Dokowe wakuda mosiyana ndi mnzake woyera, ndi mbalame yobisa kwambiri. Ngakhale adokowe oyera amabweretsa mwayi, ana ndi chonde, kukhalapo kwa adokowe akuda ndichinsinsi. Malingaliro onena za kuchuluka kwakuchepa kwa mitunduyi adapangidwa chifukwa chazinsinsi za mbalameyi, komanso chifukwa chodzala m'makona akutali a nkhalango zomwe sizinakhudzidwepo. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa bwino mbalame yayikuluyi kuti mudziwe zamakhalidwe ake komanso moyo wake, werengani nkhaniyi mpaka kumapeto.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Dokowe wakuda
Banja la dokowe limakhala ndimitundu ingapo m'magulu atatu akulu: adokowe (Mycteria ndi Anastomus), adokowe akuluakulu (Ephippiorhynchus, Jabiru ndi Leptoptilos) ndi "adokowe wamba", Ciconia. Adokowe ambiri ndi monga dokowe woyera ndi mitundu ina isanu ndi umodzi yomwe ilipo. Mkati mwa mtundu wa Ciconia, abale apafupi kwambiri a dokowe wakuda ndi mitundu ina yaku Europe + dokowe woyera ndi ma subspecies ake akale, dokowe woyera wakum'mawa kum'mawa kwa Asia wokhala ndi mulomo wakuda.
Kanema: Dokowe Wakuda
Katswiri wazachilengedwe wa ku England a Francis Willugby adalongosola dokowe woyamba wakuda m'zaka za zana la 17 pomwe adawawona ku Frankfurt. Anatcha mbalameyi Ciconia nigra, kuchokera ku mawu achi Latin akuti "stork" ndi "black" motsatana. Ndi imodzi mwamitundu yambiri yomwe poyambirira idafotokozedwa ndi katswiri wazanyama waku Sweden a Carl Linnaeus mu malo ochititsa chidwi a Systema Naturae, pomwe mbalameyi idapatsidwa dzina lodziwika bwino la Ardea nigra. Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, katswiri wazanyama waku France a Jacques Brisson adasamutsa dokowe wakuda kupita ku mtundu watsopano wa Ciconia.
Dokowe wakuda ndi membala wa mtundu wa Ciconia, kapena adokowe. Ndi gulu la mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yomwe ilipo yomwe imadziwika ndi ngongole zowongoka komanso nthenga zambiri zakuda ndi zoyera. Kuyambira kale anthu amaganiza kuti dokowe wakuda ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi dokowe woyera (C. ciconia). Komabe, kusanthula chibadwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusakanikirana kwa DNA ndi mitochondrial DNA ya cytochrome b, yochitidwa ndi Beth Slikas, kunawonetsa kuti dokowe wakuda anali ataponyedwa kale mu mtundu wa Ciconia. Zotsalazo zidapezeka kuchokera ku Miocene pazilumba za Rusinga ndi Maboko ku Kenya, zomwe sizodziwika ndi adokowe oyera ndi akuda.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Dokowe wakuda ku Estonia
Dokowe wakuda ndi mbalame yayikulu, kutalika kwa 95 mpaka 100 cm ndi mapiko a 143-153 masentimita ndikulemera pafupifupi 3 kg, kutalika kwa mbalameyo kumatha kufikira masentimita 102. Ndi wocheperako pang'ono kuposa mnzake woyera. Monga adokowe onse, ili ndi miyendo yayitali, khosi lotalika ndi mlomo wautali, wowongoka, wosongoka. Nthenga zonse zakuda ndi utoto wowala wonyezimira wobiriwira, kupatula zoyera zamkati mwa chifuwa, pamimba, m'khwapa ndi m'khwapa.
Nthenga za pectoral ndizazitali komanso zopindika, ndikupanga mtundu wa burashi. Amuna ndi akazi ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, kupatula kuti amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi. Dokowe wachinyamata wakuda samakhala ndi utoto wofanana pa nthenga zawo, koma mitundu imeneyi imawonekera pofika chaka chimodzi.
