Nkhandwe ya Marsupial Ndi nyama yodya nyama ya ku Australia yomwe idazimiririka, imodzi mwazinyama zazikuluzikulu zodziwika bwino, zomwe zasintha kwazaka pafupifupi 4 miliyoni. Nyama yamoyo yomaliza yomwe idadziwika idalandidwa mu 1933 ku Tasmania. Amadziwika kuti kambuku wa Tasmania chifukwa cha nsana wake wamizeremizere, kapena nkhandwe ya ku Tasmania chifukwa cha ziphuphu zake.
Nkhandwe ya marsupial ndi imodzi mwazinyama zodziwika bwino kwambiri padziko lapansi. Koma ngakhale ili yotchuka, ndi imodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe ku Tasmania. Okhazikika ku Europe adamuwopa motero adamupha. Zinali zaka zana limodzi kuchokera pamene azunguwo anakhazikika ndipo nyama ija inafika pangozi yakutha. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi imfa ya marsupial wolf zitha kupezeka pano.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe ya Marsupial
Nkhandwe yamakono yotchedwa marsupial Wolf idawonekera pafupifupi zaka 4 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu ya banja la Thylacinidae ndi ya Miocene woyambirira. Kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya nyama zakale idapezeka m'dera la Lawn Hill National Park kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Queensland. Mmbulu wa Dixon marsupial (Nimbacinus dicksoni) ndiwakale kwambiri pazinthu zisanu ndi ziwiri zakale zomwe zidapezeka, zaka 23 miliyoni zapitazo.
Kanema: Nkhandwe ya Marsupial
Mtunduwo unali wocheperako poyerekeza ndi abale ake amtsogolo. Mitundu yayikulu kwambiri, nkhandwe yamphamvu kwambiri ya marsupial (Thylacinus potens), yomwe inali kukula kwa nkhandwe wamba, inali mitundu yokhayo yomwe idapulumuka mochedwa Miocene. Chakumapeto kwa Pleistocene komanso koyambirira kwa Holocene, mitundu yotsiriza ya marsupial wolf inali yofala (ngakhale sinali yambiri) ku Australia ndi New Guinea.
Chosangalatsa: Mu 2012, ubale womwe ulipo pakati pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mimbulu ya marsupial isanachitike udaphunziridwa. Zotsatirazo zasonyeza kuti mimbulu yomaliza ya marsupial, kuwonjezera pakuwopsezedwa ndi dingo, inali ndi malire amitundu yosiyanasiyana chifukwa chakudziyikira kwawo ku Australia. Kafukufuku wina adatsimikizira kuti kuchepa kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana kunayamba kalekale anthu asanafike ku Australia.
Nkhandwe ya Tasmania ikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha kusinthika kofananako ndi banja la Canidae la kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi: mano akuthwa, nsagwada zamphamvu, zidendene zokweza, ndi mawonekedwe amtundu womwewo. Popeza nkhandwe ya marsupial inali ndi zofananira zachilengedwe ku Australia monga banja la agalu kwina, idakhala ndimikhalidwe yofananira. Ngakhale izi, chikhalidwe chake cham'madzi sichimalumikizidwa ndi zilizonse zowononga nyama zoyipa za kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Marsupial, kapena Tasmanian wolf
Malongosoledwe a marsupial wolf adapezeka pazitsanzo zotsalira, zakale, zikopa ndi zotsalira za mafupa, komanso zithunzi zakuda ndi zoyera ndi zojambula m'mafilimu akale. Nyamayo idafanana ndi galu wamkulu wamfupi ndi mchira wolimba, womwe umatambasula bwino thupi mofanana ndi kangaroo. Choyimira chokhwima chinali ndi kutalika kwa 100 mpaka 130 cm, kuphatikiza mchira wa 50 mpaka 65. Kulemera kwake kumakhala pakati pa 20 mpaka 30 kg. Panali mawonekedwe ochepa ogonana.
Zithunzi zonse zodziwika bwino zaku Australia za mimbulu yam'madzi yojambula ku Hobart Zoo, Tasmania, koma pali makanema ena awiri omwe ajambulidwa ku London Zoo. Tsitsi lofiirira lachinyamacho linali ndi mikwingwirima yakuda 15 mpaka 20 kumbuyo, chotupa ndi m'munsi mwa mchira, zomwe zimawapatsa dzina loti "kambuku". Mikwingwirima imadziwika kwambiri mwa achinyamata ndipo imasowa nyama ikakhwima. Umodzi mwa mikwingwirima udafikira kumbuyo kwa ntchafu.
Zosangalatsa: Mimbulu ya Marsupial inali ndi nsagwada zolimba zokhala ndi mano 46, ndipo zikhomo zawo zinali ndi zikhadabo zosabweza. Mwa akazi, thumba laling'ono linali kuseli kwa mchira ndipo linali ndi khola lachikopa lokutira ma gland anayi.
