Nyanja Mdyerekezi (manta ray) ndi imodzi mwa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kufikira m'lifupi mwa 8.8 m, ma mantana ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina iliyonse ya kunyezimira. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, panali mtundu umodzi wokha wodziwika, koma asayansi agawe magawo awiri: nyanja yamchere, yomwe imakonda malo otseguka am'madzi, ndi miyala yam'madzi, yomwe ili m'mbali mwa nyanja. Chingwe chachikulu cha manta tsopano chikuthandiza kwambiri pa ntchito zokopa alendo, ndikupanga malo osambira m'madzi omwe alendo akufuna kusambira pafupi ndi zimphona zofewazi. Tiyeni tiwone zambiri za iwo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mdyerekezi wam'madzi wa Stingray
Dzinalo "Manta" potanthauzira kuchokera ku Chipwitikizi ndi Chisipanishi limatanthauza chovala (chovala kapena bulangeti). Izi ndichifukwa choti msampha wopangidwa ndi bulangeti kale wagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwira ma stingray. M'mbuyomu, ziwanda zam'nyanja zimawopedwa chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi mphamvu zawo. Oyendetsa sitima ankakhulupirira kuti anali oopsa kwa anthu ndipo amatha kumira mabwato pokoka anangula. Maganizo amenewa adasintha cha 1978 pomwe ena ku Gulf of California adazindikira kuti anali odekha komanso kuti anthu amatha kulumikizana ndi nyamazi.
Zosangalatsa: Ziwanda zam'nyanja zimadziwikanso kuti "cuttlefish" chifukwa cha zipsepse zawo zam'mutu zooneka ngati nyanga, zomwe zimawapatsa mawonekedwe "oyipa". Amakhulupirira kuti amatha kumiza diver mwa kukulunga mu "mapiko" awo akulu.
Mazira a Manta ndi mamembala a Myliobatiformes, omwe amakhala ndi ma stingray ndi abale awo. Ziwanda zam'nyanja zidasinthika kuchokera kumayendedwe apansi. M. birostris akadali ndi zotsalira zotsalira za mbola mofanana ndi msana wa caudal. Mazira a Manta ndi mtundu wokha wa cheza womwe wasandulika kukhala zosefera. Mu kafukufuku wa DNA (2009), kusiyanasiyana kwa kafukufuku wamakhalidwe, kuphatikizapo utoto, kusiyanasiyana kwa phenogenetic, msana, mano a mano ndi mano a anthu osiyanasiyana kudawunikidwa.
Mitundu iwiri yosiyanasiyana yawonekera:
- ang'onoang'ono a M. alfredi omwe amapezeka ku Indo-Pacific komanso kotentha kum'mawa kwa Atlantic;
- lalikulu M. birostris, lomwe limapezeka m'malo otentha, otentha komanso ofunda.
Kafukufuku wa 2010 wa DNA pafupi ndi Japan adatsimikizira kusiyanasiyana kwa morphological ndi majini pakati pa M. birostris ndi M. alfredi. Mafupa angapo akale a manta rays apezeka. Mafupa awo a cartilaginous sateteza bwino. Pali magawo atatu okha a sedimentary omwe ali ndi zakale za manta ray, imodzi yochokera ku Oligocene ku South Carolina ndipo awiri ochokera ku Miocene ndi Pliocene ku North Carolina. Poyamba adatchedwa Manta fragilis koma pambuyo pake adasandulidwanso Paramobula fragilis.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Sea Devil
Ziwanda zam'nyanja zimayenda mosavuta m'nyanja chifukwa cha "mapiko" awo akuluakulu pachifuwa. Birostris manta ray ili ndi zipsepse za mchira ndi kansalu kakang'ono kakang'ono. Zili ndi ma lobes awiri aubongo omwe amapita patsogolo kuchokera kutsogolo kwa mutu, ndi pakamwa patali, tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mano ang'ono mokha munsagwada. Mitsempha imapezeka pansi pathupi. Mazira a Manta amakhalanso ndi mchira wawufupi, wonga chikwapu womwe, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yambiri, ilibe chomenyera chakuthwa.
