Wagtail - mbalame yaying'ono yanyimbo, poyang'ana koyamba, yosalimba komanso yopanda chitetezo. Koma ndani angaganize kuti mitundu yake ili ndi nthenga zosiyana, zina zowala kwambiri. Tiyeni tiyesere kufotokoza zofunikira zonse za mbalameyi, osafotokoza mawonekedwe ake okha, komanso zizolowezi, mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Wagtail
Wagtails ndi mbalame zanyimbo zomwe zili m'banja la mbalame zomwe zili ndi dzina lofananira ndi zoyendera. Banja la mbalamezi limatha kutchedwa laling'ono, koma lofala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula zilumba za Pacific ndi Antarctica. M'banja lamagalimoto, pali mitundu pafupifupi 60 ya mbalame, yogawidwa m'magulu asanu mpaka asanu ndi amodzi.
Asayansi apereka lingaliro loti achibale oyamba oyamba kukhala mdziko lapansi munthawi ya Miocene, ndipo kuyambira zaka 26 mpaka 7 miliyoni zapitazo. Pakadali pano, padziko lapansi panali kuchepa kwa nkhalango, panali malo ambiri otseguka, okhala ndi tchire laling'ono ndiudzu, zomwe mahatchi adayamba kukhalamo.
Kanema: Wagtail
Sikovuta kulingalira chifukwa chomwe mbalameyi imatchulidwira, chifukwa nthawi zonse "imagwedeza mchira wake". Gawo lakumbuyo chakumbuyo kwa thupi la mbalame limatchedwa mchira, ndipo wagtail, poyenda pansi, mosatopa komanso mwamphamvu akugwedeza mchira wake wowonda komanso wautali, kufunafuna chakudya.
Chosangalatsa: Wogtail ndi chizindikiro cha dziko la Latvia. Ndipo kubwerera ku 2011, Bird Conservation Union ya Russian Federation idasankhanso ngati chizindikiro cha chaka chimenecho.
Pali chikwangwani pakati pa anthu chomwe chimalonjeza mwayi ndi chitukuko kwa iye amene padenga pake wagala wachisangalalo wakhazikika. Tiyeni tifotokoze mitundu ingapo yamagalimoto kuti tidziwe momwe amawonekera komanso momwe amasiyanirana wina ndi mnzake.
Ngolo yoyera imakhala ndi kutalika kwa 15 mpaka 19 masentimita komanso pafupifupi magalamu 24. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiira, ndipo pamimba pamayera kwambiri. Chipewa chakuda chosiyanitsa ndi bib yamtundu womwewo zimawonekera bwino pamutu woyera. Mchira, monga mtundu wa mitunduyo, ndi yopyapyala komanso yayitali.
Chingwe chachikaso ndichaching'ono kwambiri kuposa magaleta onse, kutalika kwake kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 15 ndipo kulemera kwake sikupitilira magalamu 18. Ndi mbalame yokoma yokhala ndi mchira wautali. Kumbuyo kwake kumakhala kobiriwira motuwa kapena kofiirira. Mapikowo ndi ocher ndi mawanga abulauni. Mchira ndi bulauni yakuda ndi nthenga zoyera zowoneka. Miyendo ya nthenga ndi utoto wakuda. Kusiyanitsa kofunikira kwambiri kwamitundu iyi ndi nthenga zonyezimira zonyezimira ndimu pamimba ndi pachifuwa mwa amuna, ndipo mwa akazi, utoto wachikaso ndiwopepuka. Palibe kuwala kwa mtundu wa anapiye, koma malankhulidwe a bulauni ndi imvi amapambana.
Ngalawa yamapiri imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 17 ndipo kutalika kwake kumasiyana masentimita 17 mpaka 20. Mbali ya mbalameyi ndi yojambulidwa ndi imvi, pakati pamimba ndichikasu, ndipo mbali yake ndi yoyera. Mchira, monga yonse, ndi yopyapyala komanso yayitali. Pali kolala yakuda pakhosi, yomwe imasiyanitsa mitundu iyi ndi ngolo yakale.
