Akamba ndi dongosolo lalikulu ndithu la zokwawa, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa mazana atatu. Akamba amakhala m'nyanja zonse ndi makontinenti, kupatula Antarctica, mapiri ataliatali ndi mapiri ataliatali. Kamba wamtunda amatanthauza nyama za "chordate", gulu "zokwawa", dongosolo "akamba" (lat. Testudines). Akamba akhala padziko lapansi kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri - zaka zopitilira 220 miliyoni. Nyamayo idatchedwa ndi dzina loti "testa" - "njerwa", "matailosi". Akamba amtunda akuyimiridwa ndi mibadwo 16, kuphatikiza mitundu 57.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kamba wamtunda
Asayansi apeza kuti akamba amachokera ku gulu limodzi lakale lomwe latsala pang'ono kufa, dzina lomwe lili ndi Permian cotylosaurus. Zokwawa zomwe zinatha zinkawoneka mosiyana kwambiri ndi abuluzi. Anali ndi zazifupi, koma nthawi yomweyo nthiti zamphamvu komanso zazikulu, ndi mamiliyoni azaka zosinthika zidasandulika chipolopolo. Zinali nyama zam'nyanja zokhala ndi khosi lalitali komanso mchira wautali. Akazi a akamba anali omnivores - adadya chakudya chodyera komanso nyama. Popeza zotsalira zawo zikupezeka m'makontinenti onse, anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti ma cotylosaurs a Permian anali ofala kwambiri munthawi yawo.
Kanema: Kamba wamtunda
Mbali khalidwe la akamba onse ndi kukhalapo kwa chipolopolo, amene amateteza ku adani. Amakhala ndi magawo awiri: ventral ndi dorsal. Mphamvu ya chipolopolocho ndi yayikulu kwambiri, chifukwa imatha kupirira katundu wopitilira kulemera kwake kwa nyama - nthawi zopitilira 200. Akamba amtunda amasiyana kwambiri kukula ndi kulemera kwake. Pakati pawo pali zimphona zonse zolemera pafupifupi tani ndi chipolopolo cha pafupifupi 2.5 mita, ndipo zing'onozing'ono, ngakhale akamba ang'onoang'ono, omwe kulemera kwawo sikupitilira 150 g, ndipo chipolopolo kutalika kwake ndi 8-10 cm.
Zoologist zimasiyanitsa zigawo ziwiri za akamba, zomwe zimasiyana momwe amabisira mutu wawo pansi pa chipolopolocho:
- akamba amphongo - mutu wabisika molunjika kumiyendo yakumanzere kapena kumanja (chammbali);
- khosi lobisika - pindani khosi mofanana ndi kalata S.
Mitundu ya akamba kumtunda:
- Fulu la Galapagos. Unyinji wake umatha kufikira semitones, ndipo kutalika kwake - mpaka mita. Kukula ndi mawonekedwe a akamba a ku Galapagos zimadalira malo awo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo ouma, carapace yawo imapangidwa ngati chishalo; m'malo omwe chinyezi chimakhala chachikulu, chipolopolocho chimakhala ndi dome;
- Kamba wa ku Aigupto. Imodzi mwa akamba ochepa kwambiri. Amakhala ku Middle East. Kukula kwa chipolopolo chachimuna kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 12, akazi amakhala okulirapo pang'ono;
- kamba ya panther. Amakhala kumpoto kwa Africa. Kutalika kwa chipolopolocho ndi pafupifupi masentimita 80, kulemera kwake ndi 40-50 kg. Chipolopolocho chimakhala chokwera kwambiri, cholamulidwa;
- wamawangamawanga Cape. Kamba kakang'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi. Amakhala ku South Africa ndi Namibia. Kutalika kwa chipolopolo chake sikuposa 9 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi 96 - 164 g.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kamba wamtunda wapakati ku Asia
Monga tanena kale, fulu amakhala ndi chipolopolo cholimba komanso cholimba. Nyama ili ndi chipolopolo cholimba choteteza kumbuyo konse ndi m'mimba. Carapace yomwe ili ndi magawo awiri: carapace ndi plastron. Carapax imakhala ndi zida zamkati, zomwe ndizopangidwa ndimapfupa, ndi zotupa zakunja. Mitundu ina imakhala ndi khungu lokulirapo pazida zawo. Plastron imakhala ndi nthiti zam'mimba zosakanikirana, sternum ndi kolala.