Kanema: Mdyerekezi Wam'madzi
Ana a Atlantic manta ray amalemera makilogalamu 11 akabadwa. Amakula mwachangu kwambiri, ndikuwonjezera kutambalala kwa thupi lawo kuyambira kubadwa mpaka chaka choyamba cha moyo. Ziwanda zam'nyanja zimawonetsa mawonekedwe ochepa pakati pa akazi ndi mapiko kuyambira 5.2 mpaka 6.1 m mwa amuna ndi 5.5 mpaka 6.8 m mwa akazi. Choyimira chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chidalembedwapo chinali 9.1 m.
Zosangalatsa: Ziwanda zam'nyanja zimakhala ndi gawo limodzi mwazitali kwambiri pakati paubongo ndi thupi komanso kukula kwakukula kwaubongo kuposa nsomba iliyonse.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimasiyanitsa manta ndi gulu lonse la cartilaginous ndikuti mafupa onse amapangidwa ndi cartilage, yomwe imapereka mayendedwe osiyanasiyana. Kuwala uku kumasiyana mitundu yakuda ndi yakuda buluu kumbuyo ndi yoyera pansi pamiyala yoyera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira cheza chilichonse. Khungu la mdierekezi wam'nyanja ndilolimba komanso lonyansa ngati nsomba zambiri.
Kodi satana wam'nyanja amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mdyerekezi wanyanja pansi pamadzi
Ziwanda zam'nyanja zimapezeka m'madzi otentha m'madzi osefukira (Pacific, Indian ndi Atlantic), komanso amalowa m'nyanja zotentha, nthawi zambiri pakati pa 35 ° kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa kumpoto. Magawo awo akuphatikizapo magombe akumwera kwa Africa, kuyambira kumwera kwa California mpaka kumpoto kwa Peru, kuchokera ku North Carolina mpaka kumwera kwa Brazil ndi Gulf of Mexico.
Gawo logawa ma mantas akulu kwambiri, ngakhale amagawika m'malo osiyanasiyana. Amakonda kupezeka kunyanja yayikulu, m'madzi am'nyanja komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zovala zazikuluzikulu zimadziwika kuti zimasuntha kwakanthawi ndipo zimatha kupita kumadzi ozizira kwakanthawi kochepa pachaka.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nsomba zomwe asayansi amakhala nazo ndi ma radio transmitter zidayenda makilomita 1000 kuchokera komwe zidagwidwa ndikutsikira mpaka kuzama osachepera mita 1000. M. alfredi ndi mtundu wokhala komanso wamphepete mwa nyanja kuposa M. birostris.
Mdyerekezi wam'nyanja amakhala pafupi ndi gombe m'madzi ofunda, pomwe magwero azakudya amakhala ambiri, koma nthawi zina amapezeka kutali ndi gombe. Amakonda kupezeka pagombe kuyambira masika mpaka nthawi yophukira, koma amayenda mtunda m'nyengo yozizira. Masana, amakhala pafupi ndi pamwamba komanso m'madzi osaya, ndipo usiku amasambira pansi kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuchuluka kwawo komanso kufalikira kwawo m'nyanja zapadziko lonse lapansi, pali mipata ina pakudziwitsa asayansi za mbiri ya moyo wa ziwanda zazikulu.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe satana wam'madzi amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi satana wam'nyanja amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Sea devil, kapena manta
Manti ndi omwe amadyetsa zosefera potengera mtundu wodyetsa. Nthawi zonse amasambira atatsegula pakamwa pawo, kusefa ma plankton ndi zakudya zina zazing'ono m'madzi. Pofuna kuthandizira njirayi, kuwala kwakukulu kwa manta kumakhala ndi mavavu apadera otchedwa lobes aubongo omwe amathandizira kulowa madzi ndi chakudya pakamwa.
