Ng'ombe yam'nyanja - gulu lanyama zazikulu zam'madzi zomwe zatha msanga kuposa nyama zina zonse. Kuyambira pomwe mtunduwo udapezeka mpaka pomwe udasowa, padangopita zaka 27 zokha. Asayansi amatcha zamoyozi ngati ma alarm, koma sizofanana ndi zongopeka zongopeka. Ng'ombe zam'nyanja ndizodyera tokha, chete ndi zamtendere.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Sea cow
Banja lake linayamba kukula mu nthawi ya Miocene. Atasamukira ku North Pacific, nyamazo zinazolowera nyengo yozizira ndipo zimakula kukula. Ankadya zomera zolimba za m'nyanja. Izi zidapangitsa kuti ng'ombe zam'madzi ziyambe kutuluka.
Kanema: Ng'ombe yam'nyanja
Maganizowa adapezeka koyamba ndi Vitus Bering mu 1741. Woyendetsayo adatcha nyamayo ng'ombe ya Steller pambuyo pa katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Germany a Georg Steller, dokotala yemwe amayenda paulendo. Zambiri pazokhudza ma sireni ndizokhazikika pamafotokozedwe ake.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Sitima ya Vitus Bering "St. Peter" idasweka pachilumba chosadziwika. Atatsika, Steller anawona ziphuphu zambiri m'madzi. Nyamazo nthawi yomweyo zimatchedwa kabichi chifukwa chokonda kelp - udzu wanyanja. Amalinyero amadyetsa nyama mpaka pamapeto pake adakhala olimba mtima ndikuyamba ulendo wina.
Sizinatheke kuphunzira zolengedwa zosadziwika, chifukwa gulu liyenera kupulumuka. Steller poyamba anali wotsimikiza kuti akuchita ndi manatee. Ebberhart Zimmermann adabweretsa kabichi mumitundu ina mu 1780. Katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Sweden Anders Retzius adalitcha dzina loti Hydrodamalis gigas mu 1794, lomwe limatanthauzira kuti ng'ombe yayikulu yamadzi.
Ngakhale anali atatopa kwambiri, Steller adathabe kufotokozera nyamayo, machitidwe ake ndi zizolowezi zake. Palibe ofufuza ena omwe adatha kuwona cholengedwa chamoyo. Mpaka nthawi yathu ino, mafupa awo ndi zidutswa za khungu zokha zomwe zidapulumuka. Zotsalazo zili m'malo owonetsera zakale 59 padziko lonse lapansi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyanja, kapena ng'ombe ya Steller
Malingana ndi momwe Steller anafotokozera, kabichi inali yofiirira, imvi, pafupifupi yakuda. Khungu lawo linali lolimba kwambiri komanso lamphamvu, lopanda kanthu, lopunduka.
Pamodzi ndi kholo lawo, Hydromalis Cuesta, ng'ombe zam'nyanja zidaposa onse okhala m'madzi kukula ndi kulemera, kupatula anamgumi:
- kutalika kwa ng'ombe yonyamula ndi 7-8 mita;
- kulemera - matani 5;
- kuzungulira kwa khosi - 2 mita;
- chozungulira chamapewa - 3.5 mita;
- chozungulira pamimba - 6.2 mita;
- kutalika kwa hydrodamalis Cuesta - kuposa mamita 9;
- kulemera - mpaka matani 10.
Thupi ndilolimba, fusiform. Mutu ndi wochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi thupi. Nthawi yomweyo, nyama zoyamwitsa zimatha kuyisunthira mbali zosiyanasiyana, mmwamba ndi pansi. Thupi limatha mchira wa mphanda, wopangidwa ngati chinsomba. Miyendo yakumbuyo idasowa. Kutsogolo kwake kunali zipsepse, kumapeto kwake kunali kukula komwe kumatchedwa ziboda za kavalo.
Wofufuza wamakono akugwira ntchito ndi chikopa chomwe chapulumuka apeza kuti ndi chimodzimodzi pakulimba ngati matayala agalimoto amakono. Pali mtundu woti malowa adateteza ma siren kuti asawonongeke ndi miyala m'madzi osaya.
