Mphungu

Mphungu Ndi nyama yolusa yamphongo yabanja la mphamba. Amakonda kwambiri nyama zamakono ndipo ali ndi mitundu yambiri. Kuyambira kale, machitidwe awo ndi zizolowezi zawo adaphunziridwa bwino ndi anthu, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zitheke kugwiritsa ntchito mbalame zodya nyama posaka nyama. Falconry ndiwodziwika kwambiri mpaka lero osati kokha ngati mtundu wa usodzi, komanso monga gawo la chikhalidwe cha mayiko ambiri, komanso ngati zosangalatsa zamasewera.

Falcon ndi mbalame yokongola komanso yolemekezeka, yomwe imaganiziridwa kuti ndiyo nyama yofulumira kwambiri padziko lapansi. Posaka, mbalame zamphamba zimatha kufika pa liwiro laulendo wopitilira 320 km / h.

Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera

Chithunzi: Sokol

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wasayansi, mphamba ndi mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya mbalame. Zaka zakukhalapo kwawo kuthengo, kuphatikiza makolo akutali, pafupifupi zaka 10 miliyoni.

Malo okhala nkhandwe ndi otakata kwambiri. M'mbuyomu, mbalameyi nthawi zambiri inali pafupi ndi anthu, yosavuta kuyigwiritsa ntchito posaka. Zakale zoyambirira za ziweto zoweta zidayamba m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu BC ndipo zimalumikizidwa ndi madera aku Iraq amakono.

Kanema: Falcon

Aigupto wakale makamaka amalemekeza nkhono, ndikupereka mawonekedwe ake kwa milungu yawo. Mu nthano zachisilavo, nkhwazi idalumikizidwa ndi kulimba mtima komanso kulimba mtima, ndipo ngakhale nthenga za mphamba zimawerengedwa kuti zibweretsa mwayi. Izi wolemekezeka, dexterx ndi wamphamvu mbalame zambiri kuthandiza munthu kusaka ndi kupulumuka, choncho tsoka lake anali inextricably zogwirizana ndi mwiniwake, kukhulupirira kuti kugulitsa kapena kuchotsa mphamba ndi chimodzimodzi kulanda mwini moyo ndi mphamvu.

Mbalame zimabadwa osaka. Ali othamanga kuthawa, ali ndi maso akuthwa kwambiri, ndi olimba komanso opirira. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi akatswiri odziwa za mbalame atsimikizira kuti mbalame zam'madzi ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zotukuka kwambiri. Makhalidwe apaderawa adakopa munthu yemwe akufuna kudzipangira zofooka zake zachilengedwe.

Komabe, falcons alibe nzeru zomvera mtsogoleriyo. Falconry ndi mgwirizano womwe nyama yolusa yamapiko ili ndi mwayi waukulu - ufulu. Amadzisaka yekha, koma popita nthawi, ataphunzira kukhulupirira mbuye wake, amavomereza zomwe nyama imalowa m'malo mwake ndikulimbikitsidwa.

Magulu a ankhandwe kuthengo ndi awa:

• nkhono zofiirira;
• nkhono wamadzulo;
• nkhono ya pygmy;
• phazi lofiira lofiira;
• nkhono zazifupi;
• nkhono yaying'ono;
• Nkhono yaku Mexico;
• Falcon yaku South Mexico;
• nkhwangwa yoseketsa;
• Falcon yaku Mediterranean.

Chosangalatsa: Mtundu uliwonse wa mphamba udapangidwa mwachilengedwe kuti uwongolere kuchuluka kwa mitundu ina ya mbalame ndi nyama.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Falcon mbalame

Kabawi kwenikweni ndi chirombo, ndipo mapiko amphamvu, minofu yolimba ndi mlomo wamphamvu wakuthwa zimapangitsa kuti ikhale msaki wabwino. Mapiko a mapiko a mbalame amafika masentimita 120, omwe, pamodzi ndi minofu yotukuka bwino ya thunthu, imapanga mawonekedwe abwino owuluka. Mapiko a Falcon nawonso ndi akuthwa kwambiri, ngati mungayerekezere mawonekedwe awo ndi mapiko a nyama zina zolusa zamphongo - ziwombankhanga, nkhwangwa, ziwombankhanga zagolide. Izi zimatsimikizira kuthekera kwa nkhwazi kuwombera nyama yomwe yauluka.

