Mbalame zambiri wakuda grouse wodziwika kuyambira ali mwana. Nyama iyi yakhala ikudziwika mobwerezabwereza m'nthano, nkhani ndi nkhani za ana. Mu ntchito zambiri za grouse yakuda, olembawo akuwonetsa anzeru, ochenjera mwachangu, koma kodi alidi choncho? Black grouse mosakayikira ndi m'modzi mwa oimira chidwi kwambiri pagulu la mbalame. Ndikofunika kuphunzira zambiri za izi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Teterev
Black grouse ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zokondedwa kwambiri pakati pa anthu. Amayamikiridwa chifukwa chokumbukira zakale zaubwana wa nthano zambiri, chifukwa chowoneka bwino komanso chosakumbukika, komanso kufunikira kwake pakati pa alenje. Grouse wakuda amatchedwa mosiyana: "kosach", "hazel grouse", "grouse wakuda", "grouse grouse". M'Chilatini, dzina la nthenga limamveka ngati Lyrurus tetrix. Kwenikweni, mayinawo adachokera pazinthu ziwiri: mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe.
Kanema: Teterev
Kosach ndi wa dongosolo la nkhuku, banja la pheasant. Ndi mbalame yodziwika bwino yomwe imakonda kukhala m'nkhalango komanso m'nkhalango. Ndizosavuta kuzindikira nyama yotere. Black grouse ili ndi nyumba yayikulu, khosi lalifupi komanso mutu wawung'ono. Akuluakulu ena amatha kutalika kuposa mita imodzi. Mphukira zimadalira jenda. Amuna ndi akuda wonyezimira ndi tinsalu tofiyira komanso tofiira, akazi ndi ofiira ofiira okhala ndi mikwingwirima yamitundu itatu: imvi, chikasu chakuda, bulauni (pafupi ndi wakuda).
Chosangalatsa: Kuchokera m'zinenero zambiri dzina "grouse" limamasuliridwa kuti "nkhuku". Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa konse. Zizolowezi za nyama iyi zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zizolowezi za nkhuku zoweta wamba.
Black grouse ndi yama subspecies osiyanasiyana.
Pakadali pano, palibe nambala yeniyeni, koma asayansi ambiri amadziwika asanu ndi awiri:
- mayendedwe a baikalensis;
- kulira tetrix;
- tetrix tschusii;
- tetrix viridanus;
- tetrix mongolicus;
- tetrix britannicus;
- tetrix ussuriensis.
Subspecies ali ndi malo osiyanasiyana, zosiyana zakunja. Mukazindikira ma subspecies, mawonekedwe akunja amalingaliridwanso kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, njira zazikuluzikulu zimadziwika: kuchuluka kwa nthenga zoyera pakati pa nthenga zakuuluka ndi mchira, kukula kwa "galasi" pamapiko amphongo, chikhalidwe cha pakhosi lanyama.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame yakuda yakuda
Teterev amatha kutchedwa woyimira wamkulu wabanja lawo. Kutalika kwachimuna kwamasentimita makumi asanu ndi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu, chachikazi ndi masentimita makumi anayi ndi asanu. Komabe, ili kutali ndi tchalitchi. Mwachilengedwe, anthu adapezeka okulirapo - oposa mita imodzi m'litali. Kulemera kwake sikocheperako - pafupifupi 1.4 kg. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira wamkazi ndi wamwamuna. Choyamba, champhongo nthawi zonse chimakhala chokulirapo komanso cholemera, ndipo chachiwiri, nyamazo zimasiyana mtundu wa nthenga zawo.
Chosangalatsa: Black grouse ili m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi nthumwi zina za nkhuku. Komabe, palinso kusiyana kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake, mu mbalamezi, metatarsus, mphuno zimakhala ndi nthenga kwathunthu, ndipo m'mitundu yambiri maziko azala amakhala ndi nthenga.
Amuna amtundu uwu wa mbalame amakhala owoneka bwino komanso osaiwalika. Amadziwika mosavuta ndi nthenga zawo zakuda zokhala ndi zobiriwira kapena zobiriwira. Komanso, mawonekedwe apadera a grouse wakuda ndi nsidze zofiira kwambiri, zoyera zoyera ndi mimba ya bulauni. Chodziwika ndi amuna ndi kupezeka kwa "kalilole" pa nthenga zouluka. Ndi malo oyera ndipo amakhala m'mapiko ambiri.
Akazi samasiyana pamaonekedwe owonekera. Mtundu wa nthenga zawo ndi ofiira ofiira. Thupi lonse laulula mikwingwirima yofiirira, yakuda kapena imvi. Anthu ambiri amasokoneza grouse yakuda yakuda ndi capercaillie wamkazi. Komabe, grouse yakuda yachikazi ili ndi "magalasi" pamapiko, zoyera zoyera.