Chosangalatsa: Achinyamata amafanana ndi mbalame zazikulu mu nthenga, koma madera ofananira ndi nthenga zakuda za munthu wamkulu ndi ofiira komanso osawala. Mapiko ndi nthenga za mchira kumtunda zili ndi nsonga zotumbululuka. Miyendo, mulomo komanso khungu lopanda kanthu lozungulira maso ndi lobiriwira. Itha kusokonezedwa ndi dokowe wachichepere, koma womalizirayo ali ndi mapiko opepuka komanso chovala, otalikirapo komanso oyera.
Mbalameyi imayenda pang'onopang'ono komanso pansi. Monga adokowe onse, imawuluka ndi khosi lalitali. Khungu lopanda kanthu pafupi ndi maso ndi lofiira, ngati mlomo ndi miyendo. M'miyezi yozizira, milomo ndi miyendo zimasanduka zofiirira. Dokowe wakuda akuti akhala zaka 18 kuthengo komanso zaka 31 ali mu ukapolo.
Kodi adokowe akuda amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Dokowe wakuda akuthawa
Mbalame zimakhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana ogawa. Pakati pa nthawi yogona, zimapezeka kudera lonse la Eurasia, kuyambira Spain mpaka China. M'dzinja, C. nigra anthu amasamukira kumwera ku South Africa ndi India kukakhala nyengo yachisanu. Mtundu wa nyerere wakuda umayambira ku East Asia (Siberia ndi kumpoto kwa China) ndikufika ku Central Europe, mpaka ku Estonia kumpoto, Poland, Lower Saxony ndi Bavaria ku Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy ndi Greece kumwera, komwe kuli anthu akutali pakatikati Kummwera chakumadzulo kwa chilumba cha Iberia.
Dokowe wakuda ndi mbalame zosamuka zomwe zimakhala nthawi yozizira ku Africa (Lebanon, Sudan, Ethiopia, ndi zina zambiri). Ngakhale anthu ena a adokowe amakhala pansi, kuli anthu ochepa ku South Africa, komwe mitunduyi imapezeka kwambiri kum'mawa, kum'mawa kwa Mozambique, komanso imapezeka ku Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Botswana, komanso ku Namibia.
Chosangalatsa: Ku Russia, mbalameyi imapezeka kuchokera kunyanja ya Baltic kupita ku Urals, kudutsa ku South Siberia mpaka ku Far East ndi Sakhalin. Kulibe ku Kuriles ndi Kamchatka. Anthu akutali ali kumwera, ku Stavropol, Chechnya, Dagestan. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha anthu chimakhala m'nkhalango ya Srednyaya Pripyat, yomwe ili ku Belarus.
Dokowe wakuda amakhala m'malo abata, amitengo pafupi ndi madzi. Amamanga zisa m'mitengo yambiri ndipo amadyetsa m'madambo ndi mitsinje. Amathanso kupezeka m'mapiri, m'malo amapiri ngati pali madzi okwanira pafupi kuti athe kufunafuna chakudya. Zing'onozing'ono zimadziwika za malo awo ozizira, koma maderawa amakhulupirira kuti ali m'madambo momwe chakudya chimapezeka.
Kodi adokowe akuda amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Dokowe wakuda wochokera ku Red Book
Mbalame zodyerazi zimapeza chakudya poyimirira m'madzi ndikutambasula mapiko awo. Amayenda mosazindikirika ataweramitsa mitu yawo kuti awone nyamazo. Dokowe wakuda akawona chakudya, amaponyera mutu wake kutsogolo, ndikuchigwira ndi mlomo wake wautali. Ngati pali nyama zochepa, adokowe akuda amakonda kusaka okha. Magulu amapangira mwayi wopeza zakudya zopatsa thanzi.