Makutu apakhungu la khungu anali pafupifupi osawoneka. Maso ndi ochepa, pafupifupi ngati a nkhosa. Pamwamba, mlomo wopanda mphanda, panali ma vibrissae, olimba ngati nthenga ya nkhuku. Mano adasowa. Amatafuna chakudya cha kabichi pogwiritsa ntchito mbale zonyentchera, chimodzi pachibwano chilichonse. Poyerekeza ndi mafupa omwe adatsala, panali pafupifupi 50 ma vertebrae.
Amuna ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa akazi. Kunalibe pafupifupi ma sireni. Iwo amangotulutsa phokoso, akumira pansi pamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Akapwetekedwa, amabuula mokweza. Ngakhale khutu lamkati lomwe linali lotukuka bwino, lomwe limasonyeza kumva kwabwino, zolengedwa sizinachite chilichonse ndi phokoso la mabwatowa.
Tsopano mukudziwa ngati ng'ombe yam'nyanja yatha kapena ayi. Tiyeni tiwone komwe nyama zachilendozi zimakhala.
Kodi ng'ombe yam'madzi imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Ng'ombe yam'madzi m'madzi
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mitundu yazinyama idakulirakulira pachimake pachimake chomaliza cha icing yomaliza, pomwe Pacific ndi Northern Oceans zidasiyanitsidwa ndi nthaka, yomwe tsopano ndi Bering Strait. Nyengo panthawiyo inali yotopetsa ndipo mbewu za kabichi zidakhazikika m'mbali mwa gombe lonse la Asia.
Zomwe zapezedwa zaka 2.5 miliyoni zapitazo zimatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa nyama m'derali. M'nthawi ya Holocene, malowa anali ochepa kuzilumba za Commander. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti m'malo ena, ma siren mwina atha chifukwa chakusaka alenje akale. Koma ena ali otsimikiza kuti pofika nthawi yodziwika, zamoyozo zinali zitatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa cha chilengedwe.
Ngakhale adapeza zambiri kuchokera ku Soviet, akatswiri a IUCN adazindikira kuti m'zaka za zana la 18, mitengo ya kabichi idakhala pafupi ndi zilumba za Aleutian. Woyamba adawonetsa kuti zotsalira zomwe zidapezedwa kunja kwa malo odziwika zogawa anali mitembo yokha yomwe idatengedwa ndi nyanja.
M'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970, mafupa ena anapezeka ku Japan ndi California. Mafupa athunthu anapezeka mu 1969 pachilumba cha Amchitka. Zaka zapezazo ndi zaka 125-130 zikwi zapitazo. Pa gombe la Alaska mu 1971, nthiti yakumanja ya nyama idapezeka. Ngakhale anali ochepa ng'ombe yam'nyanja, kukula kwake kunali kofanana ndi kwa achikulire ochokera kuzilumba za Commander.
Kodi ng'ombe yam'nyanja imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kabichi, kapena ng'ombe yam'nyanja
Zinyama zimathera nthawi yawo yonse m'madzi osaya, pomwe udzu wam'madzi umakulirakulira, zomwe amadyetsa. Chakudya chachikulu chinali udzu wam'madzi, chifukwa chake ma siren anali ndi mayina awo. Mwa kudya ndere, nyama zimatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kamodzi mphindi 4-5 zilizonse amatha kutulutsa mpweya. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, ankakokolola mokweza, ngati akavalo. M'malo odyetsera kabichi, mizu yambiri ndi zimayambira za zomera zomwe amadya zidasonkhanitsidwa. Thallus, pamodzi ndi ndowe zonga ndowe za akavalo, adaponyedwa pagombe milu ikuluikulu.
M'nyengo yotentha, ng'ombe zinkadya nthawi zambiri, zili ndi mafuta, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira zimaonda kwambiri kotero kuti zinali zosavuta kuwerengera nthiti zake. Nyama zinatsina masamba a algae ndi mapiko ndi kutafuna ndi nsagwada zawo zopanda mano. Ndicho chifukwa chake zokha zamkati mwa udzu wam'nyanja ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya.
