Wood grouse mbalame yokongola, momwe mphamvu ndi kulimba zimamverera. Mtundu wokongola wa nthenga, mlomo wokwezedwa, mchira wokhuthala ngati fani umakupangitsani kusilira mbalame kwa nthawi yayitali. Iyi ndi mbalame yolemekezeka kwambiri komanso yayikulu kwambiri yamtundu wakuda wakuda. Mitengo ya matabwa imadziwika ndi zovuta zina, zolemetsa, mantha komanso kuthawa kwaphokoso. Satha kuwuluka mtunda wautali. Amuna amadziwika ndi mtundu wowoneka bwino kwambiri. Mutha kudziwa zambiri za mbalame yodabwitsa iyi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Capercaillie
Mitunduyi idasankhidwa koyamba ndi Linnaeus pansi pa dzina lodziwika bwino la mbalameyi ku Systema naturae mu 1758. Tsopano tili ndi mafotokozedwe owonjezera komanso olondola a mawonekedwe amisonkho a grouse.
Nawa ma subspecies angapo, ochokera kumadzulo mpaka kummawa:
- cantabricus (Cantabrian common wood grouse) - Castroviejo, 1967: wopezeka kumadzulo kwa Spain;
- aquitanicus - 1915: amapezeka ku Pyrenees, Spain ndi France
- zazikulu - 1831: zimapezeka ku Central Europe (Alps ndi Estonia);
- rudolfi - 1912 : amapezeka ku Southeast Europe (kuchokera ku Bulgaria kupita ku Ukraine);
- urogallus - 1758: amapezeka ku Scandinavia ndi Scotland
- karelicus - wopezeka ku Finland ndi Karelia;
- lonnbergi - wopezeka pa Kola Peninsula;
- pleskei - wopezeka ku Republic of Belarus, m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia;
- obsoletus - wopezeka kumpoto kwa Europe ku Russia;
- volgensis - 1907: amapezeka kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe gawo la Russia;
- uralensis - 1886: amapezeka ku Urals ndi Western Siberia;
- parvirostris - 1896: Mwala capercaillie.
Subpecies amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa zoyera kumunsi kwa amuna kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa, pafupifupi mdima wakuda ndimadontho oyera angapo kumadzulo ndi pakati pa Europe mpaka zoyera pafupifupi ku Siberia, komwe capercaillie wamba amapezeka. Akazi ali ndi kusiyana kocheperako.
Anthu aku Scottish, omwe adatha pakati pa 1770 ndi 1785, mwina anali subspecies, ngakhale sizinafotokozeredwe. Zomwezo zitha kunenedwanso kwa anthu omwe adatha ku Ireland.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Grouse ya nkhuni
Ma Capercaillies amadziwika mosavuta kukula ndi utoto. Wamphongo ndi wokulirapo kuposa nkhuku. Ndi imodzi mwazamoyo zomwe zimakonda kwambiri zachiwerewere, zomwe zimangodutsa mitundu yayikulu kwambiri komanso ochepa mwa banja la pheasant.
Amuna amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 74 mpaka 110, kutengera ma subspecies, mapiko a 90 mpaka 1.4 mita, olemera makilogalamu 4.1 - 6.7 kg. Choyimira chachikulu kwambiri cholembedwa mu ukapolo chinali cholemera 7.2 kg. Nthenga za thupi ndizimvi zakuda mpaka bulauni yakuda, ndipo nthenga za pachifuwa ndizobiriwira zachitsulo ndikuda kwakuda. Mimba ndi magawo am'munsi amthupi amachokera pakuda mpaka loyera kutengera subspecies. Ndalamayi ndi yoyera-pinki, khungu lopanda kanthu pafupi ndi maso ndilofiyira.
Kanema: Capercaillie
Mkazi ndi wocheperako, wolemera pafupifupi theka. Kutalika kwa thupi la nkhuku kuchokera pamlomo mpaka mchira pafupifupi 54-64 cm, mapiko ake ndi 70 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 1.5-2.5 kg, wokhala ndi makilogalamu 1.8. Nthenga kumtunda kwake ndi zofiirira ndi mzere wakuda ndi siliva; pansi pake, ndizowala komanso zachikaso zowala kwambiri. Mtundu wofananawo ndi wofunikira kuti mkazi azidzibisa momwe angathere nthawi yovundikira.
Chosangalatsa: Amuna ndi akazi onse ali ndi mapazi omwe amakhala otetezedwa m'nyengo yozizira. Ali ndi mizere yazing'ono zazing'ono zazing'ono zomwe zimapereka chisanu. Izi zidapangitsa kuti dzina lachijeremani "Rauhfußhühner", lomwe limatanthauzira kuti "nkhuku zopondaponda." Izi zotchedwa "timitengo" zimapanga nyimbo zomveka bwino mu chisanu. Kugonana kwa mbalame kumadziwika mosavuta ndi kukula kwa njanji.