Ngolo yamutu wachikaso imalemera pafupifupi magalamu 19 ndipo imakula mpaka masentimita 17. Mwamaonekedwe amafanana ndi ngolo yachikaso, koma pamakhala mthunzi wowala wa mandimu kumutu. Mtundu wamimba ndi wachikaso kapena wotuwa.
Chingwe chamutu wakuda chimakhala ndi magalamu 15 mpaka 18, mapiko a mapiko a mbalame amafikira masentimita 20, mchira kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 8. Mutu ndi khosi ndizakuda, pamwamba pa mbalameyi ndimtundu wachikasu ndikunyezimira kobiriwira, ndipo pamimba, utoto umakhala wachikaso wowala kapena woyera kwathunthu. Mapiko a Brown amakongoletsa mizere yoyera ndi yachikaso. Zinyama zazing'ono, mitundu yakuda ndi mabala akuda imakhala pamtundu.
Chombo cha piebald chimakhala ndi chovala chakuda ndi choyera. Kutalika kwa thupi lake kuli pafupifupi masentimita 20, ndipo kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi magalamu 27. Gawo lakumbuyo ndi lakuda, nsidze zoyera zimawoneka pamwamba pamaso, pakhosi palinso loyera. Pali chipewa chakuda pa korona, kamvekedwe kake kamimba ndi mapiko ndi oyera.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Wagtail bird
Mutafotokozera mawonekedwe amtundu wa magaleta, ndikofunikira kupita kuzinthu zamagalimoto zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi mbalame zina. Mwambiri, ma wagtails ndi mbalame zokongola zapakatikati, kutalika kwa thupi lomwe lili pakati pa masentimita 12 mpaka 22, ndipo kuchuluka kwake sikupitilira magalamu 30. Wagtails, monga mitundu yeniyeni, ndi yopyapyala kwambiri komanso yamiyendo yayitali, ali ndi mutu wozungulira bwino. Khosi la nthenga ndi lalifupi, ndipo mlomo woondawo umafanana ndi ulusi wakuthwa, mlomo wake wopindika pang'ono.
Mchira wamphamvu wamagalimoto ndi wautali komanso wosakhwima, wopangidwa ndi nthenga khumi ndi ziwiri. Kuyang'ana kuchokera mbali, kukuwoneka kuti amadulidwa molunjika, ndipo nthenga ziwiri zapakati ndizitali pang'ono kuposa zam'mbali. Woyamba kwambiri wa nthenga zouluka ndi wamfupi kwambiri kuposa wachiwiri ndi wachitatu. Miyendo ya mbalameyi ili ndi timamba ting'onoting'ono, ndipo miyendo yake ili ndi zala zolimbikira zokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Kudzala chala chakumbuyo, chikhadacho chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mbedza.
Izi zimapangitsa kuti zizikhala bwino panthambi. Maso a mbalameyi amafanana ndi mikanda yaing'ono, yozungulira, yakuda. Zadziwika kuti kaimidwe ka mbalame zing'onozing'onozi zimakhala zothamangira kwambiri zikakhala pansi, koma zimawongoka pomwe ngoloyo imakhala pamitengo ya tchire ndi mapesi audzu.
Kodi ngoloyo imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: White Wagtail
Monga tanena kale, malo ogawira ngolo ndizambiri. Asayansi amatchula mitundu pafupifupi 15 ya mbalamezi zomwe zimakhala ku Asia, Europe komanso ngakhale ku Africa.
Kudera la CIS wakale, mutha kukumana ndi mitundu isanu ya mbalame:
- wachikasu kumbuyo;
- zoyera;
- phiri;
- wachikaso;
- wachikasu.