Mwamuna ndi mkazi wakuda grouse ali ndi mawu osiyana. Mawu achikazi amafanana ndi mawu a nkhuku wamba. Amapanga mawu ofanana kwambiri ndi "ko-ko-ko". Amuna, komano, amalira kwa nthawi yayitali, amasiyana mofuula, mokweza mawu. Zikakhala zoopsa, amuna amafuula "chu-ish". Komabe, sizingatheke kumva grouse yakuda. Amakhala "olankhula" kwambiri pakadali pano.
Kodi grouse wakuda amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Grouse yakuda yakuda
Black grouse ndi mbalame zofala kwambiri. Mbalame zochuluka kwambiri zimapezeka ku Europe ndi Asia. M'madera awa, anthu amakhala osakhazikika nthawi zonse. Izi ndichifukwa cha kusintha kwa malo, kupezeka kwa chakudya choyenera. Ngati kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa Europe grouse yakuda imakhala m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango, kenako kumadzulo ndi pakati amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zomwe zili m'mapiri. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa anthu, m'malo ena aku Europe, grouse yakuda yasowa kwathunthu. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo komanso kuwongolera anthu mwakhama.
Ku Asia, mbalame zotere zimapezeka m'malo ena a North Korea, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan. Mbalameyi imafala kwambiri ku Russia. Amapezeka pafupifupi mumzinda uliwonse, kupatulapo kawirikawiri. Komanso, anthu akuda grouse amakhala ku Ukraine, amasankha malo okhala ndi nkhalango pafupi ndi madambo ndi mitsinje ikuluikulu kumeneko. Simungapeze mbalame zotere ku Sakhalin, ku Crimea ndi ku Kamchatka.
Chosangalatsa: Black grouse ndi mbalame yokhalamo. Komabe, nthawi zina amasamutsa anthu ambiri. Gulu lalikulu la mbalame zimasamukira nthawi yomweyo, nthawi zambiri sizikhala kutali kwambiri ndi komwe zimakhalako. Kusamuka kwamtunduwu kumalumikizidwa kokha ndikusowa kwa chakudya.
Posankha malo okhala, grouse yakuda imatsogozedwa ndi zinthu zingapo: kupezeka kwa chakudya chokwanira, nyengo yabwino. Amayenererana ndi nyengo yotentha komanso madera omwe nkhalango zili pafupi ndi malo otseguka. Gulu lanyama limakonda kukhala m'minda, m'nkhalango, m'mapiri, m'zigwa za mitsinje ikuluikulu kapena kutali ndi malo olimako, komwe nthawi zonse mumatha kupeza phindu. Mbalamezi zimapewa nkhalango zakuda ndipo zimayang'ana malo omwe mbalame zazing'ono zimakula mochuluka.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe grouse yakuda imakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi grouse wakuda amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Grouse yakuda ku Russia
Zakudya zambiri za grouse wakuda ndizakudya zamasamba. Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame imasiyanasiyana kokha masika, chilimwe, pomwe pali zipatso zambiri, zipatso, mbewu kunja.
M'nyengo yotentha, chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo:
- mbewu za mitengo, zitsamba, zomera;
- inflorescence, maluwa ndi masamba;
- masamba a shrubby, herbaceous zomera;
- zipatso zatsopano: cranberries, blueberries, blueberries, lingonberries;
- mbewu zambewu: tirigu, mapira.
Kudya tirigu, mapira, grouse wakuda kumawononga nthaka ndi minda yamasamba. Komabe, nyama izi sizingatchedwe tizirombo tambiri. Black grouse samadya tirigu, amakonda zipatso, masamba ndi zakudya zina. M'nyengo yozizira, chakudya cha mbalamezi chimakhala chochepa kwambiri. Siziwuluka kupita kumayiko ofunda, chifukwa chake amakakamizidwa kufunafuna chakudya pansi pa chipale chofewa, m'mitengo. M'nyengo yozizira, wakuda wakuda amadya masamba, mphukira, zikopa zamitengo. Amakonda birch, msondodzi, aspen, alder. Zakudyazo ziyenera kukhala ndi zipatso za mlombwa, zipatso zapaini.
Chosangalatsa: Kuti athandize kugaya bwino chakudya, akuluakulu ameza miyala yaying'ono panthawi yachakudya. Amathandizira chakudya kuti chigaye bwino m'mimba, chimathandizira kugaya chakudya.