Zosangalatsa: Dr. Steller adalongosola zinyama ngati nyama zoyipa kwambiri zomwe adaziwonapo. Malinga ndi iye, zolengedwa zosakhutira zimadya nthawi zonse ndipo sizikhala ndi chidwi ndi zomwe zikuchitika mozungulira. Pankhaniyi, alibe chidziwitso chodzipulumutsa. Pakati pawo, mutha kuyenda bwino pamabwato ndikusankha munthu kuti muphedwe. Chodetsa nkhaŵa chawo chokha chinali kuthamanga pamadzi kuti apume.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Sea cow
Nthawi zambiri, ma sireni amakhala m'madzi osaya, otenthedwa bwino ndi dzuwa, akudya udzu wam'madzi. Ndi miyendo yawo yakutsogolo, nthawi zambiri amapuma pansi. Zilombozo sizimadziwa kutsika, misana yawo nthawi zonse imakhala pamwamba. Adangomira m'madzi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamafupa komanso kuchepa kwa mphamvu. Izi zidapangitsa kukhala pansi popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri.
Ng'ombe zazitali zinkakhala pamwamba pamadzi, pomwe mbalame zam'madzi zinkakhala. Mbalame zina zam'nyanja zinathandizanso kulira kwa ma sirestere. Iwo ankadula nsabwe za mu nyangayi m'makutu mwawo. Zinyama zosavuta kugwera zinafika pafupi ndi gombelo kotero kuti amalinyero amakhoza kuzigwira ndi manja awo. M'tsogolomu, izi zidasokoneza kukhalapo kwawo.
Ng'ombe zimasungidwa ndi mabanja: amayi, abambo ndi ana. Wodyetsedwa m'magulu, pafupi ndi kabichi yonseyo, adasonkhana m'magulu a anthu mazana. Anawo anali pakati pa gulu. Chikondi pakati pawo chinali chachikulu kwambiri. Mwambiri, zolengedwa zinali zamtendere, zochedwa komanso zopanda chidwi.
Chosangalatsa: Steller adalongosola momwe mnzake wamkazi waphedwayo adasambira masiku angapo kwa wamkazi wophedwa, yemwe anali atagona m'mbali mwa nyanja. Mwana wa ng'ombe, yemwe adaphedwa ndi amalinyero, nawonso amachita chimodzimodzi. Zinyama sizinali zobwezera konse. Akasambira kupita kumtunda ndikupwetekedwa, zolengedwa zimasuntha, koma posachedwa zimabwereranso.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Ng'ombe yaying'ono yam'nyanja
Ngakhale udzu wa kabichi udyetsedwa m'magulu, zinali zotheka kusiyanitsa masango a ng'ombe 2, 3, 4 m'madzi. Makolo sanasambire kutali ndi mwana wazaka komanso mwana wobadwa chaka chatha. Mimba inatenga chaka chimodzi. Ana obadwa kumene adadyetsedwa mkaka wa amayi, pakati pa zipsepse zake zomwe zinali nsonga zamatenda oyamwitsa.
Malinga ndi malongosoledwe a Steller, zolengedwa zinali zodzikwatira. Ngati m'modzi mwa omwe adaphatikizana adaphedwa, wachiwiriyo sanachoke mtembowo kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo adapita kwa mtembowo kwa masiku angapo. Zokwatirana zimachitika makamaka koyambirira kwa masika, koma nthawi yonse yoswana imayamba kuyambira Meyi mpaka Seputembala. Ana oyamba kubadwa anawonekera kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira.
Pokhala zolengedwa zosasamala, amuna amamenyanabe akazi. Kubereka kunali pang'onopang'ono. Nthawi zambiri, mwana wamphongo mmodzi adabadwa m'matumba. Nthawi zambiri, ana awiri amphongo adabadwa. Zinyama zakula msinkhu wazaka 3-4. Kubala kunkachitika m'madzi osaya. Ana anali kuyenda kwambiri.
Makulidwe awo anali:
- kutalika - 2-2.3 mamita;
- kulemera - 200-350 makilogalamu.
Amuna satenga nawo mbali polera ana. Podyetsa mayiyo, anawo amamatira kumbuyo kwake. Amadyetsa mkaka mozondoka. Amadyetsa mkaka wa amayi mpaka chaka chimodzi ndi theka. Ngakhale atakwanitsa miyezi itatu amatha kufinya udzu. Zaka za moyo zatha zaka 90.
Adani achilengedwe a ng'ombe zam'nyanja
Chithunzi: Ng'ombe yam'madzi m'madzi
Dokotala wotumiza sanalongosole za adani achilengedwe a nyamayo. Komabe, adazindikira kuti nthawi zambiri kumamveka kulira kwa ma siren pansi pa ayezi. Panali zochitika zina, nthawi yamkuntho yamkuntho, mafunde anali okwera kwambiri kotero kuti mitengo ya kabichi idagunda miyala ndikufa.