Pakatikati mwa Russia, nthawi zambiri mumakumana ndi zoyera zoyera, zomwe ambiri amazidziwa.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Wagtails amakhulupirira kuti ndi ochokera ku Eastern Siberia ndi Mongolia, kuchokera m'malo amenewa amafalikira ku Africa ndi Europe konse.
Ngati timalankhula za malo okhala mbalamezi, ndiye kuti ndizosiyana mitundu. Ngolo yoyera idalanda ku Europe, kumpoto kwa kontinenti ya Africa, Asia, ndi Alaska. Kumene kuli nyengo yotentha, imakhala, ndipo kuchokera kumadera ena akumpoto zimawulukira ku Africa nthawi yachisanu. Wokwera mapiri wasankha Eurasia ndi kumpoto kwa Africa; amadziwika kuti ndi osamuka. Ngolo yachikaso imakhalanso ku Eurasia, Alaska, zigawo zakumpoto kwa Africa, dera la North America. Ngolo yamutu wachikaso yakhazikika kumtunda wa ku Siberia, ndipo nthawi yachisanu imapita ku South Asia.
Ndikosavuta kuyerekezera kuti mbalame ya Madagascar imakakhala pachilumba chotchulidwachi. Pebald wagtail amakhala mmaiko akumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa. Ngolo zosamukira pamutu wakuda zakhala m'malo a Asia ndi Europe. Chingwe cha mchira wautali chimalembetsedwanso m'maulendo aku Africa yotentha.
Kuti akhale ndi moyo, magaleta amakonda malo otseguka pafupi ndi mitundu yonse yamadzi. Mbalamezi zimapewa nkhalango zowirira, komanso zimapezeka kawirikawiri m'nkhalango zowuluka. Ndiwoboola wa arboreal yekha yemwe angawonedwe kuti ndi wapadera; zimakhazikika m'nkhalango ndipo zimakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia.
Wagtails amasankha madera osiyanasiyana ndi malo omwe angakhale, amakhala:
- m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, nyanja, mitsinje, mathithi;
- m'malo otseguka a madambo onyowa;
- m'madera a nkhalango zam'mapiri zotentha;
- mu kukula kwa tundra yaku Siberia;
- m'mapiri okwera pafupifupi 3 km;
- osati patali ndi nyumba za anthu.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala mbalame iyi. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe magareta amadya.
Kodi wagtail imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Wagtail ku Russia
Ngolo zonse zimatha kutchedwa kuti insectivores.
Mbalame zimakhala ndi chotukuka:
- agulugufe;
- akangaude;
- mbozi;
- ntchentche;
- nsikidzi;
- agulugufe;
- udzudzu;
- nyerere;
- nsikidzi;
- zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono;
- mbewu za mbewu ndi zipatso zing'onozing'ono.
Kuwonekera mdera latsopano, wagtail ikumveka mokweza komanso mokweza, kuwunika ngati malo ali ndi mwini. Ngati alipo, ndiye kuti mbalameyi imapuma pantchito osakangana. Zikakhala kuti palibe amene walengezedwa, mbalameyo imayamba kufunafuna chakudya. Mbalameyi imayang'anitsitsa malo ake akutali kuti ifufuze tizilombo, ndipo imathamangitsa achibale osayitanidwa ngati kulibe tizilombo tambiri mderali. Chakudya chikakhala chochuluka, ngolo zimalolera kusaka pagulu.
Nthawi zina mbalameyo imagwira chakudyacho pa ntchentcheyo, koma nthawi zambiri imasaka pansi, mosunthika komanso mwachangu ndikusuntha mchira wake wapamwamba. Chakudya cha wagtail chikuwoneka chosangalatsa, choyambirira, mbalameyi imang'amba mapiko a nyama (ngati ilipo), kenako kenako imadya nthawi yomweyo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Ma ngolo ang'onoang'ono amabweretsa phindu lambiri ku ng'ombe zoweta, nthawi zambiri amapita kumalo odyetserako ziweto, komwe amadyetsa ntchentche ndi zokwawa zina zoyamwa magazi, zomwe zimachulukitsa ng'ombezo, kumbuyo kwenikweni kwa ng'ombe.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Wagtail bird
Ngolo zambiri zimasamukira kwina, koma izi zimadziwika ndi malo okhala anthu ena onse. Mbalame zonse, zomwe zimapezeka kumpoto, m'nyengo yozizira zimayesetsa kusamukira ku Asia, Southern Europe ndi Africa. Mitunduyi, yomwe imapezeka ku Africa ndi Madagascar, amadziwika kuti amangokhala.
