Kupukuta okhala owoneka bwino owoneka bwino. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti ndi nthenga zake zazitali, utoto wakuda ndi mawu. Uwu ndiye mtundu wofala kwambiri pamtundu wazomwe zimachitika - Vanellus vanellus, yemwenso amadziwika mdziko lathu pansi pa dzina lachiwiri la nkhumba.
Anthu a ku Ulaya m'mayiko osiyanasiyana amachitcha mosiyana: Achi Belarus - kigalka, Ukrainians - kiba, Ajeremani - kiebitz, English - peewit. Pakulira kwachisoni kwa mbalamezi, Asilavo adamva kulira kosatonthozeka kwa amayi ndi akazi amasiye omwe ali achisoni, chifukwa chake opunduka amayang'aniridwa ndikulemekezedwa m'maiko awo. Zinkaonedwa kuti ndizabwino kupha mbalame zazikulu ndikuwononga zisa zawo.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chibis
Mtundu wa Vanellus unakhazikitsidwa ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku France a Jacques Brisson mu 1760. Vanellus ndi Latin wakale "fan wing". The taxonomy ya mtunduwu ndiwotsutsanabe. Palibe kukonzanso kwakukulu komwe kuvomerezedwa pakati pa akatswiri. Mitundu yoposa 24 ya zolakwitsa zadziwika.
Kanema: Chibis
Makhalidwe a morphological ndi osakanikirana osakanikirana amachitidwe apomorphic ndi plesiomorphic mumtundu uliwonse, wopanda ubale wowonekera. Zambiri zamagulu sizimapereka chidziwitso chokwanira, ngakhale pankhaniyi zolakwika sizinaphunzirebe mozama.
Chosangalatsa: M'zaka za zana la 18, mazira akutuluka anali chakudya chokoma pamatebulo apamwamba a olemekezeka ku Victoria Victoria. Frederick Ogasiti Wachiwiri waku Saxony adalamula mu Marichi 1736 kuti apereke mazira atsopano. Ngakhale Chancellor Otto von Bismarck adalandira mazira 101 ochokera ku Jever patsiku lake lobadwa.
Kutolera mazira omwe akulephera tsopano ndikuletsedwa ku European Union. Ku Netherlands, adaloledwa kutolera mazira m'chigawo cha Friesland mpaka 2006. Koma akadali masewera otchuka kupeza dzira loyamba la chaka ndikupereka kwa mfumu. Anthu mazana ambiri amapita kumapiri ndi msipu chaka chilichonse. Aliyense amene wapeza dzira loyamba amalemekezedwa ngati ngwazi.
Lero, kungofufuza, komanso m'masiku akale, kuti atole mazira achithaphwi, chiphaso chimafunikira. Masiku ano, okonda kupita kumapiri ndikuyika zisa zawo kuti alimi azizungulira kapena kusamala zisa zawo kuti zisaponderezedwe ndi msipu.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Lapwing bird
Lapwing ndi mbalame kutalika kwa masentimita 28-33, wokhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 67-87 ndi thupi lolemera masentimita 128-330 g. Mapiko amtundu wofiirira wobiriwirayo ndi aatali, otambalala ndi ozungulira. Nthenga zitatu zoyambirira zoyera ndi nsonga zoyera. Mbalameyi ili ndi miyendo yayifupi kwambiri kuchokera kubanja lonse la alenje. Makamaka amapunduka ndi utoto wakuda ndi woyera, koma kumbuyo kumakhala koyera. Nthenga zawo m'mbali ndi m'mimba ndizoyera, ndipo kuyambira pachifuwa mpaka korona ndikuda.
Amuna ali ndi mawonekedwe owonda kwambiri komanso ataliatali omwe amafanana ndi korona wakuda. Pakhosi ndi pachifuwa ndi chakuda komanso chosiyana ndi nkhope yoyera, ndipo pali mzere wopingasa wakuda pansi pa diso lililonse. Akazi omwe ali ndi nthenga alibe zikwangwani zakuthwa kumaso ngati amuna, komanso amakhala ndi kanthawi kakang'ono. Mwambiri, ali ofanana kwambiri ndi amuna.
Mu mbalame zazing'ono, mutu wa mutuwo ndi wamfupi kwambiri kuposa akazi ndipo umakhala ndi utoto wofiirira, nthenga zawo ndizofewa kuposa zamunthu wamkulu. Mapapuwa ali pafupi kukula kwa nkhunda ndipo amawoneka olimba kwambiri. Pansi pake pa torso pali zoyera zowala, ndipo pali chikopa chakuda pachifuwa. Mwa amuna, m'mphepete mwake mumadziwika kwambiri, pomwe mwa akazi ndiopepuka komanso okhala ndi zotumphukira, kuphatikiza ndi nthenga zoyera pachifuwa.