Tsitsi pathupi lake linali lolemera komanso lofewa, mpaka 15 mm kutalika. Mitunduyi inali yofiirira mpaka yakuda, ndipo mimba inali yoterera. Makutu ozungulira, owongoka a marsupial nkhandwe anali pafupifupi 8 cm kutalika ndipo yokutidwa ndi ubweya wafupi. Anali ndi michira yolimba, yolimba komanso zotumphukira pang'ono zokhala ndi tsitsi 24. Anali ndi zolemba zoyera pafupi ndi maso ndi makutu komanso mozungulira mlomo wapamwamba.
Tsopano mukudziwa ngati marsupial wolf yatha kapena ayi. Tiyeni tiwone komwe nkhandwe yaku Tasmania inkakhala.
Kodi nkhandwe yam'madzi amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mimbulu ya Marsupial
Nyamayo iyenera kuti inkakonda nkhalango zowuma za bulugamu, madambo ndi udzu kumtunda kwa Australia. Zojambula pamiyala yaku Australia zikuwonetsa kuti thylacin amakhala kudera lonse la Australia ndi New Guinea. Umboni woti nyamayo idakhalapo kumtunda ndi mtembo wothiridwa womwe udapezeka kuphanga ku Nullarbor Plain mu 1990. Zomwe zidapezedwa posachedwa zikuwonetsanso kufalikira kwazomwe zapezeka pachilumba cha Kangaroo.
Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu woyambirira wakale wa mimbulu ya marsupial, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Tasmanian kapena thylacins, idagawidwa:
- kumadera ambiri aku Australia;
- Papua New Guinea;
- kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Tasmania.
Mtunduwu watsimikiziridwa ndi zojambula zingapo zamphanga, monga zomwe zidapezeka ndi Wright mu 1972, komanso ndi mafupa omwe adapangidwa ndi radiocarbon zaka 180 zapitazo. Zimadziwika kuti malo omaliza a mimbulu ya marsupial anali Tasmania, komwe adasakidwa kuti atheretu.
Ku Tasmania, adakonda nkhalango za midlance ndi zipululu za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zomwe pamapeto pake zidakhala malo opita kwaomwe amakhala ku Britain omwe amafunafuna ziweto zawo. Mtundu wa mizere, womwe umabisala m'nkhalango, pamapeto pake udakhala njira yayikulu yodziwitsa zinyama. Marsupial Wolf anali ndimtundu wapakhomo wa 40 mpaka 80 km².
Kodi marsupial wolf amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe ya Tasmanian marsupial
Mimbulu ya Marsupial inali nyama. Mwinanso nthawi ina, mtundu umodzi wamitundu yomwe adadya inali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya emu. Ndi mbalame yayikulu, yopanda kuwuluka yomwe idagawana malo okhala nkhandwe ndipo idawonongedwa ndi anthu komanso nyama zolusa zomwe zidayambitsidwa cha m'ma 1850, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa thylacine. Okhazikika ku Europe amakhulupirira kuti nkhandwe ya marsupial imadya nkhosa ndi nkhuku za alimi.
Kufufuza zotsalira zingapo za mafupa kuchokera kuphazi la Tasmanian nkhandwe, zidawoneka:
- khoma;
- zotheka;
- maluwa;
- thukuta;
- mimba;
- kangaroo;
- emu.
Zinapezeka kuti nyama zimangodya ziwalo zina zathupi. Pankhaniyi, panali nthano kuti amakonda kumwa magazi. Komabe, ziwalo zina za nyamazi zidadyedwanso ndi nkhandwe, monga chiwindi ndi mafuta a impso, minofu yammphuno, ndi minofu ina. ...
Zosangalatsa: M'zaka za zana la 20, nthawi zambiri amadziwika kuti anali womwa magazi. Malinga ndi a Robert Paddle, kutchuka kwa nkhaniyi kukuwoneka kuti kunachokera ku nkhani yokhayo yomwe Jeffrey Smith (1881-1916) adamva munyumba ya abusa.
Munthu wina wamtchire waku Australia adapeza mapanga a nkhandwe yam'madzi, yodzazidwa ndi mafupa, kuphatikiza ya ziweto monga ng'ombe ndi nkhosa. Zakhala zikuchitiridwa umboni kuti kuthengo marsupial uyu amangodya zomwe zimapha ndipo sadzabwereranso pamalo opha munthu. Mndende, mimbulu yam'madzi idadya nyama.