Anapiye ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ake osamvetseka amafanana ndi aakazi; mitundu iyi ndi chitetezo chodziteteza kwa adani. Ali ndi miyezi pafupifupi itatu, kumapeto kwa chilimwe, amasungunuka pang'onopang'ono, ndikupeza nthenga zazikulu za atambala ndi nkhuku. Mazira a subspecies osiyanasiyana ali ofanana kukula ndi mawonekedwe, ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhala ndi mawanga abulauni.
Kodi grouse yamatabwa amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Grouse yazimayi
Capercaillie ndi mbalame zokhazikika zomwe zimakhazikika kumpoto kwa Europe ndi Western ndi Central Asia m'nkhalango zokhwima zokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yotseguka bwino.
Nthawi ina, grouse yamatabwa imapezeka m'nkhalango zonse za taiga kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Eurasia m'malo ozizira ozizira komanso m'chiuno cha nkhalango m'mapiri a Europe yotentha. Ku Great Britain, chiwerengerocho chinafika pa zero, koma chinabwezeretsedwanso ndi anthu ochokera ku Sweden. Mbalamezi zimapezeka kumapiri a Swiss Alps, ku Jura, kumapiri a Austrian ndi Italy. Mitunduyi idatheratu ku Belgium. Ku Ireland, zinali zofala mpaka zaka za zana la 17, koma zidamwalira m'zaka za zana la 18.
Mitunduyi imafalikira ndipo kudera lamapiri ndi mbalame wamba m'maiko awa:
- Norway;
- Sweden;
- Finland;
- Russia;
- Romania.
Kuphatikiza apo, grouse yamatabwa imapezeka ku Spain, Asia Minor, Carpathians, Greece. Kuyambira zaka za zana la 18 mpaka 20, kuchuluka ndi mitundu yama grouse a nkhuni kwatsika kwambiri. Munthawi ya Soviet, kubwerera kwawo kwa capercaillie kufupi ndi kumpoto kudalumikizidwa ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, ndipo m'malo ena akumwera adasowa kwathunthu.
Ku Siberia, amakhala - mwala wamatabwa, womwe umadziwika ndi mtundu wake wapano. Mtundu wake umagwirizana ndikugawana kwa taiga larch. Malirewa amapitilira Arctic Circle, ndikufika ku Indigirka ndi Kolyma. Kum'mawa, mwala wotchedwa capercaillie umafika pagombe la nyanja za Far East; kumwera, malire amayenda m'mapiri a Sikhote-Alin. Madera ambiri akumadzulo amayenda mozungulira Baikal ndi Nizhnyaya Tunguska.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe grouse yamatabwa amakhala. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi wood grouse amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Capercaillie m'nyengo yozizira
Capercaillie ndi herbivore yodziwika bwino kwambiri yomwe imadyetsa masamba a mabulosi abulu ndi zipatso zokha ndi zitsamba ndi mphukira zatsopano mchilimwe. Anapiye achichepere m'masabata oyamba amadalira chakudya chokhala ndi zomanga thupi zambiri, motero makamaka amadya tizilombo ndi akangaude. Chiwerengero cha tizilombo chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo - nyengo youma ndi yofunda imathandizira kukula kwa anapiye, ndipo nyengo yozizira ndi yamvula imabweretsa kufa kwakufa.
Zakudya za Capercaillie zimakhala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo:
- masamba a mitengo;
- masamba;
- zipatso za m'nkhalango;
- mphukira;
- maluwa;
- mbewu;
- tizilombo;
- zitsamba.
Mukugwa, ma grouse a matabwa amadya singano zazikulu. M'nyengo yozizira, chipale chofewa chikamalepheretsa kupezeka kwa zomera zapadziko lapansi, mbalame zimatha pafupifupi usana ndi usiku wonse mumitengo, kudyetsa spruce ndi singano zapaini, komanso beech ndi mapiri a phulusa.
Chosangalatsa: Chaka chonse, ndowe za ma grouse zimakhazikika, koma kukapsa kwa mabulosi abuluu, omwe amakhala opambana pachakudya, ndowe zimakhala zopanda mawonekedwe komanso zabuluu.