Mutu wa akamba akutali poyerekeza ndi thupi siwokulirapo komanso wowongoka. Izi zimathandiza kuti nyamayo iichotse msanga pakagwa ngozi. Khosi la mitundu yonse ya akamba amtunda ndilofupikirapo, kotero maso nthawi zonse amayang'ana pansi. Nyama zimaluma ndikudya chakudya ndi mulomo, m'malo mwa mano awo. Pamwamba pa milomo nthawi zambiri pamakhala pachimake ndi zotupa zomwe zimalowa m'malo mwa nyama za nyama.
Chosangalatsa: Akamba akale anali ndi mano enieni omwe amachepetsedwa pakapita nthawi.
Lilime la akamba ndi lalifupi ndipo silituluka konse, chifukwa cholinga chake ndikuthandizira kumeza chakudya. Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya akamba ali ndi mchira, imatha kukhala ndi msana kapena wopanda msana kumapeto. Nthawi zoopsa, kamba, monga mutu wake, amaubisa pansi pa chipolopolocho. Akalulu nthawi zambiri amachedwa, ngakhale amitundu yapadziko lapansi, kusungunuka sikunatchulidwe ngati abale awo am'madzi.
Akamba amtunda amatha nthawi zambiri kugona, omwe amatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Izi zimachitika m'malo osasangalatsa: chisanu, chilala. Akamba amtunda ndi otopetsa komanso osachedwa kuyenda, pachifukwa ichi, zikawopsa, sathawathawa, koma amabisala m'mbali mwawo. Njira ina yodzitetezera ndikutulutsa chikhodzodzo mwadzidzidzi, mwa njira, ndichotambala.
Kamba wamtunda amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kamba wamtunda
Akamba a kumtunda amakhala makamaka m'malo opondereza: kuchokera ku Kazakhstan ndi Uzbekistan kupita ku China, komanso m'chipululu, steppes, savanna, chipululu cha Africa, America, Albania, Australia, Italy ndi Greece, Pakistan ndi India. Akamba amapezeka kwambiri kumadera otentha komanso m'malo onse otentha.
Mutha kunena kuti akamba amtunda amatha kupezeka pafupifupi kulikonse:
- mu Africa;
- ku Central America;
- ku South America, kupatula Argentina ndi Chile;
- ku Eurasia, kupatula malo okwera a kontrakitala ndi Arabia Peninsula;
- ku Australia, kupatula New Zealand ndi gawo lopanda zipululu.
Malo okhalamo akamba amtunda ndi nthaka, zomwe zimakhala zomveka. Nthawi zina, nyama zimatha kumiza m'madzi kwakanthawi kochepa kuti zibwezeretse chinyezi m'thupi.
Akamba amadzikumba okha malo omwe amakhala, komwe amakhala pafupipafupi, mpaka njala ikawakakamiza kuti apite kukasaka. Pachifukwa ichi, zokwawa zimakonda kukhala panthaka ya mchenga komanso yopanda kanthu, yokutidwa ndiudzu, komwe kuli madzi ndi chakudya chokwanira. Akamba amakondanso nthaka yokhota chifukwa zimakhala zosavuta kukumba.