Kuwunika kwa mafupa ndi kuwunika kwa nkhandwe ya marsupial Wolf ikusonyeza kuti ndi nyama yolusa. Ankakonda kupatula nyama inayake ndikuithamangitsa mpaka itatha. Komabe, alenje am'deralo anena kuti adawona nyama zolusa zikubisalira. Zinyamazo mwina zimasaka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, pomwe gulu lalikulu limayendetsa nyama yawo kulowera kwina, komwe wozikirayo amayembekezera.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Australia marsupial wolf
Mukamayenda, nkhandwe imasunga mutu wake ngati kanyumba kofunafuna fungo, ndipo imasiya mwadzidzidzi kuti iwonetse chilengedwe ndi mutu wake. M'malo osungira nyama, nyama izi ndizomvera kwambiri kwa anthu ndipo sizinatchere khutu kwa anthu otsuka maselo awo. Zomwe zikusonyeza kuti adachititsidwa khungu ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa. Nthawi zambiri mkati mwa nthawi yowala kwambiri yamasana, mimbulu yam'madzi yam'madzi imapita m'mapanga awo, komwe amagona atadzipinditsa ngati agalu.
Ponena za kuyenda, mu 1863 zidalembedwa momwe nkhandwe yaikazi yaku Tasmania idalumpha mosadukiza kumtunda kwa khola lake, mpaka kutalika kwa 2-2.5 m mlengalenga. Yoyamba inali kuyenda kwa mbewu, mawonekedwe azinyama zambiri, momwe miyendo yoyenda mozungulira imayenda mosinthana, koma mimbulu yaku Tasmania inali yosiyana chifukwa imagwiritsa ntchito mwendo wonse, kulola kuti chidendene chachitali chikhale pansi. Njirayi siyabwino kwenikweni kuyendetsa. Mimbulu ya Marsupial idawoneka ikuzungulira mozungulira makoko awo pomwe mapilo okhawo amakhudza pansi. Nyamayo nthawi zambiri inkayimirira ndi miyendo yake yakumbuyo itakweza miyendo yake yakutsogolo, pogwiritsa ntchito mchira wake moyenerera.
Zosangalatsa: Pakhala pali zolembedwa zochepa zowukira anthu. Izi zidachitika pomwe mimbulu ya marsupial idawukiridwa kapena kutsekedwa. Zinadziwika kuti anali ndi mphamvu zambiri.
Thilacin anali wosaka usiku ndi nthawi yamadzulo yemwe amakhala masana m'mapanga ang'onoang'ono kapena mitengo ikuluikulu yamtengo mu chisa cha nthambi, khungwa, kapena fern. Masana, nthawi zambiri ankathawira kumapiri ndi kunkhalango, ndipo usiku ankasaka. Oyang'anira koyambirira adazindikira kuti nyamayo nthawi zambiri imakhala yamanyazi komanso yobisa, pozindikira zakupezeka kwa anthu ndipo imapewa kulumikizana, ngakhale nthawi zina imawonetsa zikhalidwe zokonda kudziwa. Panthawiyo, panali tsankho lalikulu motsutsana ndi "nkhanza" za chilombochi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Tasmanian marsupial wolf
Mimbulu ya ku Tasmania inali nyama zobisalira ndipo matchulidwe awo samamvetsetsa. Mimbulu imodzi yamphongo yamphongo yamphongo yamphongo ndi yomwe imapezeka kuti imagwidwa kapena kuphedwa limodzi. Izi zidapangitsa asayansi kuti aganizire kuti amangobwera palimodzi kuti akwatirane, koma mwina anali odyetsa okha. Komabe, zitha kuwonetsanso kukhala ndi mkazi m'modzi yekha.
Chosangalatsa: Mimbulu ya Marsupial idangobadwa bwino kamodzi ku ukapolo ku Melbourne Zoo mu 1899. Kutalika kwa moyo wawo kuthengo ndi zaka 5 mpaka 7, ngakhale zitsanzo zakugwidwa zidapulumuka mpaka zaka 9.
Ngakhale kulibe zambiri pamakhalidwe awo, zimadziwika kuti nthawi iliyonse, alenje amatenga ana agalu ambiri ndi amayi awo mu Meyi, Julayi, Ogasiti ndi Seputembala. Malinga ndi akatswiri, nthawi yoberekera idatenga pafupifupi miyezi 4 ndipo idasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiyana kwa miyezi iwiri. Amaganiziridwa kuti mkaziyo adayamba kukwerana ndikugwa ndipo atha kulandiranso zinyalala zoyamba masamba oyamba. Zina zikuwonetsa kuti kubadwa kumatha kukhala kuti kumachitika mosalekeza mchaka chonse, koma kumakonzedwa m'miyezi ya chilimwe (Disembala-Marichi). Nthawi yoberekera siyikudziwika.