Pofuna kugaya chakudya chachisanu, mbalame zimafunikira timiyala: timatumba tating'onoting'ono, tomwe mbalame timafunafuna ndikumeza. Ma capercaillies ali ndi mimba yolimba kwambiri, chifukwa chake miyala imagwira ngati mphero ndikuphwanya singano ndi impso kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, mabakiteriya opatsirana amathandizanso kugaya mbewu. Masiku ochepa achisanu, capercaillie amadya pafupifupi pafupipafupi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Capercaillie m'nkhalango
Capercaillie imasinthidwa kukhala malo ake akale - nkhalango zakale za coniferous zokhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino mkati ndi zomera zowirira padziko lapansi. Amakhala pogona pa mitengo yaing'ono ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito malo otseguka akauluka. Ma Capercaillies sioyendetsa bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo komanso mapiko amfupi, ozungulira. Akanyamuka, amapanga phokoso ladzidzidzi lomwe limawopseza adani. Chifukwa cha kukula kwa thupi lawo ndi mapiko awo, amapewa nkhalango zazing'ono komanso zowirira akauluka. Pakuthawa, nthawi zambiri amapuma pogwiritsa ntchito magalasi oyenda pang'ono. Nthenga zawo zimamveka kulira kwa mluzu.
Zazimayi, makamaka ana okhala ndi anapiye, amafunikira zinthu: chakudya, tizirombo tating'ono ta anapiye okutidwa ndi mitengo yaying'ono kapena mitengo yayitali, mitengo yakale yokhala ndi nthambi zopingasa. Izi ndizoyenererana bwino ndi nkhalango zakale ndi spruce ndi pine. Mbalamezi zimangokhala, koma zimatha kuyenda kuchokera kumapiri kukafika kuchigwa, ndipo nthawi zina zimasamuka.
Grouse ya nkhuni ndi mbalame yochenjera yomwe imamva bwino komanso imamva bwino. Amatha kukhala wankhanza akawona nyama yosadziwika pafupi. Malo osonkhanira nkhuku samasintha kawirikawiri. Makamaka amakonda kusungulumwa, gulu la mbalame sizili zawo. M'mawa ndi madzulo, ali maso amafunafuna chakudya. Amapuma m'mitengo masana. M'nyengo yozizira, nyengo yozizira kwambiri, grouse yamatabwa imatha kubisala mu chisanu kuchokera ku chisanu ndikukhala pamenepo kwa masiku angapo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Great grouse
Nthawi yoberekera nkhuni grouse imadalira nyengo yachisanu, kukula kwa zomera, koma nthawi imeneyi imayamba kuyambira Marichi mpaka Epulo ndipo imatha mpaka Meyi kapena Juni. Koma mitundu ina imatha kulira chilimwe, nthawi yophukira, ngakhale nthawi yozizira. Chibwenzi chimakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nyengo yakuswana - uwu ndi mpikisano wokhawo pakati pa amuna oyandikana nawo.
Mwamuna amadziyesa yekha ndi nthenga za mchira zotukuka ndi zotupa, khosi lolunjika, mlomo wolunjika mmwamba, mapiko ake otambasula ndikutsitsa, ndikuyamba kuyimba kwake kuti asangalatse akazi. Kutenga ndikudina kawiri, kofanana ndi kugwa kwa ping-pong mpira, komwe kumakulira pang'onopang'ono ndikumveka kofanana ndi botolo la champagne, lotsatiridwa ndikumva kukukuta.
Pakutha nthawi ya chibwenzi, akazi amakhala atafika pamalowo. Amuna amapitilizabe kutchetcha pansi: ino ndi nyengo yayikulu yocheza. Yaimuna imawulukira pabwalo lapafupi pafupi ndikupitiliza chiwonetsero chake. Mkazi wagwada pansi ndikupanga mawu okonzekera kukwerana. Ma capercaillies ndi mbalame zamitala ndipo pamaso paopikisana naye, amuna amphona amapambana, omwe amagonana ndi akazi.
Pafupifupi masiku atatu atagwirana, yaikazi imayamba kuikira mazira. Pambuyo masiku 10, zomangamanga zadzaza. Kukula kwapakati ndi mazira asanu ndi atatu, koma amatha mpaka 12. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 26-28, kutengera nyengo ndi kutalika.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kumayambiriro kwa makulitsidwe, zazikazi zimakonda kwambiri phokoso ndipo zimachoka msanga pachisa. Asanakhwime, amakhala achangu kwambiri ndipo amakhala m'malo mosasamala kanthu za zoopsazo, akugwadira chisa chawo, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimabisala pansi pa nthambi zazing'ono zamtengo wawung'ono.
Mazira onse amatuluka pafupifupi nthawi imodzi, pambuyo pake amayi ndi anapiye amachoka pachisa, pomwe amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Anapiyewo amakhala okutidwa ndi nthenga nthawi zonse akaaswa, koma sangathe kutentha thupi la 41 ° C. M'nyengo yozizira komanso yamvula, anapiye amatenthedwa ndi akazi mphindi zochepa zilizonse komanso usiku wonse.