Zakudya za adokowe akuda zimaphatikizapo:
- achule;
- ziphuphu;
- opulumutsa;
- zokwawa zazing'ono;
- nsomba.
M'nyengo yobereketsa, nsomba ndizomwe zimadya kwambiri. Zikhozanso kudyetsa amphibiya, nkhanu, nthawi zina zinyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame, komanso nyama zopanda mafupa monga nkhono, ma earthworms, mollusks, ndi tizilombo monga kachilomboka kamadzi ndi mphutsi zawo.
Kufunafuna chakudya kumachitika makamaka m'madzi abwino, ngakhale kuti dokowe wakuda nthawi zina amatha kufunafuna chakudya pamtunda. Mbalameyi imangoyendayenda moleza mtima komanso pang’onopang’ono m’madzi osaya, poyesa kuiphimba ndi mapiko ake. Ku India, mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimadyetsa pakati pa mitundu yosakanikirana ndi dokowe woyera (C. ciconia), dokowe wamakhosi oyera (C. episcopus), demoiselle crane (G. virgo) ndi tsekwe wamapiri (A. indicus). Dokowe wakuda amatsatiranso nyama zikuluzikulu monga nswala ndi ziweto, mwina kudyetsa nyama zopanda mafupa ndi nyama zazing'ono.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Dokowe wakuda wakuda
Odziwika kuti ndi odekha komanso obisalira, C. nigra ndi mbalame yochenjera kwambiri yomwe imakonda kukhala kutali ndi komwe kumakhala anthu komanso zochitika zonse za anthu. Dokowe wakuda amakhala yekha kunja kwa nyengo yoswana. Ndi mbalame yosamuka yomwe imagwira ntchito masana.
Chosangalatsa: Dokowe wakuda amayenda pansi mofanana. Nthawi zonse amakhala moyimirira, nthawi zambiri ndi mwendo umodzi. Mbalamezi ndi "oyendetsa ndege" abwino kwambiri omwe amauluka pamwamba pamafunde ofunda. Ali mlengalenga, amagwirizira mutu wawo pansi pamzere wamtembo, kutambasula khosi lawo patsogolo. Kupatula kusamuka, C. nigra samauluka pagulu.
Monga lamulo, zimachitika zokha kapena awiriawiri, kapena pagulu la mbalame zopitilira zana pakasamukira kapena m'nyengo yozizira. Dokowe wakuda amakhala ndi zikwangwani zingapo kuposa adokowe oyera. Phokoso lake lalikulu lomwe amapanga limakhala ngati mpweya wopuma. Uku ndikumveka kokweza ngati chenjezo kapena chiwopsezo. Amuna amawonetsa phokoso lalitali lomwe limakweza voliyumu kenako phokoso limachepa. Akuluakulu amatha kumenyetsa milomo yawo ngati gawo la miyambo yokwatirana kapena mokwiya.
Mbalame zimayesa kuyanjana ndi ziwalo zina zamtunduyu poyendetsa matupi awo. Dokowe amaika thupi lake mozungulira ndipo mofulumira amapendeketsa mutu wake ndi pansi, mpaka pafupifupi 30 °, ndikubwereranso, ndikuwonetseratu magawo oyera a nthenga zake, ndipo izi zimabwerezedwa kangapo. Kusunthaku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati moni pakati pa mbalame ndi - mwamphamvu - monga chiwopsezo. Komabe, mtundu wokhawo wamtunduwu umatanthawuza kuti kuwonekera kwowopsa ndikosowa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Anapiye akokowe
Ciconia nigra imabereka chaka chilichonse kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena Meyi. Akazi amaikira mazira oyera 5 mpaka 5 mozungulira pachikopa chachikulu cha timitengo ndi dothi. Zisa izi zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito nyengo zambiri. Nthawi zina makolo amasamalira mbalame kuchokera ku zisa zina, kuphatikizapo ziwombankhanga zomwe zimadya mazira (Ictinaetus malayensis), ndi zina zotero. Zisa zokha, awiriawiri amabalalika pamtunda wa pafupifupi 1 km. Mitunduyi imatha kukhala zisa za mitundu ina ya mbalame monga chiwombankhanga cha kaffir kapena nyundo ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsanso ntchito zisa zaka zikubwerazi.
