Wamng'ono koma wotchera komanso wopambanitsa zosangalatsangati kabawi kakang'ono. M'maonekedwe ake, munthu amatha kudziwa komweko ulemu wamphamba ndi chilengedwe. Kuyang'ana mozama, kowoneka bwino, kuyang'ana kwa mbalame kumakhala kosangalatsa komanso chidwi, komanso kuwuluka mwachangu kokongola kumapereka kumverera kwa ufulu ndi kulemera. Tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane za nthenga zodabwitsazi, pofotokoza mawonekedwe ake, mawonekedwe ake, momwe amakhalira komanso malo omwe amakonda kwambiri.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Cheglock
Chosangalatsachi ndichilombo chokhala ndi nthenga kuchokera kubanja la falcon, chokhala mu dongosolo la Falconiformes ndi mtundu wa falcons. Kunja, chizolowezi chake chimafanana kwambiri ndi nkhwangwa, koma ndi kukula kocheperako. Pali mitundu ingapo yofanana yamtundu womwewo, yomwe m'maina awo ili ndi mawu oti "zokonda", amaphatikizidwa kukhala gulu losiyana lotchedwa Hypotriorchis. Zina mwazofala za gululi ndi nthenga zakuda, kupezeka kwa "ndevu" zakuda ndi mikwingwirima pamimba, yomwe ili m'thupi.
Kanema: Cheglock
Woyamba kufotokoza mbalame zamtunduwu anali wasayansi waku Sweden, sing'anga komanso wazachilengedwe Karl Linnaeus, izi zidachitika mu 1758. Dzinalo la "falcons" m'Chilatini limamveka ngati "falco" ndipo potanthauzira limatanthauza "chikwakwa", chomwe chimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi zikhadabo zopindika za ma falcons onse. Tanthauzo la liwu loti "chizolowezi chochita" silimvetsetsedwabe. Ogwira ntchito ku Moscow Pedagogical State University amakhulupirira kuti dzina la mbalameyo limachokera ku "chegl" wakale waku Russia, kutanthauza "wowona, wamkulu."
Pali lingaliro lakuti mtengo woterewu ukuwonetsa kuti mbalameyi ndiyomwe ili m'gulu la mbalame zosaka mbalame zam'madzi - gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon, yomwe imadziwika ndi miyeso yaying'ono poyerekeza ndi mphamba. Chosangalatsachi, chifukwa chake, chimatsutsana ndi mphamba zazitali ngati mbalame zofiira ndi kestrel, zomwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito kale kusaka.
Chizolowezi - wosatopa mlenje ndi zolusa nyama mfulu. Ndikosavuta kuipusitsa ndi kabawi wa peregrine, kusiyana kwake ndikokulirapo (peregrine falcon ndi yayikulu), mizere yayitali pamimba (mu falcon ya peregrine imayenda) komanso mthunzi wofiira wamiyendo. Zotsekera zazimuna ndizocheperako poyerekeza ndi zazikazi, zolemera zawo zimasiyana magalamu 160 mpaka 200, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala masentimita 32 mpaka 35. Amayi azimayi amalemera magalamu 230 mpaka 250 ndipo amakhala ndi masentimita 33 mpaka 37 kutalika.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame yokonda
Mutu wazokondweretsazo ndi waudongo, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, owoneka bwino, wokulirapo, wozungulira, maso owoneka bwino a utoto wakuda amawoneka bwino. Mlomo wa mbalameyo sungatchedwe wamphamvu, ndiyapakatikati. Tarisi wamphongo nawonso ndi ang'ono, wokutidwa ndi nthenga pamwamba. Zala zake zimakhala ndi zala zazing'ono koma zazitali komanso zolimbikira. Mwambiri, chizolowezi chimawoneka chokongola, ndi mapiko ataliatali otumphukira kumapeto kwa mchira. Ndipo mchira wake ndi wautali komanso wopindika.