Ngolo zonse zimakhala zothamanga kwambiri komanso zopanda mpumulo, zimakhala zovuta komanso zothamanga. Pa mpumulo, amatha kuwoneka pokhapokha pakuimba roulades. Kenako ngakhale mchira wawo wamphamvu umasiya kugwedezeka. Nyimbo za mbalame ndizosavuta komanso zosavuta, ndimasinthidwe ena ndikulira pang'ono.
Nthawi zambiri ngolo zambiri zimasonkhana pafupi ndimadzi amtundu uliwonse m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena mabanja. Ena amamanga zisa zawo padziko lapansi, ena - m'maenje obisika. Mbalame zazing'onozi zimakhala ndi kulimba mtima. Powona zamisala, amasonkhana mozungulira ndikuyamba kutsatira mdani, akufuula mokweza komanso mosalekeza. Kulira uku kumachenjeza mbalame zina za chiwopsezo. Swallows nthawi zambiri amakhala limodzi ndi ma wagtails.
Ngolo zosamuka zimathamangira kumwera kuyambira koyambirira mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira. Mbalamezi sizipanga ziweto zochuluka kwambiri, zimayesa kuyenda mosungira madzi usiku komanso m'mawa kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa masika, amabwerera kumalo awo.
Chosangalatsa: Anthuwo amatcha wagtail "chosweka", chifukwa imabwera kuchokera kumwera nthawi yachisanu ikamagwa.
Mbalame zimadziwika ndi mahomoni awo, opangidwa ndi khungu la pituitary, kuti ndi nthawi yokonzekera kunyamuka. Kutalika kwa maola masana kumathandizanso pakusuntha kwa mbalame. Chombo chilichonse chokhwima chimakhala ndi malo osiyana omwe chimayang'ana chakudya. Ngati chakudya chikusowa kwambiri, ndiye kuti mbalame ikuyang'ana malo atsopano.
Anthu amaganiza kuti ngoloyo ndi yothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa imaphwanya mitundu yonse ya tizirombo tomwe timabweretsa mavuto kwa anthu, ng'ombe komanso kuwonongeka kwa nthaka yolimidwa. Wogulitsa amadalira kwambiri anthu, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi nyumba zawo. Mwambiri, mbalameyi ndi yokongola kwambiri, yamtendere ndipo siyimasiyana mwamakani, ili ndi mawonekedwe abwino.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kawirikawiri mbalame zonse zazing'ono zimayenda pamtunda, zimadumphadumpha, koma izi sizomwe zimachitika pagalimoto, imangoyenda mwachangu, motero imawoneka kuti ikukwera mawilo ang'onoang'ono.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Wagtail
Monga tanena kale, magalimoto amakonda kukhala pagulu laling'ono kapena mabanja osiyana, ndipo nthawi yawo yaukwati imayamba masika, pafupifupi mwezi umodzi kuchokera pofika kuchokera kumadera ofunda. Nthawi imeneyi, chovala cha njonda chimakhala chotsogola kwambiri, cholemera komanso chowala, zonsezi ndizofunikira kukopa mnzake. Kuti musangalatse mtsikanayo, uta wamwamuna, kuvina mosisita, kutambasula mchira wake ndi fani, kuyenda mozungulira pafupi ndi chachikazi, kutambasula mapiko ake kumbali.