Akakhala pachibwenzi, adokowe akuda amawonetsa ndege zomwe zimawoneka ngati zapadera pakati pa adokowe. Mbalame zamphongo zimauluka mofanana, nthawi zambiri zimakwera pachisa m'mawa kwambiri kapena madzulo. Mbalame imodzi inafalitsa michira yake yoyera yakumunsi ndipo awiriwo amafanana. Ndege zodzikongoletsera ndizovuta kuziwona chifukwa chakukhala kokokalasa nkhalango komwe zimakwirako. Chisa chimamangidwa kutalika kwa 4-25 m. Dokowe wakuda amakonda kumanga chisa chake pamitengo ya nkhalango zokhala ndi zisoti zazikulu, kuziyika kutali ndi thunthu lalikulu.
Chosangalatsa: Zimatenga dokowe wakuda kuyambira masiku 32 mpaka 38 kuti athyole mazira mpaka masiku 71 asanafike nthenga zazing'ono. Akathawa, anapiyewo amakhalabe odalira makolo awo kwa milungu ingapo. Mbalame zimakula msinkhu zikafika zaka zitatu mpaka zisanu.
Amuna ndi akazi amagawana chisamaliro cha achinyamata pamodzi ndikupanga zisa limodzi. Amuna amayang'anitsitsa komwe chisa chiyenera kukhala ndikusonkhanitsa timitengo, dothi ndi udzu. Akazi amamanga chisa. Amuna ndi akazi omwe ali ndi udindo wothandizira, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri akazi ndiwo amakhala oyambitsa. Kutentha kwachisa kukatentha kwambiri, makolowo nthawi ndi nthawi amabweretsa madzi m'kamwa mwawo ndikuwapaka pa mazira kapena anapiye kuti awaziziritse. Makolo onse amadyetsa ana. Chakudya chimaponyedwa pansi pa chisa ndipo adokowe ang'onoang'ono amadya pansi pa chisa.
Adani achilengedwe a dokowe wakuda
Chithunzi: Dokowe wakuda wakuda
Palibe nyama zolusa zachilengedwe za dokowe wakuda (C. nigra). Anthu ndi mitundu yokhayo yomwe imadziwika kuti iopseza adokowe akuda. Zambiri mwaziwopsezozi zimadza chifukwa chakuwononga malo okhala ndi kusaka.
Dokowe wakuda ndi wocheperako poyerekeza ndi loyera. Chiwerengero chawo chatsika kwambiri kuyambira chapakatikati pa 19th chifukwa cha kusaka, kukolola mazira, kukulitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nkhalango, kutayika kwa mitengo, ngalande za nkhalango zowononga ndi madambo a nkhalango, zipolowe ku Horstplatz, kugundana ndi zingwe zamagetsi. Posachedwa, kuchuluka ku Central ndi Western Europe kwayamba kuchira pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, izi zikuwopsezedwa.
Zosangalatsa: Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti dokowe wakuda amakhala ndi mitundu yoposa 12 yama helminths. Hian Cathaemasia ndi Dicheilonema ciconiae akuti anali opambana. Zinawonetsedwa kuti mitundu yocheperako ya ma helminths amakhala mu dokowe wachinyamata wakuda, koma kukula kwa matenda ku anapiye kunali kwakukulu kuposa achikulire.