Yaimuna imakhala ndiutali, yaikazi imakhala ndi nthenga yayifupi kumutu. Mbali zake zili zoyera. Kokha m'mbali mwa diso ndi m'munsi mwa mlomo ndi momwe nyama zimakopeka. Apa amuna ndi akuda kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi pakhosi lakuda kwambiri panthawi yoswana. Achinyamata ndi atsikana azaka zonse ali ndi pakhosi loyera. Mapikowo ndi otambalala komanso ozungulira modabwitsa, omwe amafanana ndi dzina la Chingerezi la lapwing - "lapwing" ("Screw wings").
Kodi kusiya ntchito kumakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Lapwing bird
Lapwing (V. vanellus) ndi mbalame yosamuka yomwe imapezeka kumpoto kwa Palaearctic. Mitunduyi ili ndi Europe, Mediterranean, China, North Africa, Mongolia, Thailand, Korea, Vietnam, Laos komanso Russia. Kusuntha kwa chilimwe kumachitika kumapeto kwa Meyi, nthawi yoswana itatha. Kusuntha kwadzinja kumachitika kuyambira Seputembara mpaka Novembala, pomwe achichepere nawonso amachoka kwawo.
Zosangalatsa: Maulendo osamukira amatha kuyambira 3000 mpaka 4000 km. Lapwing imabisalanso kumwera, mpaka kumpoto kwa Africa, kumpoto kwa India, Pakistan ndi madera ena a China. Imasamuka makamaka masana, nthawi zambiri m'magulu akulu. Mbalame zochokera kumadzulo chakumadzulo kwa Europe zimakhala kwamuyaya ndipo sizimasamuka.
Lapwing imawuluka molawirira kwambiri kumalo awo opangira zisa, kwinakwake kuyambira kumapeto kwa February mpaka Epulo. Madontho omwe anali m'mphepete mwa mathithi komanso madambo amchere m'mphepete mwake. Masiku ano mbalameyi imangokhalira kulima, makamaka mbewu zomwe zili ndi madera onyowa komanso malo opanda zomera. Pofuna kubereka, imakonda kukhazikika m'madambo onyowa ndi madambo obiriwira, okutidwa ndi tchire tating'onoting'ono, pomwe anthu osabereka amagwiritsa ntchito msipu, madambo onyowa, malo othirira, magombe amtsinje ndi malo ena ofanana.
Zisa zimamangidwa pansi pa udzu wouma (osakwana 10 cm). Mbalameyi sichiopa kukhala pafupi ndi anthu monga munthu. Mapepala akulu kwambiri. Mapapiko amafika molawirira, pamakhala chipale chofewa m'minda ndipo nyengo ikukulirakulira nthawi zina amakakamiza kuwuluka kuti apite ku madera akumwera.
Kodi kupuma kumadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Lapwing kuchokera ku Red Book
Lapwing ndi mtundu womwe kukhalapo kwawo kumadalira nyengo. Mwa zina, nyengo yozizira yomwe imagwa mvula yambiri imasokoneza chakudya. Mitunduyi imadyetsedwa m'magulu osakanikirana, pomwe ma golide agolide ndi mitu yakuda imapezeka, nthawi zambiri zimawabera, koma amateteza ku adani. Ma lapapings amagwira ntchito usana ndi usiku, koma mbalame zina, monga mapiko agolide, zimakonda kudyetsa usiku pakakhala kuwala kwa mwezi.
Lapwing amakonda kudya:
- tizilombo;
- mbozi za tizilombo;
- nyongolotsi;
- nsomba zazing'ono;
- nkhono zazing'ono;
- mbewu.
Amafufuza nyongolotsi ngati mbalame yakuda m'mundamo, ndikuyimitsa, akuweramitsa mutu wake ndikumvetsera. Nthawi zina amagogoda pansi kapena kupondaponda mapazi ake kuti atulutse mbozi zapansi. Gawo la zakudya zazomera limatha kukhala lokwera kwambiri. Amakhala ndi mbewu zaudzu ndi mbewu. Amatha kudya nsonga za shuga. Komabe, nyongolotsi, zopanda mafupa, nsomba zazing'ono ndi zida zina zazomera ndizo zomwe zimadya kwambiri.
Ziphuphu ndi nsomba zam'madzi ndizofunikira kwambiri popangira anapiye chifukwa zimakwaniritsa zosowa zamagetsi ndipo zimapezeka mosavuta. Grassland imapereka kuchuluka kwa nyongolotsi kwambiri, pomwe malo olimapo amapereka mwayi wocheperako.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chibis
Mapapiko amauluka mwachangu kwambiri, koma osati mwachangu kwambiri. Mapiko awo amayenda mofewa komanso osalala. Mbalame zimapezeka mlengalenga makamaka chifukwa chakuwuluka kwawo pang'onopang'ono. Mbalamezi zimauluka masana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono opingasa. Lapwing imatha kuyenda bwino komanso mwachangu pansi. Mbalamezi zimakonda kucheza ndipo zimatha kupanga gulu lalikulu.