Kuopsa kumeneku kunabwera kuchokera ku nsomba za shark ndi cetaceans, koma kuwonongeka kwakukulu kunayambitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ng'ombe zam'nyanja ndi anthu. Vitus Bering, pamodzi ndi gulu lake la oyendetsa sitima zapamadzi, sikuti anali apainiya okhawo, koma adayambitsanso kutha kwake.
Pomwe amakhala pachilumbachi, gululi lidadya nyama ya kabichi, ndipo atabwerera kwawo, adauza dziko lapansi za zomwe apezazi. Pofuna kupeza phindu, amalonda aubweya amapita kumayiko atsopano kukafunafuna otters am'nyanja, omwe ubweya wawo unkayamikiridwa kwambiri. Alenje ambiri adasefukira pachilumbachi.
Cholinga chawo chinali otters a m'nyanja. Ankagwiritsa ntchito ng'ombe pokhapokha ngati ali ndi chakudya. Adawapha, osawerengera. Oposa omwe amatha kudya ngakhale kutuluka pamtunda. Mbalame zam'madzi zinatha kupulumuka chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa alenje, koma ma siren sanakwanitse kupulumuka.
Chosangalatsa: Ogulitsa adazindikira kuti nyama ya mammalian inali yokoma kwambiri komanso yofanana ndi nyama yamwana wang'ombe. Mafutawo amatha kumwa mu makapu. Idasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale nyengo yotentha kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mkaka wa ng'ombe za Steller unali wotsekemera ngati mkaka wa nkhosa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Sea cow
Katswiri wazinyama waku America a Steineger adachita kuwerengera kovuta mu 1880 ndipo adapeza kuti panthawi yomwe mitunduyo imapezeka, anthu sanadutse anthu chikwi ndi theka. Asayansi mu 2006 adasanthula zomwe zingayambitse kutha kwa mitunduyo. Malinga ndi izi, zidapezeka kuti pakuwononga ma siren kwa zaka 30, kusaka kokha kunali kokwanira kuti nyama izi zitheke. Mawerengedwe awonetsa kuti palibe anthu opitilira 17 pachaka omwe anali otetezeka kuti mitunduyo ipitirirebe.
Wazamalonda Yakovlev mu 1754 akufuna kukhazikitsa chiletso chogwira nyama, koma sanamvere. Pakati pa 1743 ndi 1763, mafakitale ankapha ng'ombe pafupifupi 123 pachaka. Mu 1754, ng'ombe zingapo zam'nyanja zidawonongeka - zoposa 500. Pachiwopsezo choterechi, 95% ya zolengedwa ziyenera kuti zidasowa pofika 1756.
Zowona kuti ma sireni adapulumuka mpaka 1768 akuwonetsa kupezeka kwa anthu pafupi ndi chilumba cha Medny. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nambala yoyamba ikhoza kukhala mpaka anthu 3000. Kuchuluka koyambirira kumapangitsa kuti athe kuweruza chiwopsezo chomwe chilipo ngakhale pamenepo. Alenjewo adatsata njira yomwe Vitus Bering adapanga. Mu 1754, Ivan Krassilnikov anali akuchita chiwonongeko chachikulu, mu 1762 woyendetsa ndege Ivan Korovin anatsogolera kufunafuna nyama. Woyendetsa sitima Dmitry Bragin atafika ndi ulendowu mu 1772, kunalibenso ng'ombe zowotcha pachilumbachi.
Zaka 27 atapezeka zolengedwa zazikulu, zomaliza mwa izi zidadyedwa. Pakadali pano mu 1768 wopanga mafakitale Popov anali kudya ng'ombe yotsiriza yam'madzi, ofufuza ambiri padziko lapansi sanakayikire ngakhale kupezeka kwa mtundu uwu. Akatswiri ambiri a zoo amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wa anthu waphonya mwayi wabwino wopangira ng'ombe zam'nyanja, monga ng'ombe zantunda. Kuwononga mosaganizira ma sireni, anthu awononga mtundu wonse wa zolengedwa. Oyenda panyanja ena amati awonapo gulu la ma kabichi, koma palibe zomwe zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/24/2019 pa 22:12