Mlomo wa kabawi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yosakira ndi kupha nyama. Mfupi ndi yolumikizidwa, ili ndi chomenyera chakuthwa pamwamba ndipo imakumana ndi nsagwada zakumunsi. Mlomowu umakhala ndi mano odulira, omwe amalowera mkati mwa mulomo utatsekedwa. Kapangidwe kameneka kamathandiza mbalameyo kuti izitha kuthyola msana ndi mafupa ang'onoang'ono.

Mutu wa nkhandwe ndiwokulirapo komanso wokulirapo; m'mbali mwake muli ndevu zamtundu wakuda, zomwe nkhwazi zimatha kusiyanitsidwa mosadukiza ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama. Thupi la nkhandwe limalumikizidwa pang'ono, mchira umakhala wolimba, kutalika kwake ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Nyama yamphongo iyi imakhala ndi maso owoneka bwino kwambiri, omwe amawathandiza kutsata nyama, ngakhale patali kwambiri. Maso a nkhandwe ndi amdima, chitsulo chimakonzedwa ndi chikope chopanda ana.

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kukula kwa mbalame ndikofunikira kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mphamba wa pygmy samakula kuposa masentimita 24 m'litali (pafupifupi masentimita 33 ndi mchira) ndipo amalemera magalamu 70 okha. Ndipo anthu achimphona chachikulu kwambiri, ku Mediterranean amafika masentimita 45-50 m'litali ndikulemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu awiri. Akazi nthawi zonse amakhala akulu kuposa amuna, koma amakhala ndi utoto wonyezimira. Nthawi zambiri, pamakhala ma falcons ofiira, ofiira, abulauni kapena akuda. Mimba imasiyanasiyana.

Kodi nkhono amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Falcon ikuthawa

Malo okhala amphamba pafupifupi dziko lonse lapansi, kupatula malo amalo. Ena mwa mitundu yawo amabadwira oyendayenda. Amakhala moyo wawo wonse paulendo wautali kuchokera kumalo kupita kumalo, ndipo mutha kukumana nawo kulikonse padziko lapansi. Ma falcons ena amakhala moyo wokhazikika, posankha matsamba ndi zipululu zazinyumba zawo.

Pomwe achinyamata amathawira nthawi yachisanu m'malo otentha, mbalame zokhwima zimatsalira panyumba, zimayandikira pafupi ndi matupi amadzi ozizira. Amapirira mosavuta nyengo yozizira. Kuchepa kwa masewera ndi makoswe oyenera chakudya kumapangitsa mbalame kusaka kwambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, kusaka nyama kumakhala kovuta, koma kupirira kwachilengedwe kwa mphamba kumawathandiza kupulumuka ngakhale ndi chakudya chochepa cha dzinja.

Mayiko ndi makontinenti osiyanasiyana asankha mitundu ya zikamba kuti azikhala moyo wabwino. Falcon yofiirira imakhala mdera la Australia ndi New Guinea, anthu aku falcon yaku Mexico amapezeka m'mapiri, kumapululu ndi m'zipululu za United States, kumpoto kwa Mexico ndi kumwera kwa Canada. Mbalame kukaikira mazira kumpoto kwa mitunduyi ndizosamuka, kumwera - kumangokhala. Madambo, masana ndi madambo aku United States amasankhidwa ndi falcon yaku South Mexico.