Mtundu wa nthenga za zosangalatsa ndizosiyana, zimatengera zaka zake. Amuna ndi akazi ali ofanana mofanana, choncho sizovuta kusiyanitsa pakati pawo. Ali wakhanda, utoto woyera umakhalapo, womwe umapitilira ku anapiye mpaka milungu iwiri. Kenako mawonekedwe amtundu wa imvi amawoneka muvalidwe ndi kamvekedwe pamimba. Pafupi ndi mwezi, mtundu umakhala wowonekera kwambiri. Kumbuyo kwake, nthenga zofiirira zimawonetsedwa, pamutu ndi pamimba, mithunzi ya ocher imakhalapo, mawonekedwe amtundu wautali okha ndi omwe amadziwika pamimba. Mlomo uli ndi kamvekedwe kofiira ndi kofiira m'munsi mwake. Pamatumba achikaso otumbululuka, zikhadabo zakuda za mdima zimawoneka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: M'chaka chachiwiri chamoyo, chovala cha mbalameyi chimakhala ndi bulauni pamwamba pake, imvi zake zimazimiririka pang'onopang'ono, malo okhala pansi ndi mwendo wakumunsi amakhala amtundu wofanana ndi mbalame zokhwima.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ikavekedwa ndi nthenga ya mtundu wa zokondweretsazo, kamvekedwe kena kake kamtundu kamatha. Mizere yoyera imawonekera kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi khosi la mbalameyo. Kutsanzira masharubu ndi utoto wakuda (mikwingwirima yakuda pansi pa maso). Kumbali, pachifuwa ndi pamimba, nthenga ndi zoyera ndi mizere yayitali yazitali yakuda. Kudera lanyumba ndi miyendo yakumunsi, mutu wofiira umawonekera. Amakhala ndi lingaliro loti wokonda masewerawa wavala mathalauza ofiira. Mkaziyo ali ndi timadontho tofiirira kumbuyo kofiira, komwe kulinso mkati mwamapiko.
Kodi masewerawa amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Hobbyist akuthawa
Cheglok adapita ku Eurasia ndi kumpoto kwa Africa, ndikukhala madera akuluakulu kumeneko.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mbalameyi imapezeka pafupifupi m'makontinenti onse, mbalameyi imakhala:
- Finland;
- Japan;
- Russia;
- Vietnam;
- Himalaya;
- Sakhalin;
- Kuril ndi British Isles;
- Tunisia;
- Morocco;
- Spain;
- Asia Minor;
- Mongolia;
- Greece;
- Italy.
Cheglok amakonda nkhalango zowala, zosinthana ndi magawo otseguka oyenera kusaka. Amakonza malo ake okhala pafupi ndi nkhalango zonse za dziko lomwe kale linali Soviet Union, kupatula kumpoto kwa taiga. Mbalameyi imadutsa South Asia, nkhalango zamvula zakumadzulo kwa Africa, China ndi India.
Chosangalatsa: Chisa chodzikongoletsera m'nkhalango zochepa, amakonda kukhala m'malo osakanikirana, kapena m'nkhalango zazitali, zakale za paini.
Zosangalatsa sizimakonda malo onse otseguka komanso nkhalango zowirira. Amatha kusankha m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, m'mbali mwa mtsinje, kunja kwa madambo. Pali zodziwika bwino zakubalalika kwa mbalameyi pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu, koma izi ndizochepa kwambiri, mbalameyi imakonda kupewa kuyanjana ndi anthu, osalowerera ndale. Kudera lamapiri, mungapezenso zosangalatsa zomwe zimakwera mpaka 4 km kutalika, komwe amamva bwino. Ngati timalankhula za mitundu ya mbalamezi, ndiye kuti titha kudziwa malo okhala, omwe ndi mtundu wa mitundu iliyonse.