M'chaka mumatha kumva mawu osangalatsa am'mawu, koma zolakwitsa zikawopsezedwa ndi china chake, zimamveka mokweza, pang'ono pang'ono, phokoso laphokoso, kusiyanasiyana kwamphamvu, kamvekedwe ndi tempo. Zizindikirozi sizimangochenjeza mbalame zina zowopsa, komanso zitha kuthamangitsa mdani amene akungokhala.
Chosangalatsa: Ma lapaposi amalumikizana pogwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zandege, zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu ingapo yaulendo wopita limodzi ndi mamvekedwe ena.
Ndege zoyimba zimayambira dzuwa lisanatuluke ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazifupi komanso zadzidzidzi. Izi zimachitika kwa ola limodzi kenako zonse zimakhala chete. Mbalame zimathanso kupanga phokoso lapadera pamene zikufuula ndi mantha owopsa, kusiya chisa chawo (nthawi zambiri kwayala) pakagwa ngozi. Zitsanzo zakale kwambiri zakutchire zomwe asayansi adatsimikizira kuti ali ndi moyo tsopano ali ndi zaka 20.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Zowonongeka
Lapwing imakonda malo okhala ndi zitsalira zokhala ndi masamba ochepa komanso kufalitsa pang'ono zomera zapadziko lapansi. Kale mu Marichi, munthu amatha kuwona kuvina kwa amuna, komwe kumakhala kutembenuka mozungulira olamulira, maulendo ang'onoang'ono pansi ndi zina. Lapwing imamveka ngati nyengo yakwana. Ikapatukira mbali pamene ikuuluka, mbali yoyera yamapiko imawonekera. Maulendo apandege amatha kutenga nthawi yayitali.
Amuna atafika kudera loswana, malowa amakhala ndi anthu nthawi yomweyo. Yamphongo imadumpha pansi ndikutambasukira mtsogolo, kotero kuti nthenga za mabokosi ndi mchira wakuda ndi wakuda zimawonekera kwambiri. Amuna amapeza mabowo angapo, pomwe mkazi amasankha limodzi ngati malo obisalapo. Chisa ndi dzenje m'nthaka yokutidwa ndi udzu wouma ndi zinthu zina.
Zisa za mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya ziweto nthawi zambiri zimawonekera. Pali zabwino zolera anapiye m'midzi. Izi zimathandiza maanja kukhala opambana poteteza ana awo, makamaka pakuwombedwa ndi mpweya. Nyengo yoyipa, kuyamba kwa kuyika dzira kumachedwa. Ngati mazira omwe anaikira poyamba atayika, yaikazi imatha kuyikanso. Mazirawo ndi obiriwira ngati azitona ndipo amakhala ndi mawanga akuda ambiri omwe amawaphimba bwino.
Chochititsa chidwi: Chachikazi chimayikira mazira pakatikati pa chisa ndi malekezero opindika, omwe amapatsa chomenyeracho mawonekedwe a masamba anayi. Makonzedwe amenewa ndi omveka chifukwa zomangamanga zimakhala m'dera laling'ono kwambiri ndipo zimatha kuphimbidwa ndikutenthedwa. Chisa chimakhala ndi mazira anayi. Nthawi yosakaniza imatenga masiku 24 mpaka 28.
Anapiye amachoka pachisa mwachangu, pasanathe nthawi yayitali ataswa. Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakakamizidwa kusamukira ndi anapiye kumadera komwe kumakhala malo abwino. Kuyambira tsiku la 31 mpaka 38, anapiye amatha kuwuluka. Nthawi zina yaikazi imaikiranso mazira, yamphongoyo ikadali yotanganidwa kulera anapiye kuchokera ku ana ammbuyomu.
Adani achilengedwe olakwitsa
Chithunzi: Lapwing bird
Mbalameyi ili ndi adani ambiri, imabisala paliponse mlengalenga komanso pansi. Zolumphalumpha ndizochita bwino kwambiri, mbalame zazikulu, pangozi yomwe ikuyandikira, imanamizira kuti mapiko awo amapweteka ndipo amawakoka pansi, kukopa chidwi cha mdani motero amateteza mazira awo kapena ana awo. Zikakhala zoopsa, zimabisala m'nkhalango, pomwe nthenga zonyezimira zobiriwira kuchokera pamwamba ndizobisalira.