Chotsatira chofunikira ndikumanga chisa. Pachifukwa ichi, mbalame zimasonkhanitsa pamodzi nthambi, moss, mizu, mitundu yonse ya mphukira. Nthawi zambiri chisa chimakhala chophatikizika ndipo nthawi zonse chimakhala pafupi ndi kasupe wamadzi.
Malo okhala mbalame amapezeka kulikonse:
- m'ming'alu ya khoma;
- mabowo;
- maenje ang'onoang'ono a dothi;
- ming'alu yamiyala;
- mapiko;
- okonda matabwa;
- pansi pa denga la nyumba;
- pakati pa mizu ya mitengo.
Chosangalatsa: Chisa cha wagtail chimakhala chomasuka kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri chimakhala mkati mwake ndi zidutswa zaubweya zanyama ndi tsitsi.
Njira yoikira mazira imachitika koyambirira kwa Meyi, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mazira 4 mpaka 8 mu clutch. Pakadutsa milungu ingapo, ana amayamba kuwaswa, omwe alibe thandizo lililonse. Nthawi yonseyi ya makulitsidwe, abambo amtsogolo amadyetsa akazi ndikusamalira chisa. Pambuyo pa kubereka anapiye, makolo onse osamala amathamangira kukafunafuna chakudya chawo. Zipolopolo za mazira zimachotsedwa pamalo obisalira kuti zisakope nyama zolusa. Atakwanitsa milungu iwiri, anapiyewo amakwanitsa kukonzekera ulendo wawo woyamba. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, amasiya malo awo obisalira, koma pafupifupi mpaka kugwa kwawo amapeza chidziwitso kuchokera kwa makolo awo, pokhapokha atayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
M'chilimwe chimodzi, magaleta amatha kuphatikana kangapo. Nthenga za ana ndi zotuwa, zachikaso kapena zakuda ndi zoyera. Ana amaphunzira kuwuluka moyang'aniridwa ndi makolo awo, ndipo kumapeto amapita kumayiko otentha. M'malo awo achilengedwe, magaleta amakhala zaka pafupifupi khumi, ndipo ali mu ukapolo amatha kukhala mpaka khumi ndi awiri.
Adani achilengedwe oyendetsa ngolo
Chithunzi: Wagtail Wosamukira
N'zosadabwitsa kuti kavalo kakang'ono, kosalimba, kokongola ili ndi adani ambiri omwe safuna kudya mbalameyi. Mwa nyama zolusa titha kutchedwa weasels, martens, amphaka osochera, komanso zoweta. Ma Wagtails okhala m'malire a malo okhala anthu nthawi zambiri amavutika nawo. Kuukira kwa mlengalenga kumachitikanso pagalimoto yaying'ono kwambiri, chifukwa nyama zambiri zodyetsa nthenga zimatha kudya mbalameyi mosangalala, monga akhwangwala, nkhandwe, nkhwangwa, mphamba, akadzidzi. Kadzidzi ndiwowopsa kwambiri mukamayenda magaleta usiku usiku.
Ndiyenera kunena kuti mbalamezi ndizolimba mtima. Pochita mantha, magaletawo akukhamukira pamodzi ndikuyamba kuthamangitsa mdaniyo, ndikutulutsa phokoso logonthetsa m'khutu, lomwe limakhala chenjezo kwa mbalame zina. Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imakhala yothandiza, ndipo anthu amantha omwe akuchita mantha amachoka pantchito. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo panthawi yamavuto, mbalame zimayenera kulumikizana ndikuchita limodzi.
