Dingo Ndi galu woweta wanyumba yemwe amakhala ku Australia. Nyamayo imasiyana ndi ziweto zina zonse zaku Australia chifukwa ana ake amaoneka kuti apita patali kwambiri, amakhala omasuka. Dzinalo lachi Latin lili ndi mawu atatu, kutanthauza kuti agalu, mimbulu ndipo ali ndi dzina - dingo: Canis lupus dingo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Dingo
Nyama iyi yochokera ku nyama zogwidwa ndi ya banja la canine, koma ku mtundu ndi mitundu ya mimbulu, yooneka ngati subspecies yosiyana - dingo. Zotsalira zakale za nyama izi zidapezeka ku Vietnam ndipo zidayamba zaka 4000 BC, ku Timor-Leste kuzilumba za Southeast Asia - zaka 3,000 nthawi yathu ino isanakwane. Zotsalira za dingo zidapezeka mu Strait of Toress, ali ndi zaka 2.1 zikwi.Zotsalira za agalu a New Guinea zaka 2.5-2.3 zaka 2000 BC zidalembedwa kale. ndipo si makolo a Galu Woyimba ku New Guinea.
Zotsalira zakale kwambiri za dingo:
- kuchokera kuphanga la Australia la Mandura kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Western Australia (zaka 3.4 zikwi BC);
- kukhazikika kwa Wumba ku New South Wales (zaka 3.3 zikwi BC);
- ku Mannum pamtsinje wa Murray ku South Australia (zaka zikwi 3.1 BC);
- pa Phiri la Burr ku South Australia (zaka 8.5 zikwi BC).
Kafukufuku wa chibadwa akuwonetsa kuti dingo ndi imodzi mwamagawo a nthambi za imvi, koma osati mbadwa zamtundu wapano. Ali ndi makolo ofanana, koma makolo a dingo adazimiririka kumapeto kwa Pleistocene. Agalu ndi ma dingo ndi mamembala a nthambi yomweyo - clade. Agalu aku New Guinea akuimba ndi ma dingo ochokera kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia ndi ofanana kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Agalu awa sakuwa, koma amatha kubuula ndi kubangula.
Agalu owetedwa atagunda dziko la Australia, adakhalanso anyama. Oyamba okhala ku Europe adadziwana ndi nyamazi momwe zilili zolusa mpaka pano.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Wild dingo
Chinyamacho chimakhala chachikulu kukula poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya agalu. Amakhala 50-60 cm kutalika (bitches ndi ocheperako pang'ono), kulemera kwa 13-19 kg. Mutu woboola pakati umawoneka ngati wamkulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi thupi, koma wokongola. Chigaza chachitali chokhala ndi occiput yotsogola, yolimba komanso yotakata pakati pa makutu, yolowera kumphuno. Mphuno zakuda ndizotseguka (agalu ofiira, ndi amtundu wa chiwindi). Nsagwada zamphamvu zam'munsi zimawoneka bwino. Milomo imaphimba mano. Scissor kuluma ndi mano athunthu.
Kanema: Dingo
Maso ake ndi ofanana ndi amondi, okhazikika pang'ono, kukula kwake kumakhala kwapakatikati, utoto wake ndi wamdima. Makutuwo ndi amakona atatu, okhazikika ndi nsonga yokhotakhota, yotulutsa mawu kwambiri komanso yomwe ili pamwamba pa chigaza. Khosi lolimba bwino ndilotalika pang'ono ndipo mutu umakhazikika. Kumbuyo kwa chinyama kuli kowongoka komanso kolimba, chifuwa ndi chopepuka. Croup ndiyotakata, yaying'ono, ndipo pali kutalika kokwanira kuchokera mchiuno kupita ku hock kuti ikhale ngati kasupe wolumpha, ngati chiwongolero chothandiza kuthamangira liwiro. Paws ndi chowulungika, pali tsitsi pakati pa ziyangoyango.
Mchira umapangidwa bwino ndipo umafutukuka mpaka pakati ndikutalika mpaka kumapeto. Anthu omwe amakhala kumadera akumpoto kwa kontinentiyo ali ndi ubweya wokhala ndi chovala chamkati komanso chovala chachitetezo cham'mwamba, pomwe agalu ochokera kum'mwera alibe chovala chamkati. Mtunduwo ndi ofiira, zonona zokhala ndi utoto wagolide, zofiirira, pali anthu akuda. Pamphuno pamatha kukhala ndi chopepuka, ndipo mthunzi wopepuka umapezekanso pakhosi, pamimba komanso pansi pa mchira. Ma dingos akuda ndi abulauni amatha kukhala ndi malo owala bwino miyendo, chifuwa, masaya, ndi nsidze. Ichi ndi nyama yanzeru kwambiri, yofuna kudziwa koma yosamala. Ndi yolimba, nthawi yomweyo imakhudzidwa ndi zoyambitsa. Mwachilengedwe, agalu amadziyimira pawokha, koma amadziwa momwe angakhalire paketi.