Kodi kamba wam'munda amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kamba wamkulu wamtunda
Maziko a chakudya cha akamba amtunda ndi mbewu, ndiye kuti, chomera chakudya: udzu, nthambi zazing'ono za zitsamba ndi mitengo, zipatso zowutsa mudyo, zipatso, zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba. Nthawi zina, kuti akhalebe ndi mapuloteni, amatha kudya nyama: nkhono, slugs, nyongolotsi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
Chinyezi cha thupi la kamba chimapezeka makamaka m'magawo owutsa madzi a zomera, komabe, ngati kuli kofunikira, amatha kumwa madzi, kuchita izi mwayi uliwonse. Akamba am'mabokosi amadya ndere ndi bowa, kuphatikiza poyizoni. Chifukwa cha izi, nyama yawo imakhalanso ndi poizoni ndipo siyabwino kudya. Koma ndibwino, chifukwa nyama zamitundu yambiri yamakamba zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zokoma, ndichifukwa chake kuchuluka kwawo kumachepa nthawi zonse.
Akamba a ku Central Asia amakhala m'malo awo tsiku lonse, ndipo amangopita kukadya usiku. Mtundu uwu umakonda kwambiri okonda kamba monga ziweto, chifukwa amadya pafupifupi chilichonse. M'nyengo yozizira, akamba samadya chilichonse, chifukwa amapita kutulo. Khalidwe ili chifukwa chakuti kumayamba nyengo yozizira chakudya chimakhala chochepa kwambiri. Kutalika kwa akamba amtchire kumatengera nyengo. Kumtchire, kumatha kuyambira Okutobala mpaka Marichi.
Tsopano mukudziwa zomwe mungadyetse kamba wamtunda kunyumba. Tiyeni tiwone momwe akukhalira kuthengo.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kamba wamtchire mwachilengedwe
Ngakhale kuti kukula kwa ubongo mu akamba sikuli pamlingo wapamwamba, ali ndi nzeru zambiri. Akamba amtunda ndi zokwawa zokha. Chidziwitso chawo cha ziweto sichimapangidwa konse. Akuyang'ana okha paokha kuti akwatirane, kenako amusiya mnzakeyo.
Komanso, akamba onse amadziwika ndi wosakwiya, womwe ndi khalidwe la zokwawa zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, akamba, monga zimbalangondo, pansi pamavuto (m'nyengo yozizira) amatha kubisala, komwe nthawi zina timagulu tating'ono timasonkhana. Pakubisala, njira zonse zamoyo m'matupi awo zimachedwetsa, zomwe zimawathandiza kupirira kuzizira popanda vuto lililonse. Akalulu amakhalanso oopsa, ngakhale malinga ndi miyezo ya anthu, chifukwa amatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali kuposa anthu. Nthawi yokhala ndi moyo wa akamba amtunda mwachilengedwe ndi zaka 50-150.
Zosangalatsa: Kamba wakale kwambiri padziko lapansi masiku ano ndi kamba wotchedwa Jonathan. Amakhala pachilumba cha St. Helena ndipo mwina amakumbukira nthawi za Napoleon, pomwe mfumu yakale yaku France idakhala komweko ku ukapolo.
Pali milandu yochepa kwambiri ya akamba omwe amavulaza anthu. Kungokulira kamba ndi komwe kunatchuka chifukwa cha izi, kenako panthawi yakumasirana, pomwe yamphongo imatha kutenga munthu kukhala mnzake womenya naye.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Fulu wakhanda
Mwakutero, nyengo yokhwima sikupezeka akamba, chifukwa chake kuberekana kumachitika nthawi zosiyanasiyana, kutengera mtundu ndi malo. Mu akamba amtunda, kuyambika kwa masewera okwatirana kumadziwika ndi chochitika chimodzi: kuti ufulu wakupatsa mwana wamkazi, amuna amenya nawo nkhondo. Potero, amayesa kutembenuza mdani wawo kapena kumukakamiza kuti abwerere. Pali njira imodzi yokha yogwirira ntchito - kugunda kwamphamvu pafupipafupi ndi chipolopolo pachipolopolo cha mdani.