Ku Central ndi South America, kuchokera kumpoto kwa Argentina kumwera mpaka kumwera kwa Mexico kumpoto, nkhwangwa zoseketsa zimamanga. Amakonda nkhalango zam'malo otentha, posankha malo osakulirako. Kabawi wocheperako amaphatikiza mitundu iwiri yokhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Chisa chimodzi m'malo opanda mitengo akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia, china - m'chipululu komanso m'zipululu za ku Africa, komwe kuli phamba lalifupi kwambiri.

Falcon yaku Mediterranean imapezeka ku Italy ndi ku Balkan Peninsula. Anthu ochepa amakhalanso ku Africa, Arabian Peninsula ndi Asia Minor. Mtundu uwu umakonda malo omasuka a zipululu zamiyala ndi zipululu zazitali, amakhala pamphepete mwa miyala.

Mitengo yotseguka yamapiri a Himalaya imakhala ndi mphamba wamphazi wofiira. Amakonda madera okhala ndi mitengo yambiri youma, pafupi ndi minda ndi madambo. Mtundu uwu umakhalanso kumapiri a Nepal ndi Bhutan, Cambodia, Laos ndi Vietnam. Amapezeka m'minda yaulimi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje, imakhazikika m'chigwa komanso pamtunda wa pafupifupi mamita 900 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kodi khwimbi amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Kusaka Falcon

Chifukwa cha chibadwa chake chosaka komanso mawonekedwe achilengedwe, nkhandwe limapeza chakudya mlengalenga komanso pansi. Zakudya "zamlengalenga" zimapangidwa ndi mbalame zapakatikati, ndipo menyu "yapansi" imayimiriridwa makamaka ndi makoswe ndi tizilombo. Nthawi zina njoka, nsomba ndi achule amapita kwa mbalame zomwe zimadya nyama. Koma kusaka nyama iyi sikusangalatsa ma falcons, chifukwa sikuwalola kuti awonetse luso lawo losaka mokwanira.

Zosangalatsa: Kabawi amakonda magazi amoyo ndi nyama yatsopano ndipo sadzadya zovunda, ngakhale atakhala ndi njala yotani.

Pofuna kulanda nyama, nkhandwe imagwiritsa ntchito zida zonse zankhondo, zomwe chilengedwe chimamupatsa mowolowa manja. Njira yosakira imadalira kuti chandamalecho chili pansi kapena mlengalenga. Chifukwa cha kuthamanga kwake kwakukulu, mapiko amphamvu komanso akuthwa, nkhwazi imatha kuwombera nyama yomwe ili pomwepo, komanso pansi kuti ithe kuthana nayo kwathunthu.

Ngati chakudya chomwe chingapezeke chikupezeka pansi, khwimbi "amaponya mwala" kwa amene wagwiridwayo, ndipo amawomba mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti kumakhala kovuta kuwona kuyandikira kwake. Wodya nyama ya mphamba alibe mwayi wopulumutsidwa. Ndi mlomo wake wamphamvu, imathyola msana wa wovulalayo ndi kung'amba, kudya yonse.

Kuti magwiridwe antchito a nthenga agwire bwino ntchito, pamafunika kulowetsa mafupa ang'onoang'ono, zikopa ndi nthenga. Pakadutsa maola ochepa, mbalameyi imabweza zotsalazo zomwe sizinadye chakudya.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe

Chithunzi: Falcon mbalame

Mimbulu ndi mbalame zoweta. Amawonetsa ukadaulo wodabwitsa ndipo amakhala bwino ku ukapolo, akumva chikondi kwa mwini wake. Komabe, kumverera kogonjera ndi kwachilendo kwa iwo, ndi okonda ufulu komanso odziyimira pawokha. Ngati mungaletse kwambiri nkhono kuti ziwuluke, malo opanda ufulu komanso kutha kuwonetsa zachilengedwe, posakhalitsa mbalameyo imadwala ndikufota.