Chosangalatsa: Kawiri pachaka, ma dingo amapita kunyanja. Anthu omwe amakhala ku New South Wales nawonso amakwera mapiri kupita ku New Ingled ndi magulu ena a Alps aku Australia kawiri pachaka mu Epulo ndi Novembala.
Kodi dingo amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Dingo ku Australia
Galu wamtchire wamtunduwu amapezeka ku Australia konse. Anthu ambiri ndi gawo lakumpoto. Pakati penipeni pa malowa, malo okhala ndi lilime lalikulu amatsikira kumwera mkati mwa gawo lalikulu la dzikolo, komanso limaphimba gawo lakumadzulo mozungulira. Apa dingo amapezeka nthawi zambiri, ngakhale kumadera ena nyamayi siichilendo. Magulu ang'onoang'ono amakhala ku New Guinea komanso m'maiko ena ku Southeast Asia:
- Myanmar;
- Thailand;
- Laos;
- Borneo;
- Philippines;
- Malaysia;
- Bangladesh;
- kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa China.
Pofuna kusamutsa agalu, amakonda nkhalango za eucalyptus komanso chipululu. M'malo okhala ndi mitengo, amakonza mabedi ndi mapanga pansi pa mizu ya mitengo, pansi pa nkhuni, m'nkhalango zowirira kapena udzu, m'ming'alu ndi m'mapanga amiyala. Komanso, agalu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi maenje opanda nyama omwe amakhala nyama ya dingoes. Amakonda malo omwe ali pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi magwero ena amadzi abwino. Ma dingoes nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu, komwe amatha kupeza chakudya m'malo otayilamo nyama kapena ziweto zosaka.
Zosangalatsa: Australia ili ndi linga lalitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lotchedwa "Mpanda wa Dingo". Imasiyanitsa kumwera chakum'mawa kwa mainland ndi ena ndipo cholinga chake ndikuteteza msipu waulimi pakuwukiridwa ndi agalu. Kutalika kwa mpanda wa mauna ndi mita 1.8. Kumbali zonse ziwiri, gawo lamamita asanu limayeretsedwa ndi zomera. Zithunzi zamatabwa zimakhala zothandizira. M'malo ena pali kuyatsa, mphamvu imaperekedwa ndi ma solar.
Mpandawo udamangidwa koyamba mu 1880 poletsa kufalikira kwa akalulu, koma kudangowononga nthawi ndipo chakumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, nyumbayo idagwa m'malo ambiri. Koma, m'maiko ena, adaganiza zobwezeretsa mpandawo kuti agalu amtchire asagwere nkhosa. Chifukwa chake mu 1932, boma la Queasland adagula mauna 32,000 km kuti abwezeretse mpandawo. Mwa zaka makumi anai, magawo amtundu umodzi adalumikizidwa muunyolo umodzi, ndipo kutalika konse kunali pafupifupi makilomita 8.6 zikwi. Tsopano zomangamanga zikuposa 5.6 zikwi.Pamafunika ndalama zokwana madola 10 miliyoni kuti ziwonongeke.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe dingo amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe galu wakutchire amadya.
Kodi dingo amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: dingo waku Australia
Galu, atafika ku Australia, sanakumane ndi ziweto zina zazikulu, kupatula mimbulu yam'madzi ndi satana waku Tasmania, motero amakhala mosavuta m'chigawochi ndikusaka nyama zazikulu. Athana kwathunthu ndi omwe akupikisana nawo mdziko muno.
Nyama zazing'ono monga makoswe, akalulu, opossums ndi wallabies zimadya pang'ono pang'ono theka la chakudya chachikulu cha galu, ndipo zimadya ma kangaroo akuluakulu komanso ma wombat. Mbalame, zokwawa, amphibiya, nsomba, crustaceans, zovunda, tizilombo pafupifupi 40% ya menyu.