Amasambira pang'onopang'ono m'matope ofukula. Ofufuza ena amati izi zimachitika kuti akhalebe pamalo odyetserako ziweto. Milomo yawo yayikulu, yophulika komanso ma lobes owonjezera amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma crustaceans ndi masukulu ang'onoang'ono a nsomba. Manti amasefa madzi kudzera m'mitsempha, ndipo zamoyo zomwe zili m'madzi zimasungidwa ndi chida chosankhacho. Chidebechi chimakhala ndi mbale zansiponji kumbuyo kwa kamwa, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi minofu yakuda kwambiri komanso imayenda pakati pamiyeso. Manta birostris mano samagwira ntchito akamadyetsa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Pokhala ndi chakudya chambiri kwambiri m'malo odyetsera manta, amatha kukhala ngati shark, chifukwa cha chakudya.
Maziko a zakudya ndi plankton ndi nsomba mphutsi. Ziwanda zam'nyanja zimangoyenda pambuyo pa plankton. Kuona ndi kununkhiza kumawathandiza kuzindikira chakudya. Kulemera konse kwa chakudya chomwe chimadyedwa tsiku lililonse ndi pafupifupi 13% ya kulemera kwake. Mantasi amasambira pang'onopang'ono mozungulira nyama yawo, ndikuwapititsa pamulu, kenako ndikusambira mwachangu pakamwa pawo kutseguka kudzera munthawi zamoyo zam'madzi. Pakadali pano, zipsepse za cephalic, zomwe zimakulungidwa mu chubu chowoneka bwino, zimafutukuka mukamadyetsa, zomwe zimathandiza ma stingray kuwongolera chakudya pakamwa.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nsomba Zam'madzi Zam'madzi
Mazira a Manta amakhala okha, osambira mwaulere omwe alibe malo. Amagwiritsa ntchito zipsepse zawo zamatope osambira posambira bwino panyanja. Zipsepse zakumutu za mdierekezi wam'nyanja zimagwira ntchito nthawi yayitali. Zinalembedwa kuti mantas amalumpha kuchokera m'madzi mpaka kutalika kwa 2 m, kenako ndikugunda pamwamba pake. Pochita izi, stingray amatha kuchotsa tiziromboti komanso khungu lakufa m'thupi lake lalikulu.
Kuphatikiza apo, ziwanda zam'nyanja zimayendera "chomera", pomwe nsomba zazing'ono za remora (zotsuka) zimasambira pafupi ndi mantana, kutola tiziromboti ndi khungu lakufa. Kuyanjana kwofananira ndi nsomba zotsitsimula kumachitika akamagwirizana ndi chimphona chachikulu ndikuchikwera pomwe akudyetsa tiziromboti ndi plankton.
Chosangalatsa: Mu 2016, asayansi adasindikiza kafukufuku wosonyeza kuti ziwanda zam'nyanja zimawonetsa zodzidziwitsa. Poyesa magalasi osinthidwa, anthu adatenga nawo gawo pakuwunika mwadzidzidzi ndi machitidwe omwe amadziona okha.
Kusambira pamayendedwe a manta kumasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana: mukamapita kuzama, amayenda liwiro mosasunthika, pagombe nthawi zambiri amatentha kapena kusambira osachita chilichonse. Mazira a Manta amatha kuyenda okha kapena m'magulu mpaka 50. Amatha kulumikizana ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba, komanso mbalame zam'nyanja ndi nyama zam'madzi. Mu gulu, anthu amatha kupanga zodumpha mlengalenga.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mdyerekezi wanyanja kuchokera ku Red Book
Ngakhale cheza chachikulu cha manta nthawi zambiri chimakhala chinyama chokhachokha, amalumikizana palimodzi kuti adyetse komanso kuswana. Mdyerekezi wam'nyanja amakhala wokhwima pazaka zisanu. Nyengo yakumasirana imayamba koyambirira kwa Disembala ndipo imatha mpaka Epulo. Kukhathamira kumachitika m'madzi otentha (kutentha 26-29 ° C) komanso mozungulira miyala yamiyala yamiyala 10-20 mita kuya. Adierekezi am'madzi a Stingrays amasonkhana ambiri nthawi yayitali, pomwe amuna angapo amakhala atakwatirana ndi wamkazi m'modzi. Amuna amasambira pafupi ndi mchira wa yaikazi pamtunda wothamanga kwambiri (9-12 km / h).