Chosangalatsa: Pakakhala zoopsa, makolo amapatsa anapiye awo zizindikiro zapadera ndi mawu, ndipo anapiye ang'ono amagwa pansi ndikumaundana osayenda. Chifukwa cha nthenga zawo zakuda, pamalo okhazikika zimawoneka ngati mwala kapena chibunda chapadziko lapansi ndipo sizingadziwike ndi adani ochokera mlengalenga.
Makolo amatha kuwononga adani awo, motero amasokoneza nyama zolusa kapena ana anapiye omwe sangathe kuwuluka.
Zowononga zachilengedwe zimaphatikizapo nyama monga:
- akhwangwala akuda (C. Corone);
- Zinyama zam'madzi (L. marinus);
- ermine (M. erminea);
- zitsamba zamatchire (L. argentatus);
- nkhandwe (V. Vulpes);
- amphaka oweta (F. catus);
- nkhwangwa (Accipitrinae);
- nguluwe (S. scrofa);
- martens (Martes).
Popeza kuti nkhandwe ndi nguluwe zakutchire zawonjezeka kwambiri m'malo ena chifukwa chosowa nyama zikuluzikulu zomwe zimadya nyama, mphamvu zawo zimachepetsa kuswana kwa zolephera. kuchuluka kwa zolephera kwa zaka zingapo. Kuphatikiza apo, tiziromboti komanso matenda opatsirana amakhudzanso mbalame. Komabe, mdani wawo wamkulu ndi munthu. Imawononga malo awo kudzera kukulitsa nthaka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Lapwing bird
Pazaka 20 zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa anthu akuwonongeka mpaka 50% ya zotayika, kuphatikiza kuchepa kwakukulu kwa malo obereketsa ku Europe. M'mbuyomu, manambala adatsika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito malo mopitirira muyeso, ngalande zamadambo ndi kusonkhanitsa mazira.
Lero, zokolola za kuswana kwa ziwopsezo zikuwopsezedwa ndi:
- kuyambitsa kosasintha kwa njira zamakono zaulimi ndi kasamalidwe ka madzi;
- malo osamukirako amtunduwu nawonso awopsezedwa pagombe la Baltic Sea chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mafuta, kuchuluka kwa zitsamba chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kasamalidwe ka nthaka, komanso chifukwa cha malo osiyidwa;
- Kulima masika kumawononga zophulika m'minda yolimapo, ndipo mawonekedwe a nyama zatsopano atha kukhala vuto pazisa;
- kudula madambo, mphamvu zawo za umuna, kupopera mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, biocides, kudyetsa ziweto zambiri;
- kutentha kwa zomera, kapena kumakhala kozizira kwambiri komanso kopanda mthunzi.
Kuchuluka kwa kuchepa kwa anthu komanso kuchepa kwa malo oswanira akuti ku Armenia. Zikuganiziridwa kuti ziwopsezozi ndikukulitsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nthaka ndi kusaka, koma kafukufuku wowonjezera amafunikira kuti afotokozere zomwe zikuwopseza. Pali zoyesayesa zambiri pagulu zothandiza kubwezeretsa malo okhala kudzera pa Environmental Protection Program.
Mlonda wa Lapwing
Chithunzi: Lapwing bird kuchokera ku Red Book
Ma lapwings tsopano akufunafuna malo obisalirako malo atsopano, kuchuluka kwawo sikukuchepera kokha m'malo otetezedwa kapena m'malo okhala nyengo yabwino, mwachitsanzo, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi malo odyetserako ziweto. Kafukufuku wadziko lonse m'maiko ambiri aku Europe akuwonetsa kuchepa kosalekeza kwa anthu. Kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi kudakhudzidwa kwambiri ndikusintha kwa malo odyetserako ziweto kukhala malo olimapo komanso kuwuma kwa madambo.
Chosangalatsa: Lapwing adatchulidwa mu IUCN Red List of Threatened Species kuyambira 2017, komanso ndi membala wa Mgwirizano Wosunga Madzi wa African Migratory Waterfowl (AEWA).
Bungweli likufunsira zosankha pansi pa chiwembu chotchedwa Grasslands for Ground Nesting Birds. Minda yopanda anthu yokwanira mahekitala awiri imapereka malo okhala ndi zisa ndipo amapezeka m'malo olimapo oyenera omwe amapereka malo ena odyetsera. Kupeza malo mkati mwa 2 km ya msipu wambiri kumapereka malo ena odyetserako ziweto.
Kupukuta anali mbalame ya chaka cha Russia 2010. Bungwe la Union for Conservation of Birds mdziko lathu likuyesetsa kwambiri kuti liwone kuchuluka kwake, kudziwa zomwe zikulepheretsa kubereka ndikufotokozera anthu kufunika koteteza nyama zamtunduwu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 15.06.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/23/2019 pa 18:23