Asayansi apeza ma subspecies angapo azisangalalo, izi ndi izi:
- falco subbuteo subbuteo Linnaeus, wokhala ku Europe, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa ndi madera onse a Asia kupatula kumwera chakum'mawa. Izi zimadziwika kuti zimasamuka; nyengo yachisanu, imasankha South Asia ndi Central ndi South Africa;
- falco subbuteo streichi Hartert und Neumann, wochokera ku Southeast Asia, ndi subspecies wokhala pansi.
Tsopano inu mukudziwa kumene hobbyist amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe mbalame yodya iyi idya.
Kodi chizolowezi chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Cheglock ku Russia
Hobbyist ndiwosakira mwakhama komanso wosatopa yemwe amaponya mpweya mwachangu. Chakudya chake chimayang'aniridwa ndi mbalame zazing'ono ndi tizilombo tambiri. Ponena za tizilombo, zomwe amakonda kuchita zimatha kudya kafadala, agulugufe, agulugufe. Mpheta wamba, nyenyezi, ndi ngolo nthawi zambiri zimakhala mbalame zomwe zimakhala zosangalatsa. Kawirikawiri, nyamayo imakhala pafupi ndi malo obisalako akumeza akuda, omwe amakonda kudya ngati chotupitsa.
Chisokonezo chakhala chikufuna kusaka kuyambira nthawi yamadzulo, nthawi yamadzulo ikayandikira, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mileme, yomwe imakhalanso chakudya chamadzulo chabwino. Nyama yakusaka ija imagwira nyama yake ikamauluka mwachangu komanso mwadongosolo, ikumayang'ana mlengalenga. Ndiwodziwa kwambiri, wolimbikira komanso wopupuluma, chifukwa chake amatha kupeza chakudya chilichonse chomwe chimamusangalatsa.
Ngati nyamayo, malinga ndi momwe amakonda kuchita, ili yolemetsa, ndiye imapita nayo kumtengo wapafupi, komwe chakudya chake chimachitikira munthambi. Nyamayo imameza tizilombo tikuthawa. Nthawi zina makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi abuluzi amaterera pazakudya zomwe amakonda, koma nyama zotere zimatha kutchedwa kuti zosasintha, chifukwa kusaka kumachitika mlengalenga, chifukwa kugwira nyama mbalame kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame yokonda chilengedwe
Zosangalatsa zimatha kutchedwa kuti mafoni, otakataka komanso osakhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi mkhalidwe wovuta kwambiri, wopezerera anzawo komanso wamakani. Sakonda mbalame zina zilizonse, ngakhale abale ake apamtima. Kupsa mtima kwake sikukugwirizana ndi kuti pali chakudya chochepa, iye ali ndi ndewu yotereyi komanso siwochezeka kwambiri. Mbalame zomwe zauluka mpaka kukafika kumalo osungira nyama zovutazo sizingachite bwino.
Chosangalatsa: Mutawona mbalame ina pafupi, chizolowezi chimayamba ndewu nayo. Mbalame zazing'ono nthawi yomweyo zimawonedwa ngati chizolowezi ngati chotupitsa. Zachidziwikire, sizingatheke kuti aliyense agwire, koma adzayesetsa kuchita izi.