Nthawi zina anthu, osazindikira, atha kuvulaza ngolo. Zimachitika motere: anapiyewa atakula, amayamba kutuluka pachisa ndikukhala pafupi nawo, ndipo odutsa, omwe adazindikira izi, amanyamula anawo, akuganiza kuti agwa kapena adwala. Izi ndizosatheka, chifukwa zinyenyeswazi zopanda chitetezo zimatayika kuchokera pamenepo. Anthu amakhudzanso mbalame chifukwa cha ntchito zawo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa malo okhala a mbalamezi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Wagtail bird
Malo ogawira ngolo ndi ochulukirapo; mbalamezi zafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mitundu yambiri yamagalimoto siili pachiwopsezo kapena pangozi.Udindo wa anthuwa umanena kuti mbalamezi sizidetsa nkhawa kuchuluka kwawo, ziweto zawo zimakhalabe zokhazikika, palibe kusintha kulikonse komwe kungachepetse kapena kuwonjezeka, yomwe ndi nkhani yabwino.
Komabe, pali mitundu ina yamagalimoto, yomwe nambala yake yatsika posachedwa, ndipo imabweretsa nkhawa pakati pa mabungwe osamalira zachilengedwe. Zinthu zoyipa zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa mbalame ndi, makamaka, anthropogenic. Anthu nthawi zambiri amalowa m'malo omwe pali ngolo, ndichifukwa chake mbalame zodandaula zimasiya kupanga zisa.
Munthu amakhala madera ochulukirapo pazosowa zake, akuchotsa mbalame m'malo omwe amakhala. Kukula kwa mizinda ndikumanga misewu ikuluikulu kumachepetsa madera omwe magalimoto amakonda kukhala, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwawo kukucheperachepera. Masika aliwonse, anthu amayamba kuwotcha nkhuni zakufa chaka chatha, zomwe zimabweretsa kufa kwa tizilombo tambiri tomwe timadya ngolo, chakudya chawo chimakhala chosowa, ndipo mbalame zimafunikira malo okhala, zomwe zimakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa mbalame zomwe zimafuna chitetezo.
Chitetezo cha Wagtail
Chithunzi: Wagtail kuchokera ku Red Book
Monga tanena kale, mitundu ina yamagalimoto ikukhala yocheperako kwambiri, imafunikira njira zapadera zodzitetezera kuti mbalame zisawonongeke m'malo awo. Mitundoyi imaphatikizaponso ngolo yachikaso, yomwe imakonda kukhazikika m'madambo. Zochepa kwambiri mwa mbalamezi zimatsalira m'chigawo cha Moscow, chifukwa chake, kuyambira 2001, adatchulidwa mu Red Book of Moscow ngati nyama yomwe ili pachiwopsezo m'derali.
Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa galimotoyi, choyambirira, ndikuchepa kwa madambo chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, kapena kuchuluka kwawo ndi udzu ndi zitsamba. Dera lokhalalo likakhala lochepera mahekitala awiri, ngolo zimasiya kumanga zisa ndikuchulukitsa ana. Kuchuluka kwa malo obisalira misewu ndi misewu yamitundumitundu imasokoneza kwambiri ngolo, zomwe zimabweretsa nkhawa za mbalame. Kutentha kwamasika kumakhudzanso chakudya cha mbalame. Kuphatikiza pa chikwangwani chachikaso, magaleta okhwima ndi mchira wautali nawonso ali pachiwopsezo, kuchuluka kwawo kumayambitsanso nkhawa.
Njira zodzitetezera kupulumutsa ngolo ndi izi:
- Kukhazikitsa malo okhala ndi zisa m'malo otetezedwa;
- kukonzanso madambo;
- kukonza zinthu zachilengedwe m'malo opangira zisa;
- kudula kwakuthengo pachaka kuti athane ndi zitsamba ndi udzu wamtali;
- kuchuluka kwa chindapusa cha kuwotcha nkhuni zakufa;
- ntchito yofotokozera pakati pa anthu.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti zazing'ono ngolo imabweretsa zabwino zooneka m'minda, minda yamasamba, ziweto, anthu, chifukwa imadya tizilombo tambirimbiri. Ndikufuna kuti munthuyo azisamalira mbalame yodabwitsayi mosamala, kuyesera kuti isavulaze, ndiye kuti sangafunikire njira zina zodzitetezera.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06/26/2019
Idasinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 13:42