Pambuyo pa kuthawa kochititsa manyazi kwa wopikisana naye kuchokera kunkhondo, mwamuna wopambana amayamba chibwenzi. Kuti akope chidwi cha mkazi, wopambanayo amatha kupukusa mutu wake ndi zikoko zake ngakhalenso kuyimba. Patapita nthawi itakwatirana, yaikaziyo imayikira mazira. Kuti achite izi, amakumba mabowo mumchenga pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Nthawi zambiri, amagwiritsa ntchito zimbudzi zawo kapena zisa za ng'ona. Dzira zowalamulira zimakutidwa bwino ndi mchenga kapena dothi ndipo limaphatikizidwa ndi chipolopolo.
Kuchuluka kwa mazira mu clutch kumatha kukhala kosiyana, kutengera mitundu - mazira 100-200. Mazirawo amathanso kukhala osiyana: okutidwa ndi chipolopolo kapena chipolopolo cholimba chachikopa. Nthawi yokolola, yaikazi imatha kuphatikana kangapo. Pazotheka, patatha masiku 91, akamba ang'onoang'ono amaswa m'mazira, ndipo kugonana kwawo kumadalira kutentha komwe nthawi yamakedzedwe idachitikira. Ngati kunali kozizira, ndiye kuti amuna amaswa, ngati kwatentha, ndiye akazi. Pazifukwa zosadziwika ndi sayansi, nthawi zina nthawi yolumikizira imatha kutambasula kuchokera miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mpaka zaka zingapo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mu 2013, chochitika chodabwitsa chidachitika m'malo owonetsera zakale mumzinda wa Dnipro (kale Dnipropetrovsk). Mazira a kamba, omwe anali atawonetsedwa kwa zaka zingapo, mosayembekezereka amatulutsidwa kamba.
Adani achilengedwe a akamba amtunda
Chithunzi: Kamba wamtunda
Ngakhale chitetezo chodalirika ngati chipolopolo cholimba, akamba ali ndi adani ambiri m'chilengedwe. Mbalame zodya nyama (akabawi, ziwombankhanga) zimawasaka ndikuwaponya kuchokera kumtunda pamwamba pamiyala, ndikutulutsa zamkati. Akhwangwala, magpies, jackdaws amatha kudya ana onse osabedwa kumene. Pakhala pali zochitika pamene ankhandwe amaponyera akamba kuchokera pamiyala pamiyala kuti agawane zipolopolo zawo kuti adye.
Ku South America, akamba agalu amasakidwa mwaluso kwambiri. Iwo mwaluso kwambiri amadya zokwawa kuchokera m'zipolopolo zawo kotero kuti zotsatira za ntchito yawo zitha kufananizidwa ndi ntchito ya scalpel ya dotolo. Nthawi yomweyo, nyama zolusa sizikhutitsidwa ndi kamba m'modzi, koma zimadya kangapo mwakamodzi, kuzitembenuza ndi zikono kumbuyo kwawo pamtunda wopanda udzu ndi miyala. Nthawi zina akamba amasakidwa ndi mbewa zazikulu - makoswe, kuluma mchira kapena ziwalo zawo. Nthawi yomweyo, adani ofunikira kwambiri akamba ndi anthu omwe amawasaka ndi mazira, nyama, komanso kungosangalala.
Kuphatikiza pa zolusa ndi anthu, adani a akamba akhoza kukhala bowa, mavairasi, majeremusi. Nthawi zambiri, akamba ofooka komanso ofooka, chifukwa chakuchedwa kwawo, amakhala chakudya cha nyerere, zomwe zimatha kukukuta ziwalo zofewa za thupi msanga. Akamba ena amatha kudya anzawo akamadya anzawo ngati sangathe kuthawa kapena kukana. Ponena za akamba amphona a Galapagos, ndi kukula ndi kulemera kwawo, alibe adani achilengedwe.
Chosangalatsa: Aeschylus - wolemba masewero wakale wachi Greek adamwalira mopusa kwambiri. Kamba, yemwe anaukitsidwa ndi mphungu, anagwa pamutu pake.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kamba wamtchire mwachilengedwe
Mitundu ya akamba 228 yokha ndi yomwe ili ndi mwayi wosamalira International Union for Conservation of Nature, ndipo 135 mwa iwo watsala pang'ono kutha. Kamba wodziwika kwambiri wopezeka pangozi kwambiri ndi kamba wamtunda waku Central Asia.
Zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zimawopseza kukula kwa akamba amtunda:
- kupha;
- ntchito zaulimi;
- ntchito zomangamanga.
Kuphatikiza apo, akamba amtunda ndi nyama zotchuka kwambiri, zomwe sizimapindulitsa iwo. Inde, chifukwa cha izi, akamba amangogwidwa nthawi zonse ndikusungidwa ukapolo asanagulitsidwe, ndipo nthawi zonse samakhala m'malo abwino.
Nyama ya kamba ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali, chifukwa chake imakonda kwambiri odyetsa. Kudzichepetsa kwa akamba kumapangitsa mayendedwe awo kukhala osavuta, chifukwa chake amayendetsedwa ngati "chakudya cham'chitini chamoyo". Chipolopolo cha nyama nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zikumbutso zosiyanasiyana ndi zodzikongoletsera za akazi achikhalidwe.
Zosangalatsa: M'mayiko ambiri ku US, kusunga akamba monga ziweto ndizololedwa, koma osavomerezeka. Komabe, ku Oregon, izi ndizoletsedwa kwathunthu. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthamanga kwa akamba ndikosaloledwa ndi malamulo aku US, komanso malonda ndi mayendedwe a anthu ochepera 10 cm.
Kusunga akamba amtunda
Chithunzi: Kamba wamtunda wochokera ku Red Book
Utsogoleri wa mayiko osiyanasiyana m'njira zonse zotheka kuwonetsa kuyesetsa kwawo polimbana ndi kutha kwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya akamba amtunda:
- kuthetsa kugulitsa kwa mitundu yosawerengeka, kuletsa kovuta kusaka akamba, kugulitsa nyama ya akamba, komanso mazira awo ndi zipolopolo. Kuti izi zitheke, akuluakulu aboma amangobera m'mabwalo a ndege ndi misika posaka katundu wosaloledwa wogulitsa ndi kugulitsa;
- Kuchita kampeni yokhudzana ndi chikumbumtima cha ogwiritsa Mwachitsanzo, boma la Mexico lakhala likulimbikitsa nzika zawo kwazaka zopitilira 20 kuti asayitanitse mbale zodyera kamba m'malesitilanti, osadya mazira akamba, kapena kugula zinthu zazing'ono (nsapato, malamba, zisa) zopangidwa ndi zipolopolo. Ngakhale mitundu ina ya akamba yatetezedwa kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1960, sizinapitirire zaka za m'ma 1990 pomwe chilango chokhwima chokhudza kupha anthu mopanda chilungamo chidalowetsedwa m'malamulo aku Mexico;
- kulimbana ndi minda yamakamba. Palinso nkhondo yolimbana ndi minda yamakamba, pomwe nyama zimakonzedwa kuti zikhale nyama. Akamba amakhala m'malo ovuta. Ambiri mwa iwo amadwala kwambiri ndipo ali ndi zilema.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nthano ya ku Uzbekistan yonena za kambalameyu imati: “Wamalonda wina wonyenga adanyenga komanso kubera ogula mopanda manyazi kotero kuti adapempha thandizo kwa Allah. Allah adakwiya kwambiri, adafinya wachinyengo pakati pa sikelo ziwirizo pomwe anali wochepa thupi ndipo adati: "Mudzakhala ndi umboni wa manyazi anu kwamuyaya!"
Zaka khumi zapitazo, tsamba lofalitsa linapangidwa motsogozedwa ndi WSPA kuyitanitsa kuletsa minda yonseyi. Kamba wamtunda amafunika thandizo lathu, popanda izi sizingatheke kuti abwezeretse kwathunthu kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa zokongolazi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.07.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/24/2019 nthawi ya 22:09