Kangaroo imakhala yachangu komanso yokulirapo kuposa dingo, koma paketi ya agalu imathamangitsa nyamayi kwa maola ambiri, ikumasiyanirana patali ndikupeza mwayi wopuma. Kangaroo amatopa ndi kufunafuna kwanthawi yayitali ndipo sangathe kupirira. Dingos mu gulu nthawi zonse amatsata dongosolo la chakudya chawo. Mamembala akulu kwambiri komanso opambana amapeza zidutswa zabwino kwambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Gulu la ma dingo 12-14 omwe akuukira nkhosa amatha kuwononga mitu 20 nthawi imodzi osadya. Gawo la ziweto pazakudya ndi pafupifupi 4% ndipo gawo lalikulu ndi nkhuku: nkhuku, abakha, atsekwe, nkhuku.
Ma dingoes amasakanso ma emus, omwe amakhala okulirapo nthawi zambiri kuposa iwo. Galu amayesa kugwira khosi la mbalameyo pakulumpha, pafupi ndi mutu momwe angathere. Emu, pozindikira kuopsa kwake, amapanga kudumpha kwakukulu ndikuyesetsa kukankhira chilombocho ndi phazi lake. Dingo silimakhala nthawi zonse m'mano a nyama yayikulu komanso yovuta, chifukwa chake galuyo saopseza mbalameyi. M'mayiko a Indochina, mndandanda wa dingo umakhala ndi zinyalala zambiri za anthu: mpunga, zipatso, nsomba, nkhuku. Nthawi zina amasaka makoswe, abuluzi, njoka.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Galu wa Dingo
Gawo logwira ntchito m'moyo wa dingo limagwera madzulo. Masana, m'nyengo yotentha, agalu amenewa amapuma m'nkhalango kapena m'nkhalango. Madzulo, amapita kukasaka, amakhala pagulu. Tinyama tating'onoting'ono timagwidwa ndi anthu osakwatira.
Dingo sikuti nthawi zonse amapambana m'modzi ndi kangaroo. Makamaka ngati sathawa, koma akuyimirira, amayesa kuwopseza mdani, kuti amenyane ndi zikhomo zake zakumaso ndi zikhadabo. Ndipo agalu samapita kukamenya nkhondo koteroko, poyesa mphamvu zawo. Gululo limasaka m'njira yofuna, likuukira mdani, yemwe ndi wamkulu kuposa agalu, ochokera mbali zosiyanasiyana.
Chosangalatsa: Nyama zazikulu ndi zazikulu zimapita kukasaka kutali ndi phanga. Gawo lomwe lili pafupi ndi nyumbayi limakhalabe la achinyamata, osadziwa zambiri.
Pakutentha, agalu amatha kuthamanga mpaka makilomita 20 patsiku, kwinaku akuthamanga liwiro la 55 km pa ola limodzi. Dingos ndi agile kwambiri, nyama zosinthasintha, ndi anzeru mwachangu komanso anzeru. Ndiye chifukwa chake zinali zovuta kwambiri kwa alimi kuthana ndi adaniwo. Amapewa misampha ndipo amasamala kwambiri za nyambo zosiyanasiyana.
Nkhosa zaku Australia zimakonda kudya msanga popanda kuthandizidwa ndi anthu ndipo zimangoyang'aniridwa ndi agalu oweta. Agalu oweta, ngakhale atakhala okulirapo kuposa kukula kwa dingo, nthawi zonse sangathe kulimbana ndi gulu la dingo, lomwe limatha kung'ambika mlonda waubweya ndikudula nkhosa zomwe amateteza.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Dingo, wodulidwa ndi agalu oweta kwa anthu amtundu wake, amatha kumenya nkhondo mwamphamvu, ngakhale kutayika kwamphamvu, koma nthawi yomweyo kumawonetsa kuchenjera. Galu wamtchire amatha kunamizira kuti wafa ndipo, pogwira mphindiyo, amathawa omwe amamusaka.
Mutha kudziwa mtanda pakati pa dingo ndi chowonadi chokhacho ndikutha kukuwa. Komanso, ngakhale makolo agalu oweta ali ankhanza bwanji, samaukira anthu, zomwe sizinganenedwe za nyama zomwe zidawoloka ndi mitundu ina.
Ana agalu a Dingo ndiosavuta kuweta, koma akamakalamba, mawonekedwe awo odziyimira pawokha amawonekera. Izi zimawonekera makamaka munthawi yakuswana. Mulimonsemo, galu uyu amazindikira mwini m'modzi yekha ndipo akautaya, amafa kapena amapita kuthengo.