Mwachilengedwe, mbalamezi sizimangokhala chete ndipo zimagwiritsa ntchito mawu awo pongofuna kuwopseza adani kapena kuwopseza nyama. Ndipo uku sikuyimba ayi. Nyimbo zokoma zomwe zimatulutsidwa sizachilendo kwa mbalame zodya nyama. Koma kulira kwa nkhandwe kumakhudza kwambiri aliyense amene angamve. Pogawira kuchokera kumwamba, imanyamula chinthu chachikulu, kuti chifane ndi mawonekedwe a mbalame.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Nyama zodya nyama nthawi zina zimakonza ziwonetsero zakumwamba, kuwonetsa kuthekera kwawo kopambana kwa oyandikana nawo akumlengalenga, akuchita ma pirouette odabwitsa, ngati kuti akudzitamandira ndi luso lawo.

Falcon ndiwowona ndege. Ndi machitidwe awo, ma falcons amabadwira osamukasamuka. Mitundu ina ya mbalamezi imathera moyo wawo wonse paulendo. Kuphatikiza apo, mayendedwe awa samvera chilichonse, koma mbalame zimatsata njira ina malinga ndi kuitana kwa moyo.

Pofunafuna nyama, kabawi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito machenjera ake. Posafuna kuwukira wovulalayo pansi, amamuwopseza, ndikumukakamiza kuti anyamuke. Mlengalenga, chilombo chamapiko alibe mphamvu ndi liwiro lofanana, ndipo kugwidwa kwa nyama zotere kumakhala nkhani yaukadaulo.

Zosangalatsa: Pakusaka, nkhwazi imatha kutengera zomwe zaphonya posewera ndi nyamayo.

Mwachilengedwe, falcons amakhala pafupifupi zaka 16, ndipo ali mu ukapolo, anthu ena nthawi zina amakhala zaka 25.

Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: A falcons

Monga nyama yolusa, mphamba sagwirizana ndi abale ena, posankha kukhalapo awiriawiri. Mwachilengedwe, mafalansa amakhala okhaokha. Anthu awiri atha kusintha pokhapokha ngati m'modzi wa iwo wamwalira. Amphamba samanga zisa pansi, amakonda kusankha miyala, koma amathanso kutenga chisa cha wina.

Masewera olimbirana mu mphamba amadziwika ndi kukongola kokongola kwa ndege. Kuthamanga ndi kukongola kwa zidule zochitidwa ndi banja ndizodabwitsa kwambiri. Nthawi zina chiwonetsero chamlengalenga chimathera pansi. Kudzisankhira wamwamuna, wamkazi amakhala pansi pafupi ndi iye, kuwonetsa kuti amamusamalira. Amuna amatha kukonzekeretsa mkazi pomupatsa chakudya pouluka, kwinaku akutembenukira pansi, kulandira mphatsoyo.

Amphamba samanga zisa pafupi, mtunda wa makilomita 2-3. Pogwiritsa ntchito kabawi pali mazira 2 mpaka 5. Makulitsidwe amatha pafupifupi mwezi. Ngati banjali liganiza kuti kulibe chakudya chokwanira m'dera lomwe mwasankhiralo kudyetsa anapiye, mbalame zimachoka pachisa kukapanga china chatsopano pamalo abwino polera ana.

Makolo onse awiri amatenga nawo mbali pakuswa mazira. Anapiye aswedwa amakhalabe motetezedwa ndi makolo awo kwakanthawi, kuphunzira kusaka ndi kupulumuka. Koma atangofika pokhala achikulire, amasanduka mpikisano wopikisana nawo. Mbalame zazing'ono zimayamba kudziyimira pawokha, ndikusiya chisa pafupifupi mwezi umodzi ndi theka zitabadwa.

Pakatha chaka, anapiye amakhala ndi chisa chawo. Chiwerengero cha ana chimadalira pazinthu zambiri, chimodzi mwazomwe zimakhaladi chakudya chathunthu chachikazi.