Zakudya za ana a grouse wakuda ndizosiyana kwambiri. M'masiku oyamba amoyo wawo, anapiye achichepere amafunikira chakudya chokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, zakudya zanyama zimayang'anira chakudya chawo cha tsiku ndi tsiku. Anapiye amadya cicadas, nsikidzi, akangaude, udzudzu, mbozi ndi tizilombo tina tosiyanasiyana tomwe makolo awo amawabweretsera. Atakhwima, kufunikira kwa chakudya cha nyama mu grouse wakuda kumachepa pang'onopang'ono kenako kumazimiririka.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Grouse yakuda m'nkhalango
Black grouse itha kutchedwa kuti mbalame zokhala pansi. Amakhala m'dera lomwelo, kusankha madera okhala ndi nyengo yotentha. Komabe, mbalamezi sizimachitika kawirikawiri, koma pamakhala nthawi zosamuka. Sakhala okhazikika. M'malo mwake, ndikukhazikika mokakamizidwa. Chifukwa chachikulu chakusamuka koteroko ndikusowa chakudya.
M'zaka zowonda kapena pamene nyengo ikusintha, mbalame sizikhala ndi chakudya chokwanira. Kenako amasuntha gulu lonse n’kupita kumalo ena kumene kulibe kusowa koteroko. Ndizosowa kwenikweni kuti chomwe chimayambitsa kusamuka kwamitundu yambiri ndikusintha kwa ziweto. Kuchuluka kwa mbalame zotere nthawi zina kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Izi zimachitika kamodzi zaka zisanu kapena khumi zilizonse.
Chosangalatsa: Tetereva ndizosangalatsa kudzipulumutsa okha kuzizira m'nyengo yozizira. Izi ndi mbalame zokhazo zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zipinda zamatalala kutentha. Amadzipangira timabowo ting'onoting'ono, komwe amabisala nyengo yozizira komanso chipale chofewa. Mbalame zimapita panja kukafunafuna chakudya.
Black grouse imakhala m'nkhalango, nkhalango, mapiri, pafupi ndi komwe kumapezeka madzi. Amakhala m'magulu. Ndi mbalame zambiri, malo omwe amakhala amakhala osavuta kupeza mwakung'ung'udza kwambiri. Black grouse nthawi zambiri imamveka, makamaka munyengo yamatenda. Amuna okha ndi omwe amalira mokweza, ndipo akazi nthawi zina amangoyimba nyimboyi. Mbalamezi makamaka zimakhala zapadziko lapansi. Mbalame zimakwera pamitengo kuti ifufuze chakudya: zipatso, masamba, masamba, ma cones. Usiku wa grouse umangokhala pansi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Grouse, ngakhale ali ndi matupi akuluakulu komanso amafanana kwambiri ndi nkhuku zoweta, ndi "ma flyers" abwino kwambiri. Mbalamezi zimauluka mosavuta mumlengalenga kuchokera paliponse. Komabe, grouse yakuda imanyamuka pansi mwaphokoso kwambiri, komanso kuchokera kumitengo - pafupifupi mosazindikira.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Gulu lakuda lakuda
Kuyamba kwa nyengo yokwatirana ya grouse yakuda kumakhala kovuta kuphonya. Amasintha kwambiri pamakhalidwe awo ndikutentha koyamba. Mu kasupe, wakuda wakuda amakhala ndi moyo wokangalika, nthawi zambiri komanso amayimba mokweza. Nthawi imeneyi imatchedwa chiyambi chamakono. Nthawi zambiri amabwera m'mwezi wa Marichi. Ndizosatheka kutchula nambala yeniyeni, chifukwa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za malo okhala ma grouse zimakhala ndi nyengo komanso malo.
Njira yoswana ya nyama izi imatha kuperekedwa motere:
- yogwira panopa. Pakufika masika, amuna amtundu wakuda amasonkhana ambiri m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, komwe amalumikizana bwino. Mpaka anthu khumi ndi asanu amatha kusonkhana pamalo amodzi. Kutuluka kwachangu kumatenga pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Pachifukwa ichi, amuna amatha kumenyana kapena kumenyana pakati pawo;
- umuna wa mkazi. Amuna atatha, akazi nawonso amafika pamalo osakanikirana. Kumeneko amatha kudzisankhira bwenzi. Ndiye mbalamezo zimakwerana, ndipo zamphongo zimasiya zazikazi, chifukwa pamenepo sizofunikira;
- zida za chisa. Zazikazi zimamanga zisa zawo pansi, osati patali ndi pomwe zimakwerapo. Black grouse chisa ndi kabowo kakang'ono komwe akazi amaika nthambi zosiyanasiyana, udzu, masamba, nthenga. Nthawi zambiri chisa chimamangidwa munkhalango zakutchire, lunguzi;
- Kuikira mazira ndikuswetsa mazira. Mazira amaikidwa ndi akazi mwezi wa Meyi. Ma grouse akuda ndi achonde kwambiri. Mkazi amatha kuikira mazira khumi ndi atatu nthawi imodzi. Mazirawo ndi ofiira kwambiri okhala ndi utoto. mkazi amaikira mazira kwa masiku ngati makumi awiri ndi asanu;
- kusamalira anapiye. Mkazi amasamaliranso yekha mwanayo. Anapiyewo amayang'aniridwa ndi amayi pafupifupi masiku khumi. Amateteza ana ake kwa adani ndi zoopsa zina. Anapiye amadya makamaka nyama: mphutsi zosiyanasiyana, tizilombo tating'ono, mbozi.