Chifukwa chowopsa kuwoloka agaluwa ndi mitundu ina ya zoweta ndikuwonetsa nkhanza mwa ana m'matumba osakanikirana otere, ndikoletsedwa kukhala ndi dingo ku Australia. M'mayiko ena akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, agalu owetedwa amakhala odziyimira pawokha, amakhala pafupi ndi nyumba ya munthu ndipo samasaka konse, kudya zomwe angapeze kapena zomwe eni ake amapereka.
Zosangalatsa: Aborigine aku Australia nthawi zambiri amatenga ana agalu a dingo kuti awasamalire. Anawaphunzitsa kusaka ndi kusaka mizu yothandiza ya chakudya. Pambuyo pa imfa ya nyama, iye anaikidwa m'manda ndi maulemu.
M'nyengo yotentha, gulu la ma dingo limasweka. Komanso, nyamazi zimazolowera chilala, zokhutira ndi madzi okhaokha omwe ali mchakudyacho. Kwa ana agalu omwe samadyetsanso mkaka, agalu abwezeretsanso madzi.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Ana agalu a Dingo
Ma dingoes nthawi zambiri amapanga gulu la anthu 10-14. Kapangidwe kawo ndi momwe anthu amakhalira pagulu atha kufananizidwa ndi gulu la nkhandwe, pomwe pali ulamuliro wolimba, ndipo amuna akulu ndi olimba amapatsidwa udindo waukulu ngati mtsogoleri. Phukusili lili ndi gawo lake lokasaka ndipo limatha kuteteza malire ake, kulimbana ndi gulu lina la ma dingo. Achinyamata nthawi zambiri amasaka okha, ngakhale kuti atenge nyama zambiri amatha kusonkhana pagulu.
Nyama izi ndizokwatirana. Zimaswana kamodzi pachaka. Amuna awiri okhawo ndi omwe amabweretsa ana m'gululo, ana agalu otsalawo amawonongedwa ndi akazi kuchokera kwa omwe akutsogolera. Anthu ena ammudzimo amathandizira pa chisamaliro ndi maphunziro a achinyamata. Zikuluzikulu, nyama zazikulu zimakhala zowongolera posachedwa chaka chachitatu. Nyengo yokwanira ku Australia imachitika mu Marichi ndi Epulo, komanso zigawo za Asia mu Ogasiti ndi Seputembala.
Malo obisika obisalirako ndi kuyamwitsa ana a dingo amakonzedwa m'mabowo, m'mapanga, m'mapanga ndi pansi pa mizu yamitengo. Mimba imakhala masiku 61-68. Pafupifupi, ana agalu 5-6 amabadwa, koma pali zinyalala mpaka anthu khumi. Iwo aphimbidwa ndi ubweya, koma samawona m'masiku oyamba a moyo wawo. Ngati hule iwona zoopsa zilizonse, ndiye kuti amasamutsira ndowe zonse kudzenje lina.
Pakatha milungu itatu, ana agaluwo akuchoka pakhomopo. Kwa miyezi iwiri, amasiya kudyetsa mkaka wa mayi. Osati makolo okha omwe amadyetsa anawo, komanso mamembala amthumba m'munsi mwa olamulira, kubwezeretsa nyama yomwe idadyedwa pambuyo pokusaka, kwa ana agalu. Pakatha milungu isanu ndi itatu, ana amalowa mgulu, amayamba kusaka kuyambira azaka zinayi zakubadwa.
Pakati pazaka ziwiri zamoyo, agalu achichepere amakhala ndi amayi awo, ndikupeza luso losaka komanso maluso amoyo. Kutha msinkhu kumachitika pafupifupi zaka 2-3. Nthawi yayitali yamoyo wa nyama zakutchire ili pafupifupi zaka khumi.
Adani achilengedwe a dingo
Chithunzi: Dingo
Mwa nyama zaku Australia, dingo ali ndi adani ochepa, ndichifukwa chake mtundu wa agalu akudya nyama zopezeka mdziko lonse lino. Mimbulu yakomweko yam'madzi ndi ziwanda, omwe kale amakhala ku Australia, kenako adangokhala ku Tasmania, sanapikisane nawo. Pambuyo pake, azungu adabweretsa mimbulu ndi agalu oweta, omwe ndi adani a dingo. Ng'ona, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadikirira nyama zomwe zimadya, zimathanso kuwopsa.
Mbadwo wachichepere ungagwere m'manja mwa mbalame zodya nyama. Buluzi wamkuluyo amayang'aniranso dingo, koma wolusa kwambiri komanso wodekha nthawi zambiri samakhala abuluzi. Kuthira mimbulu kusaka agalu, makamaka achichepere kapena ofooka. Adani a dingo ndi oimira ng'ombe zoweta ndi njati.