Chibwenzi chimatha pafupifupi mphindi 20-30, kenako chachikazi chimachepetsa kusambira kwake ndipo champhongo chimafinya mbali imodzi yamapiko azimayi, ndikuluma. Amasintha thupi lake kukhala lachikazi. Amuna amalowetsa m'kamwa mwa cloaca wamkazi ndikubaya umuna, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi masekondi 90-120. Kenako yamphongo imasambira msanga, ndipo yotsatira imabwereza zomwezo. Komabe, ikakhala yamphongo yachiwiri, yaikazi nthawi zambiri imasambira, kusiya amuna ena osamala.
Zosangalatsa: Ziwanda zazikuluzikulu zam'nyanja zimakhala ndi malo otsika kwambiri oberekera m'mitengo yonse ya stingray, omwe amabala mwachangu kamodzi pazaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zilizonse.
Nthawi ya bere ya M. birostris ndi miyezi 13, pambuyo pake mwana mmodzi kapena awiri amakhala wamwamuna amabadwa kwa akazi. Ana amabadwa atakulungidwa ndi zipsepse za pectoral, koma posakhalitsa amasambira mwaulere ndikudzisamalira. Ana agalu a Manta amafika kutalika kuchokera pa 1.1 mpaka 1.4 mita. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti ziwanda zam'nyanja zimakhala zaka 40, koma zochepa ndizodziwika pakukula kwawo.
Adani achilengedwe a ziwanda zam'nyanja
Chithunzi: Mdyerekezi wam'madzi
Mantas alibe chitetezo china chilichonse kwa adani awo kupatula pakhungu lawo lolimba komanso kukula kwake komwe kumalepheretsa nyama zing'onozing'ono kuti ziukire.
Amadziwika kuti ndi nsomba zazikulu zokha zokha zomwe zimaukira ma stingray, omwe ndi:
- nsombazi;
- Nsombazi;
- nyundo shark;
- anamgumi amphawi.
Choopseza chachikulu kwa kunyezimira ndikuwedza nsomba mopitirira muyeso ndi anthu, omwe sagawidwa modzaza nyanja. Amakhala m'malo omwe amapereka chakudya chomwe amafunikira. Kugawidwa kwawo kumagawika kwambiri, chifukwa chake magulu ena amakhala patali, zomwe sizimawapatsa mwayi wosakanikirana.
Usodzi wamalonda ndi wamalonda onse amalunjika mdierekezi wam'nyanja chifukwa cha nyama yake ndi zinthu zina. Nthawi zambiri amagwidwa ndi maukonde, ma trawls komanso ma harpoon. Manowa ambiri adagwidwa kale ku California ndi Australia chifukwa cha mafuta ndi khungu lawo la chiwindi. Nyama imadya ndikudya m'maiko ena, koma osakongola poyerekeza ndi nsomba zina.
Chosangalatsa: Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa asodzi ku Sri Lanka ndi India, zidutswa zoposa 1000 za ziwanda zam'nyanja zimagulitsidwa chaka chilichonse m'misika ya nsomba mdzikolo. Poyerekeza, anthu a M. birostris m'malo ambiri ofunikira a M. birostris padziko lonse lapansi akuti amakhala ochepera anthu 1000.
Kufunika kwa magulu awo a cartilage kumayendetsedwa ndi zatsopano zamankhwala achi China. Kuti akwaniritse kuchuluka komwe kukukuka ku Asia, asodzi omwe akuwongolera tsopano akupezeka ku Philippines, Indonesia, Madagascar, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, Brazil, Tanzania. Chaka chilichonse, ma stingray ambirimbiri, makamaka M. birostris, amagwidwa ndikuphedwa kokha chifukwa chazitsulo zawo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mdyerekezi wanyanja mwachilengedwe
Kuopseza kwambiri ku cheza chimphona manta ndi nsomba malonda. Kusodza komwe kukuyang'aniridwa ndi cheza cha manta kwachepetsa kwambiri anthu. Chifukwa cha kutalika kwa moyo wawo komanso kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero zoberekera, kuwedza mopitirira muyeso kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri anthu akumaloko, mosakayikira kuti anthu kwina adzalowa m'malo.