Anapiye amasaka okha chakudya ndipo amasaka makamaka tizilombo. Amakula mofulumira, ndipo mphamvu zambiri zomwe amazidya zimasandulika kukhala minofu. Ali ndi zaka zapakati pa masabata 3-4, anapiye amachita ndege zawo zoyambirira. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, amayamba kugona m'mitengo.
Natural adani a matabwa grouses
Chithunzi: Grouse ya nkhuni
Nyama zodziwika za capercaillie ndizofala lynx (L. lynx) ndi imvi (Canis lupus). Amakondanso nyama zazikulu pang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, pali zilombo zingapo zomwe zimakonda kutenga mazira ndi anapiye a grouse, koma zimathanso kuwukira achikulire ngati atha kukonza zobisalira mbalame zodziwitsa.
Gulu la adaniwo limaphatikizapo:
- pine martens (M. martes);
- miyala yamwala (M. foina);
- zimbalangondo zofiirira (Ursus arctos);
- nguluwe (Sus scrofa);
- Ankhandwe ofiira (Vulpes vulpes).
Ku Sweden, ma grouse akumadzulo ndiwo omwe amadyetsa chiwombankhanga chagolide (Aquila chrysaetos). Kuphatikiza apo, ma grouse amitengo nthawi zambiri amaukiridwa ndi goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). Imamenya anapiye pafupipafupi, koma zimachitika kuti akuluakulu nawonso amakhala ozunzidwa. Ntchentche ya mphungu (Bubo bubo) nthawi zina imagwira mitengo yazaka zilizonse komanso kukula kwake. Chiwombankhanga choyera (H. albicilla) chimakonda kusaka mbalame zam'madzi, koma zimadziwika kuti adawonedwa akusaka nkhokwe zamatabwa pafupi ndi White Sea.
Komabe, munthu anali ndipo akadali chilombo chachikulu cha grouse yamatabwa. Ndi mbalame yamasewera yomwe yasakidwa ndikusakidwa ndi mfuti ndi agalu ku Europe ndi Asia konse. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusaka masewera ndi kusaka chakudya. Ku Russia (mpaka 1917) ma grouse amitengo adabweretsedwa m'misika yayikulu yambiri, ndipo mochulukira anali kudyedwa kwanuko. Popeza kusaka tsopano kuli kochepa m'maiko ambiri, kusaka zamasewera kwasanduka malo okaona malo, makamaka m'maiko aku Central Europe.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Wood grouse
Kuchulukana kwa mitengo nkofalikira ndipo kusamalira kwake sikofunika kwenikweni. Pali umboni wotsika m'malo angapo, koma mitunduyi imakhulupirira kuti ili pafupi ndi IUCN yochulukirapo yoposa 30% ya anthu kuchepa m'zaka khumi kapena mibadwo itatu. Chifukwa chake, amawerengedwa kuti ndiosatetezeka kwenikweni.
Zosangalatsa: Ku Scotland, anthu achepetsa kwambiri kuyambira zaka za 1960 chifukwa cha mipanda ya agwape, kuwonongedwa ndi kusowa kwa malo okhala (Caledonian Forest). Chiwerengero cha anthu chidatsika kuchoka pa awiriawiri 10,000 m'ma 1960 mpaka mbalame zosakwana 1,000 mu 1999. Amatchulidwanso mbalame yomwe ikuyenera kuti ikutha ku UK pofika chaka cha 2015.
M'madera otsetsereka pamapiri, zingwe zosanyamula bwino zimakweza miyoyo yawo. Zotsatira zawo zimatha kuchepetsedwa ndikuwonetsa utoto wolondola, kuwona, ndi kutalika. Grouse yaletsedwa kusaka ku Scotland ndi Germany kwazaka zopitilira 30.
Zowopsa zazikuluzikuluzi ndizowononga malo, makamaka kusandulika kwa nkhalango zosiyanasiyana zakomweko kukhala nkhalango zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zofananira komanso kudula mitengo mwachisawawa. Komanso matabwa grouse ali pachiwopsezo atagundana ndi mipanda yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuti nyamazi zisatuluke m'minda yaying'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, pali kuwonjezeka kwa ziweto zazing'ono zomwe zimasaka grouse yamatabwa (mwachitsanzo, nkhandwe zofiira) chifukwa chotayika nyama zazikulu zomwe zimayang'anira zolusa zazing'ono (imvi nkhandwe, chimbalangondo chofiirira).
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.06.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/23/2019 pa 0:01