Kuwoneka kolimba, kuboola ndi "masharubu" okwiya zimapangitsa mawonekedwe owoneka ngati owopsa kukhala owopsa komanso owopsa. Chaglok, yemwe amakhala pafupi ndi minda yazipatso ndikulima, amapereka ntchito yabwino kwa anthu pakudya mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zimakolola mbewu. Nthenga imakhala ndi gawo losakira, lomwe limateteza mwansanje kwa alendo omwe sakuitanidwa. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala malo osalowerera ndale. Kusaka kumachitika patokha patali kwambiri. Kuuluka komwe amakonda ndikuchita mwachangu komanso mosangalatsa, mapiko othamanga mwachangu amasinthidwa ndikuyenda kosalala. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mbalamezi sizimangokhala paliponse; pouluka, mapiko otambasula amafanana ndi chikwakwa.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo atsimikiza kuti chilengedwe chimapatsa chidwi chochulukirapo modabwitsa, kotero kuti kachilombo kalikonse mkati mwa mita mazana awiri sikabisala mdani. Simungathe kumutcha wokonda kulankhula, iye, m'malo mwake, amakhala chete. Kuda nkhawa kwake kokha nthawi zina kumatsagana ndi kulira kwakuthwa, kwadzidzidzi komanso kwakumva, komwe kumachitika kubanja lonse la mphamba.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Cheglock
Nthawi yaukwati ya chaglok imagwera kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi. Pa nthawi yovutayi ya mbalame, munthu amatha kuwona kuzungulira kwa mabanja omwe ali ndi nthenga mumlengalenga, komwe amachita zanzeru zosiyanasiyana. Pakumavina kwachikondi kotere, ochita zokomera anzawo amatha kupatsirana ndege, motero amafotokoza komwe ali ndikumvera chisoni wokondedwa wawo.
Othandizira samanga zisa zawo, amaikira mazira m'zisa zopanda kanthu za mbalame zina, ndipo nthawi zina amathamangitsa mbalame pamalo omwe amakonda. Anthu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi amayang'ana zisa zomwe zili pamwamba pamtunda.
Njira yosankhira chisa ndiyopusa, chifukwa izi zimaganiziridwa pazinthu zingapo:
- kupezeka kwa kasupe wapafupi wamadzi (mtsinje, mtsinje);
- malo okhala ndi nkhalango ya nkhalango;
- kupeza pafupi ndi malo otseguka a minda kapena madambo oyenera kusaka.
Okwatirana angapo okonda kusamala mosamala amateteza gawo lawo lomwe asankha kuchokera ku mbalame zina, akuziyang'ana kuchokera ku chisa chomwe chili pamalo okwera (kuchokera pamamita 10 mpaka 30). Mkazi amayamba kuyikira mazira kumapeto kwa Meyi kapena Julayi, zimadalira kutentha kozungulira. Chisa chimatha kukhala ndi mazira atatu kapena asanu ndi limodzi, omwe kukula kwake kumasiyana masentimita 3 mpaka 3.6. Nthawi yosungitsa imatenga mwezi umodzi. Mkazi nthawi yonseyi amatenthetsa mazira ndi thupi lake, ndipo bambo wamtsogolo amanyamula chakudya chake.
Anapiye akhanda panja samafanana ndi makolo awo, amakhala ndi madzi oyera oyera, chifukwa amafunikira kutentha kwa amayi poyamba, abambo amayenera kusaka okha, kudyetsa ana onse, komanso mnzake, komanso iyemwini. Ana amakula msanga, amakhala olimba ndi kunenepa. Posakhalitsa amayamba kupanga molting ndipo, atakwanitsa mwezi umodzi, amayamba kuwuluka pawokha. Poyamba, nyama zazing'ono zimasowa kulimba komanso kutha msanga, chifukwa chake makolo achikulire amawadyetsa nthawi zonse.
M'nyengo yonse yachilimwe, ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi amakhala m'mabanja ambiri ochezeka. Pofika nthawi yophukira, wachinyamata wokhwima uja adayamba kukakumana ndi anthu akuluakulu, kusiya zisa zawo ndikuthamangira kumalo ozizira. Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi amatha kuwerengedwa kuti ali ndi nthenga zazitali ngati nthenga, chifukwa chilengedwe chawapatsa moyo wautali, kuyambira zaka 17 mpaka 20, koma siwo malire. Pali zambiri zokhudzana ndi ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe adakhala zaka makumi anayi.