Mdani wamkulu wa dingo ndi munthu. Popeza nyamayi imatha kupha nkhosa zingapo nthawi imodzi, kapena kani, izi zimapitilira mpaka agalu abusa kapena anthu omwe ali ndi mfuti atuluka, ndiye wotsutsana kwambiri ndi oweta nkhosa. Nthambi iyi yaulimi idakhala yofunika kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 19, kuyambira pomwe ma dingo adayamba kuwombera, kuwizitsa, kutchera misampha, zomwe zidapangitsa kuchepa kwa ziweto. Pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi ndi makumi awiri zapitazo, ndalama ziwiri zinaperekedwa kwa galu aliyense amene waphedwa. Masiku ano kulipira koteroko ndi $ 100 ngati galuyo wawonongedwa pafupi ndi mpanda.
Pakati pa mpanda womwe ulipo, ma dingo amakhala akugwira ntchito nthawi zonse, omwe amawunika kukhulupirika kwa ukondewo ndipo akapeza ma dingos, ndiye kuti awasakaza. Aborigines aku Australia kale amadya nyama izi, monga momwe amachitira masiku ano ku Asia. Ku Thailand, pafupifupi nyama mazana awiri zimalowa m'misika yazakudya sabata iliyonse.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Wild dingo
Kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa dingo sikudziwika, chifukwa pali anthu ambiri osakanizidwa omwe sangasiyanitsidwe ndi mawonekedwe akunja. Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia kumakhala nyama zambiri, koma kuchuluka kwa agalu osakwatiwa kwakhala kukucheperachepera pazaka 50 zapitazi: 50% mzaka 60, 17% m'ma 80s. Tsopano ndizovuta kuyankhula za ma dingo osavomerezeka m'malo awa a Asia. Kumpoto, kumpoto chakumadzulo ndi madera apakati ku Australia, kuchuluka kwa agalu, onse osakanizidwa ndi osakanizidwa, sikuposa 0.3 pa kilomita lalikulu. Nyama sizinapezeke ku Papua New Guinea kwanthawi yayitali, ndizosowa kwambiri ku Philippines. Pali Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Laos, Malaysia, India ndi China, koma chiwerengerochi sichikudziwika.
Malo okhalamo amakhala m'malo otentha a mapiri okwera pafupifupi 3.5 - 3.8 zikwi zikwi, nkhalango pamwamba pa mapiri kum'mawa kwa Australia, nkhalango zotentha, zipululu zotentha komanso zipululu zouma. Ndi kawirikawiri kupeza agalu m'madambo ndi msipu chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa ndi anthu.Dingo, mtundu womwe umayambitsidwa ndi anthu, amapha nkhosa, ndipo pamakhala ziwopsezo za nyamazi kwa ana, zomwe zimalungamitsa zomwe zingawononge agaluwa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mpanda wa dingo kumakwiyitsa anthu am'deralo, chifukwa pamafunika khama komanso ndalama kuti musamalire, ndipo agalu amadutsabe mpandawo, womwe udawonongeka ndi nkhandwe, akalulu, komanso ma wombat. Othandizira zinyama nawonso amatsutsa kuwombera ndi kuwononga ma dingo. Asayansi nawonso amakayikira ngati kuli kofunika kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero chawo, chifukwa agalu akhala akupezeka kuthengo kwa zaka mazana ambiri ku Australia ndipo akhala akutenga zachilengedwe. Kuchepa kwa ma dingo kungapangitse kuti kangaroo aberekane, adzawononga kuswana kwa nkhosa, popeza amagwiritsa ntchito msipu womwewo.
Nyama iyi ili pachiwopsezo, kuchuluka kwa agalu amtchire ndiochulukirapo, koma kuchuluka kwa mitundu yoyera kumatsika chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a hybrids. Udindo dingo m'chilengedwe cha kontinenti ya Australia ndikofunikira. Nyamayo imayang'anira kuchuluka kwa akalulu obereketsa mwachangu, amenenso ndi mliri wa oweta nkhosa, amadya udzu, kuwononga kwathunthu udzu. Mankhwalawa amapezanso amphaka ndi nkhandwe, zomwe zimawopseza mitundu yambiri ya nyama ndi mbalame ku Australia. Ngakhale dingo iwonso idathandizira kutsika ndi kuzimiririka kwa anthu ena oimira nyama zakunyanja yakumwera iyi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 24.09.2019 nthawi 20:43