Dokowe wakuda ndi amene amadyetsa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala. Amakonda nyama zam'madzi monga nsomba ndi amphibiya. Kutentha kwa m'mimba kwa dokowe wakuda kumapangitsa trematode kumaliza moyo wake wonse. Mtengo wa trematode umapezeka kwambiri mumtundu waukulu, mtundu wa nsomba, koma umatengeka ndi C. nigra mukamadyetsa. Kenako amapatsira anapiye mwa kudyetsa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Dokowe wakuda wakuda
Chiwerengero cha adokowe akuda chakhala chikuchepa kwa zaka zambiri ku Western Europe. Mitundu iyi yawonongedwa kale ku Scandinavia. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku India - malo otentha kwambiri - akuchepa mosaletseka. M'mbuyomu, mbalameyi imakonda kupita kudambo la Mai Po, koma tsopano simawoneka kumeneko, ndipo ambiri, kuchepa kwa anthu kumawoneka ku China konse.
Malo ake akusintha mwachangu kudera lalikulu la Eastern Europe ndi Asia. Choopseza chachikulu pamtunduwu ndikuwononga malo. Malo okhala malo oyenera kuswana akuchepa ku Russia ndi Kum'mawa kwa Europe chifukwa chodula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kuwononga mitengo yayikulu yazomera.
Alenje amaopseza dokowe wakuda m'maiko ena akumwera kwa Europe ndi Asia monga Pakistan. Kuswana kumatha kuwonongedwa pamenepo. Dokowe wakuda wasowa m'chigwa cha Ticino kumpoto kwa Italy. Mu 2005, adokowe akuda adamasulidwa ku park ya Lombardo del Ticino poyesa kubwezeretsa anthu.
Komanso, anthu akuopsezedwa ndi:
- chitukuko chamakampani ndi ulimi mwachangu;
- kumanga madamu;
- ntchito yomanga malo othirira ndi kupanga magetsi.
Malo okhala nyengo yozizira ku Africa akuwopsezedwanso ndikusintha kwaulimi ndi kukulitsa, chipululu ndi kuipitsa komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala ena. Nthawi zina mbalamezi zimaphedwa ndi kugundana ndi zingwe zamagetsi komanso zingwe zam'mwamba.
Kuteteza adokowe akuda
Chithunzi: Dokowe wakuda wochokera ku Red Book
Kuyambira 1998, adokowe akuda adavoteledwa kuti siowopsa paziwopsezo za mtundu wa Endangered Species Red List (IUCN). Izi ndichifukwa choti mbalameyi ili ndi gawo lalikulu logawa - zoposa 20,000 km² - ndipo chifukwa, malinga ndi asayansi, kuchuluka kwake sikunatsike ndi 30% pazaka khumi kapena mibadwo itatu ya mbalame. Chifukwa chake, sikuchepa kwachangu kokwanira kuti mukhale pachiwopsezo.
Komabe, chiwerengero ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu sizikumveka bwino, ndipo ngakhale mtunduwu ukufalikira, kuchuluka kwake m'malo ena kumakhala kochepa. Ku Russia, kuchuluka kwa anthu kwatsika kwambiri, motero ndi mu Red Book la dzikolo. Amatinso a Red Data Book a Volgograd, Saratov, Ivanovo, Madera a Khabarovsk ndi Sakhalin. Kuphatikiza apo, mitunduyo ndiyotetezedwa: Tajikistan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Moldova, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.
Njira zonse zoteteza kusamalira zachilengedwe zakuchulukirachulukira komanso kuchulukana kwa anthu zikuyenera kuphimba madera akuluakulu m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri ndipo zikuyenera kuyang'ana kuyang'anira mitsinje, kuteteza ndikuwongolera malo odyetserako ziweto, ndikukweza chakudya popanga malo osungiramo madzi osowa m'mapiri kapena m'mbali mwake mitsinje.
Chosangalatsa: Kafukufuku ku Estonia adawonetsa kuti kusungidwa kwa mitengo yayikulu yayikulu pakuwongolera nkhalango ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti mitundu ya mitengoyi iswana.
Dokowe wakuda otetezedwa ndi Pangano la Conservation of Eurasian Migratory Birds (AEWA) ndi Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna (CITES).
Tsiku lofalitsa: 18.06.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 nthawi 20:25