Akazi a mimbulu ya marsupial amayesetsa kwambiri kulera ana awo. Zinalembedwa kuti nthawi yomweyo amatha kusamalira ana 3-4, omwe amayi adanyamula m'thumba akuyang'ana cham'mbuyo mpaka pomwe sangathenso kukwanira. Zisangalalo zazing'ono zinali zopanda tsitsi komanso akhungu, koma maso awo anali otseguka. Anawo anamamatira ku nsonga zake zinayi. Amakhulupirira kuti ana amakhala ndi amayi awo mpaka atakwanitsa zaka theka ndipo anali ataphimbidwa ndi tsitsi panthawiyi.
Adani achilengedwe a marsupial mimbulu
Chithunzi: Nkhandwe yamtchire yamtchire
Mwa nyama zonse zomwe zimadya marsupial m'chigawo cha Australasia, ma marupial ndiwo anali akulu kwambiri. Anali m'modzi wa alenje odziwika bwino kwambiri. Mimbulu ya ku Tasmania, yomwe idayambira nthawi zakale, idadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazomwe zimadya nyama, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosaka nyama iyi asanafike azungu.
Ngakhale izi, mimbulu yam'madzi yam'madzi amadziwika kuti yatayika chifukwa chakusaka kwakachuluka kwa anthu. Kusaka kololeza kololedwa ndi boma kumatha kupezeka mosavuta m'mabuku omwe adatsalapo akuchitira nkhanza nyama. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19, kuphedwa kwa zomwe anthu amawona ngati "zoyipa zoyipa" kudafikira pafupifupi anthu onse. Mpikisano wa anthu udabweretsa mitundu yolanda monga agalu a dingo, nkhandwe, ndi zina, zomwe zimapikisana ndi mitundu yakomweko kufuna chakudya. Kuwonongedwa kwa mimbulu ya Tasmanian marsupial kunakakamiza nyamayo kuti igonjetse nsonga yomwe inali. Izi zidapangitsa kuti nyamayi yodabwitsa kwambiri ku Australia idye.
Zosangalatsa: Kafukufuku wa 2012 adawonetsanso kuti ngati sikunali chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana, kutha kwa nkhandwe ya marsupial kukadatetezedwa ndikuchedwa kwambiri.
Zikuwoneka kuti pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zathandizira kuchepa ndi kutha kwa zinthu, kuphatikiza mpikisano ndi agalu amtchire omwe abwera ndiomwe amakhala ku Europe, kukokoloka kwa malo okhala, kutha kwamitundu imodzi ya nyama zolusa ndi matenda zomwe zakhudza nyama zambiri ku Australia.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mimbulu yomaliza yam'madzi
Nyamayo inayamba kusowa kwambiri kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1920. Mu 1928, a Tasmanian Local Fauna Advisory Committee adalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo osungira zachilengedwe, ofanana ndi Savage River National Park, kuti ateteze anthu omwe atsala, okhala ndi malo abwino okhala. Nkhandwe yomaliza yotchedwa marsupial Wolf kuti iphedwe kuthengo idawomberedwa mu 1930 ndi a Wilf Batty, mlimi waku Maubanna kumpoto chakumadzulo.
Chosangalatsa: Mmbulu womaliza wa marsupial wogwidwa, wotchedwa "Benjamin", adakodwa mu Florentine Valley ndi Elias Churchill mu 1933 ndipo adatumizidwa ku Hobart Zoo, komwe adakhala zaka zitatu. Adamwalira pa Seputembara 7, 1936. Marsupial predator uyu akuwonetsedwa mu kujambula komaliza kwazithunzi: 62 masekondi akuda ndi oyera.
Ngakhale adafufuzidwa kangapo, palibe umboni wotsimikizika wopezeka womwe ukusonyeza kuti ukupitilizabe kuthengo. Pakati pa 1967 ndi 1973, katswiri wazinyama D. Griffith ndi mlimi wa mkaka D. Mally adasanthula kwambiri, kuphatikiza kafukufuku wokwanira m'mbali mwa Tasmania, kuyika makamera otsogola, kufufuzira momwe akuwonera, ndipo mu 1972 Gulu la Kafukufuku wa Marsupial Wolf linakhazikitsidwa. ndi Dr. Bob Brown, yemwe sanapeze umboni wokhalapo.
Nkhandwe ya Marsupial anali ndi nyama zomwe zili pangozi mu Red Book mpaka ma 1980. Miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi panthawiyo idawonetsa kuti nyama sichinganene kuti yatha mpaka zaka 50 zidadutsa popanda mbiri yotsimikizika. Popeza zaka zopitilira 50 kunalibe umboni wotsimikizika wokhalapo wa nkhandwe, udindo wake udayamba kukwaniritsa izi. Chifukwa chake, mitunduyi idanenedwa kuti yatayika ndi International Union for Conservation of Nature mu 1982, komanso boma la Tasmania mu 1986. Mitunduyi idasiyidwa mu Appendix I ya Endangered Species Trade of Wild Fauna (CITES) mu 2013.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/24/2019 pa 21:05
