofiira owala ndi mluzu, amatha kupereka chithunzi cha njoka kapena cholengedwa china chowopsa. Akamakula, anapiye amatambasula mapiko awo kuti apange mawonekedwe akuluakulu.

Omwe amadziwika kuti ndi odyetsa usiku ndi awa:

• njoka wamba (V. berus);
• nkhandwe (V. Vulpes);
• Ma jays aku Eurasia (G. glandarius);
• ziphuphu (E. europaeus);
• mafinya (Falconiformes);
• khwangwala (Corvus);
• agalu amtchire;
• akadzidzi (Strigiformes).

Mazira ndi anapiye a Nightjar amadyedwa ndi ankhandwe ofiira, ma martens, ma hedgehogs, weasels ndi agalu oweta, komanso mbalame, kuphatikiza akhwangwala, ma jays aku Europe ndi kadzidzi. Njoka zimathanso kulanda chisa. Akuluakulu amawukiridwa ndi mbalame zodya nyama, kuphatikizapo nkhono zakumpoto, mpheta, akhungubwe wamba, peregrine falcon ndi falcon. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalameyi sichimva bwino ndi tiziromboti pa thupi lake. Izi ndi nsabwe zomwe zimapezeka pamapiko, nthenga ya nthenga yomwe imapezeka pamapazi oyera okha.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Nightjar

Chiwerengero cha anthu aku Europejar kuyambira pa 470,000 mpaka kupitirira 1 miliyoni, kutanthauza kuti padziko lonse lapansi pali anthu 2 mpaka 6 miliyoni. Ngakhale pakhala kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, sikumathamanga kokwanira kuti mbalamezi zikhale pachiwopsezo. Dera lalikulu loberekalo limatanthawuza kuti mitunduyi imakhala pangozi yocheperapo ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Chosangalatsa: Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yoswana imapezeka ku Russia (mpaka 500,000 awiriawiri), Spain (awiriawiri 112,000) ndi Belarus (awiriawiri 60,000). Kutsika kwina kwa anthu kwawoneka m'malo ambiri, koma makamaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuphatikiza kugundana kwamagalimoto komanso kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala, zathandizira kuchepa kwa anthu. Monga mbalame yogona pansi usiku atengeke ndi zoopsa za agalu oweta omwe angawononge chisa. Kuswana kwabwino kumakhala kwakukulu kumadera akutali. Kumene kumaloledwa kuloledwa, makamaka kumene eni agalu amalola kuti ziweto zawo ziziyenda momasuka, zisa zopambana zimakhala kutali ndi mayendedwe kapena malo okhala anthu.

Tsiku lofalitsa: 12.07.2019

Tsiku losintha: 20.06.2020 ku 22:58

Onerani kanemayo: Nightjar Call (November 2024).