Adani achilengedwe a grouse wakuda
Chithunzi: Teterev
Nthawi yowopsa kwambiri m'moyo wa grouse wakuda ndi masiku khumi oyamba atabadwa. Ndi munthawi imeneyi pomwe anapiye amakonda kugwidwa ndi adani. Amawombedwa ndi nkhandwe, nkhumba zakutchire, martens. Zowonongekazi zimadya osati anapiye okha, komanso akuluakulu. Ankhandwe ndi owopsa kwa grouse yakuda yakuda. Nyama izi zimatha kupeza mbalame ngakhale pansi pa chipale chofewa chifukwa cha kununkhira kwawo kwamphamvu.
Komanso, mamembala ambiri am'banja la weasel amatha kutchedwa adani. Masamba ndi msodzi wolimbikira. Amawukira akuluakulu komanso achinyamata. Ziwombankhanga zazikuluzikulu sizidana nazo kudya phwando lakuda. Goshawks ndi owopsa kwambiri kwa iwo. Nyamayi imasaka ma grouse akuda chaka chonse.
Ngakhale kukhalapo kwa ziwombankhanga zambiri zomwe zikuukira grouse yakuda, sizimakhudza kwambiri anthu awo. Kwakukulukulu, anthu iwonso amathandizira kutsika kwa ziweto. Munthu ndi mdani wachilengedwe wowopsa wamaukwati akuda. Ntchito zosalamulirika zachuma, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kusaka - zonsezi zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa mbalame zonse. M'mayiko ena, zinthu ngati izi zapangitsa kuti mbalame zisowe m'malo awo achilengedwe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame yakuda yakuda
Zinthu zingapo zimasokoneza kuchuluka kwa ma grouse akuda:
- zochitika zogwira ntchito zaulimi;
- kudula mitengo mwachisawawa;
- kuukira adani;
- kusaka kosalamulirika;
- nyengo yoipa munyengo yachisanu.
Ngakhale izi, kuchuluka kwa ma grouse akuda pakadali pano ndi kwakukulu. Zimachulukana ndipo ndizofalikira m'malo awo achilengedwe. Izi ndizomwe zimalola kuti mbalamezi zizikhala ndi anthu ambiri komanso kuti zizikhala zokhazikika. Pakadali pano, grouse yakuda idapatsidwa udindo: "Wosasamala". Izi zikutanthauza kuti nyama siziopsezedwa kuti zitha m'zaka zikubwerazi.
M'mikhalidwe yabwino, mitundu ina ya mbalamezi ili pachiwopsezo. Makamaka, tikulankhula za gulu lakuda la Caucasus. Udindo wake uli pafupi kusatetezeka. Chiwerengero cha mitunduyi chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu ziwiri: kudyetsa ng'ombe, kuwononga mosalamulira. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha zigawenga zakuda za ku Caucasus chimafera m'manja mwa anthu opha nyama mosalakwa komanso mwendo wa agalu omwe amathandiza kuweta ziweto. Izi zidakakamiza kutsatira njira zina zotetezera nyamayi. Masiku ano, ma grouse akuda aku Caucasus amatetezedwa mdera lamapiri ambiri.
Teterev - nthumwi yayikulu yayikulu ya banja la nkhuku, nyama yofunikira kwambiri kwa alenje, ngwazi yomwe ndimakonda kuchokera ku nthano za ana. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owala, owoneka bwino, zimauluka bwino, zimakhala ndi moyo wosangalatsa kwambiri, anthu ambiri mdera lawo. Komabe, chifukwa champhamvu yazinthu zoyipa, kuchuluka kwa mitundu ina yama grouse akuda kumayamba kuchepa pang'onopang'ono. Ndi chifukwa chake nyama izi zimafunikira chidwi kuchokera kwa anthu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06/21/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 21:05