Zosangalatsa: Ngakhale njira zoyeserera zakhazikitsidwa m'malo ambiri a ziwanda zam'nyanja, kufunika kwa kuwala kwa manta ndi ziwalo zina za thupi kwachuluka m'misika yaku Asia. Mwamwayi, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwa chidwi cha osambira pansi pamadzi ndi alendo ena ofuna kuwona nsomba zazikuluzikuluzi. Izi zimapangitsa ziwanda zam'madzi kukhala zamtengo wapatali kuposa nsomba za asodzi.
Makampani opanga zokopa alendo atha kupatsa chimphona chotetezeracho chitetezo, koma kufunikira kwa nyama ngati mankhwala achikhalidwe kumawopsezabe mitunduyo. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti asayansi apitilize kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa manta ray kuti awonetsetse kuti zamoyozi zasungidwa ndikuwona ngati mitundu ina yakomweko ilipo.
Kuphatikiza apo, ziwanda zam'nyanja zimakumana ndi ziwopsezo zina za anthropogenic. Chifukwa cheza cha manta chimayenera kusambira nthawi zonse kuti chifulitsire madzi okhala ndi okosijeni kudzera m'mitsempha yawo, amatha kutsekeka ndikutsamwa. Nsombazi sizingasambire mbali ina, ndipo chifukwa cha zipsepse zawo zakutsogolo, zimatha kukodwa m'mizere, maukonde, maukonde amzimu, ngakhale m'mizere yoyenda. Poyesera kudzimasula okha, iwo amakodwa kwambiri. Zowopseza kapena zinthu zina zomwe zingakhudze kuchuluka kwa manti ndikusintha kwanyengo, kuipitsidwa kuchokera pamafuta amafuta, ndi kumeza microplastics.
Kulondera ziwanda zam'nyanja
Chithunzi: Mdyerekezi wanyanja kuchokera ku Red Book
Mu 2011, manti adatetezedwa mwamphamvu m'madzi apadziko lonse lapansi chifukwa chakuphatikizidwa kwawo ku Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals. Ngakhale mayiko ena amateteza cheza cha manta, nthawi zambiri amadutsa m'madzi osalamulirika ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. IUCN idasankha M. birostris kukhala "Wowopsa pachiwopsezo chotha" mu Novembala 2011. Chaka chomwecho, M. alfredi adatchulidwanso kuti ali pachiwopsezo, okhala ndi anthu ochepera 1000 komanso osinthana pang'ono kapena osagwirizana pakati pamagulu.
Kuphatikiza pa zoyesayesa zapadziko lonsezi, mayiko ena akutenga zochitika zawo. New Zealand yaletsa kugwidwa kwa ziwanda zam'nyanja kuyambira 1953. Mu Juni 1995, a Maldives adaletsa kutumiza kwa mitundu yonse ya kunyezimira ndi ziwalo zawo, kuthetseratu kuwedza kwa manta ndikuwongolera njira zowongolera mu 2009. Ku Philippines, kugwira manta cheza kunaletsedwa mu 1998, koma adaletsedwa mu 1999 atapanikizidwa ndi asodzi akumaloko. Pambuyo pofufuza za nsomba mu 2002, chiletsocho chinayambiranso.
Nyanja Mdyerekezi akutetezedwa, kusaka m'madzi aku Mexico kudaletsedwa kale ku 2007. Komabe, kuletsedwa kumeneku sikulemekezedwa nthawi zonse. Malamulo okhwima amagwiranso ntchito pachilumba cha Albox chilumba cha Yucatan, pomwe ziwanda zam'madzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopa alendo. Mu 2009, Hawaii idakhala yoyamba ku United States kuletsa kupha kwa manta. Mu 2010, Ecuador inakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa nsomba za mitundu yonse pa cheza ichi ndi zina.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 01.07.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 22:39