Adani achilengedwe azokonda
Chithunzi: Mbalame yokonda
Ngakhale kuti chizolowezi ichi ndi mbalame yapakatikati, ilibe adani kuthengo. Mwachiwonekere, izi zimachitika pazifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, mbalameyi nthawi zambiri imakhala yosafikirika, malo ake okhala ndi okwera kwambiri, ndipo wokonda kusewera yekha amakhala mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kachiwiri, musaiwale kuti ichi, choyambirira, chilombo ndipo ali ndi chikhalidwe cholimba komanso chofunitsitsa. Chachitatu, mawonekedwe achisangalalo si mphatso. Kukonda kwake tambala, tambala komanso mawonekedwe opandaubwenzi zimawopseza ambiri omwe safuna. Chachinayi, kusamala, kuthamanga, kugwira ntchito mopitilira muyeso komanso kuthamanga kwa mbalameyi sikuyenera kupeputsidwa.
Zosangalatsa: Omwe amakonda kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi amagwiritsa ntchito masitima ngati othandizira pakufufuza. Kuthamanga kwawo kungapitirire sitima yomwe ikuyenda. Zikuwuluka pambuyo pake, chizolowezi ichi chimagwira mbalame, zomwe kubangula kwa sitimayo kumadzuka m'malo obisika.
M'mawondo amisili, nthawi zambiri, amafooka chifukwa cha matendawa, mbalame zokalamba kwambiri kapena nyama zosadziwa zambiri. Ndi anthu, wochita zokometsera amachita kusalowerera ndale, posankha kuti asalumikizane kwambiri. Koma munthu, komabe, akhoza kuwerengedwa pakati pa adani a mbalame yonyadayi, chifukwa imakhudza moyo wake ikamalowa m'malo operekera anthu ntchito kwamuyaya, kuthamangitsa mbalame kumadera omwe akukhalamo anthu, kugwira ntchito zachuma zambiri, kudula nkhalango, ndikuwononga chilengedwe chonse. Zonsezi zimakhudza moyo wa zokonda zanu, komanso oimira nyama zina zakutchire.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame yokonda ku Russia
Wodzikonda komanso wodziyimira pawokha amakhala m'maboma ndi makontinenti osiyanasiyana, amasamuka kwakanthawi nthawi yachisanu. Mbalameyi imapezeka mu kukula kwa Africa, Asia ndi Europe. Mwamwayi, pakadali pano, anthu okhala ndi nthenga zodabwitsa zamtunduwu sawopsezedwa, kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kolimba komanso kotsika kwambiri. Pali chidziwitso chodalirika chakuti kuchuluka kwa ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikofanana ndi mapaundi mamiliyoni atatu, chifukwa chake mtundu wa nkhono safuna njira zapadera zodzitetezera ndipo sunatchulidwe mu Red Book.
Zachidziwikire, pali zovuta zina za anthropogenic zomwe zimasokoneza ntchito zofunikira za mbalamezi. Zomwe zikuluzikulu ndikuchepetsa malo oti mbalame zizitumizidwa nthawi zonse chifukwa cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana zaumunthu: kumanga mizinda, kuyika misewu yayikulu, malo okhala zosowa zaulimi, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, komanso kuipitsa malo okhala mbalame. Zonsezi zimakhala ndi zoyipa, koma sizikhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pagulu la anthu omwe amakonda kuchita zinthu zina; pali ena ambiri, omwe sangasangalale. Chofunikira ndichakuti mtsogolomo kuchuluka kwa mbalame zamphamba sizikumana ndi ziwopsezo zapadera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti hoopoe ndiwodziyimira pawokha, wofulumira komanso wolimba mtima, sizinali zopanda pake kuti kale idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbalame yodya nyama posaka zinziri, hoopoes, ndi lark. Hobbyhorse imachita bwino pantchito yophunzitsira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndiwanzeru kwambiri komanso wochenjera msanga, ndipo kusakhazikika komanso kupsa mtima kwake kumangothandiza pakusaka. Mwambiri, chilombochi chimabweretsa maubwino ambiri, kukhazikika pafupi ndi nthaka yolimidwa, chifukwa imadya mbalame zazing'ono zambiri zomwe zimawononga mbewu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 12.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/24/2019 ku 22:16