Adani achilengedwe a falcons

Chithunzi: Mbalame yodya nyama

Kumtchire, nkhono ali ndi adani ambiri ndipo amakakamizidwa kuti amenyetse kukhalapo kwake komanso kuteteza ana mwachangu.

Pafupifupi onse odyetsa nkhalango zazikulu ali pamndandanda wa adani a mbalame:

• nkhandwe;
• martens;
• ziphuphu;
• kadzidzi;
• kadzidzi.

Oimira nyama zakutchire sangathe kulimbana ndi munthu wamkulu, koma amawononga mosavuta zisa za mphamba, kuwononga mazira ndi anapiye awo. Kuukira kumachitika nthawi zambiri makolo kulibe, omwe amakakamizidwa kusiya zisa kukasaka, kuti adzipezere okha chakudya ndi anapiye awo. M'chilengedwe, 70-80 peresenti ya nyama zazing'ono zimamwalira zisanakule.

Pazifukwa izi, mphamba ali ndi udindo woteteza zisa zawo, kuziteteza nthawi zonse kuukali. Pali nkhani zonena za momwe mbalame zinakhalira galu yemwe amafuna kudya anapiye, ndikuwuthamangitsa, kumusiya wopanda chakudya chamadzulo.

Amphamba amawonetsa kulimba mtima komanso kudzipereka poteteza zisa ndi anapiye. Kusintha kwazaka mazana ambiri kwapangika mwa iwo mphamvu zachilengedwe zotetezera ana awo, koma mkhalidwe womwewo umabweretsa zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kufa kwa mbalame. Chifukwa chake, kulira mwamphamvu kwa mbalame zomwe zachita mantha, zomwe zimapangidwa kuti ziwopsyeze adani, zimakhala ngati chowunikira pofufuza malo awo.

Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi

Chithunzi: Sokol

Mosiyana ndi malingaliro onse, mbalame yosamalidwa bwino komanso yodzipereka imavutika kwambiri ndi zochita za anthu. Kukonda kopanda nzeru kwamphamba kwaika mitundu ina ya mphamba pamphepete mwa moyo. Mtengo wa mphamba wophunzitsidwa umakhala wokongola kwa iwo omwe akufuna kupeza ndalama kotero kuti osaka nyama osazengereza sawononga zisa za nkhandwe, posankha mkazi pakati pawo, omwe amasangalatsidwa kwambiri ndi ogula.

Kuphatikiza apo, malo achilengedwe amphamba ndi chakudya chawo nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka chifukwa cha zomwe anthu amachita. Kugwiritsa ntchito ziphe zamakono m'minda yolimidwa motsutsana ndi makoswe, omwe ndi chakudya cha nyama zodya mapiko, nthawi zina zimabweretsa kufa kwa mbalame. Malo osakasaka nkhandwe akuchepa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mbalame kumachepa.

Pakadali pano, asayansi a mbalame akukhazikitsa njira zosiyanasiyana zokulitsira nkhono kuthengo. Zochitika ngati izi zimawerengedwa kuti zikuyenda bwino ndipo zimathandizidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana asayansi, koma njira zonsezi zithandizira populumutsa zamoyo, ndi nthawi yokha yomwe ingadziwe.

Chilengedwe chapatsa mphamba luso lapadera losaka, mphamvu ndi liwiro, nzeru zapamwamba komanso mawonekedwe abwino. Koma mbalame zodabwitsa kwambirizi sizinaphunzire kuzolowera moyo wokhala m'malo otukuka. Amavutika ndi malingaliro amunthu osasamala pa chilengedwe. Ngati zinthu sizinasinthidwe, mwina mtsogolomo tidzayenera kupeza phindu la kusasamala kotere, powona kuchepa kwachulukidwe kwa ziweto zomwe zili ndi mapiko.

Tsiku lofalitsidwa: June 17, 2019

Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 20:22