Kodi mudamvapo za ntchito yochititsa chidwi ngati yosoka njoka? Ntchito imeneyi imapezeka ku India. Ndendende njoka yowoneka bwino, amatchedwanso Indian cobra, akuvina komanso kuyimba nyimbo zomveka bwino za chitoliro cha mphunzitsi wake waluso, ngati kuti wagonja. Kuwonako, kumene, ndikosangalatsa, komanso kosatetezeka, chifukwa chokwawa ndi chakupha kwambiri. Tiyeni tiwone bwino zizolowezi, tidziwe momwe moyo ulili ndikufotokozera mawonekedwe akunja a njoka yam'madzi aku India kuti timvetse kuopsa kwake komanso mwamakani.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Njoka yowoneka bwino
Njoka yozizwitsayi imatchedwanso Indian cobra. Ichi ndi chokwawa chakupha kuchokera kubanja la asp, cha mtundu wa True Cobras. Mofanana ndi mitundu ina yonse ya mamba, ya ku India imatha kukankhira nthiti patakhala ngozi, ndikupanga mtundu wa hood. Hood ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimasiyanitsa mamba ndi njoka zina. Pokhapokha ndi njoka yowoneka bwino, hood imawoneka yachilendo, chifukwa kumbuyo kwake kunakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe owala, ofanana ndi mawonekedwe a magalasi, chifukwa chake chokwawa ichi chidatchedwa chowoneka.
Indian cobra imagawika mitundu, pakati pawo pali mitundu ing'onoing'ono ya njoka:
- kuimba Indian;
- Kumwera kwa Asia;
- khungu;
- wosakwatiwa;
- Chi Taiwan.
Amwenye amalemekeza kwambiri njoka yozizwitsayi; zikhulupiriro zambiri ndi nthano zambiri zalembedwa za izo. Anthu amati Buddha yemweyo adapatsa mamba ndi zokongoletsera zokongolazi. Izi zidachitika chifukwa mimbayi nthawi ina idatsegula hood yake kuti iphimbe dzuwa ndikutchinjiriza Buddha amene wagonayo ku kuwala. Chifukwa cha ntchitoyi, adathokoza njoka zonse zowoneka bwino popereka mtundu ngati mphete, zomwe sizimangokongoletsa zokha, komanso zimagwira ntchito yoteteza.
Chosangalatsa: Poona mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso osazolowereka pamutu wa mphiri, mdani wochita zankhanzayo amasokonezeka ndipo sawukira njoka yowoneka yakumbuyo.
Potengera kukula kwake, njoka yowonekerayo ndiyotsika poyerekeza ndi cobra yamfumu, kutalika kwa thupi lake kumasiyana mita imodzi ndi theka mpaka mita ziwiri. Njoka iyi ili ndi poizoni ndipo chifukwa chake, ndi yoopsa. Kuluma kwa njoka ku India ndi kowopsa kwa nyama komanso anthu. Poizoni wakupha, wogwira ntchito mwamanjenje, amatsogolera ku ziwalo. Pakati pa mano ang'onoang'ono a njoka yam'madzi yaku India, zibambo ziwiri zazikulu zimawonekera, momwe mankhwala owopsa amabisika.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka yowopsa
Tazindikira kale kukula kwa njoka yam'madzi yaku India, koma mtundu wa khungu la njoka umasiyana pang'ono ndi anthu osiyanasiyana, izi zimatsimikizika ndi malo otumizidwa kwa reptile.
Atha kukhala:
- chikasu chowala;
- wachikasu imvi;
- bulauni;
- wakuda.
Zinadziwika kuti ngakhale anthu okhala moyandikana, m'dera lomwelo, ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Komabe, nthawi zambiri pamakhala zitsanzo, mtundu wa masikelo ake ndi wachikasu chamoto wonyezimira. Mimba ya reptile ndi yotuwa kapena yakuda bulauni. Mtundu wa nyama zazing'ono umasiyana ndi mtundu wa anthu okhwima ndi mikwingwirima yakuda yapathupi. Akamakula, amakhala otumbuluka ndipo kenako amatha.
Kanema: Njoka yowoneka bwino
Mutu wa njoka yozizwitsayo ili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ndipo mphuno yake ndi yopindika pang'ono. Kusintha kwa mutu kupita mthupi ndikosalala, palibe notch yosiyanitsa khomo lachiberekero. Maso a reptile ndi amdima, ochepa kukula kwake ndi ana ozungulira. Pali zishango zazikulu m'malo am'mutu. Mitundu ikuluikulu ya ma canine owopsa imamera pachibwano chapamwamba. Mano ena onse ali pafupi pang'ono ndi iwo.
Thupi lonse la njoka yodabwitsayo ili ndi masikelo osalala mpaka kukhudza motero amadzera pang'ono. Thupi lalitali la chokwawa limatha ndi mchira woonda komanso wautali. Zachidziwikire, chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi zokongoletsa zowoneka bwino, ndi mtundu wowala komanso wosiyana wa mawu opepuka, zimawonekera makamaka pamene khola la mamba litsegulidwa pangozi. Nthawi ngati izi, kuwona kwa mphiri yaku India ndikosangalatsa, ngakhale kumachenjeza za ngozi.
Chochititsa chidwi: Pakati pa njoka zam'madzi zaku India pali zitsanzo, zomwe zili ndi chithunzi cha chinthu chimodzi chokha, amatchedwa monocle.
Kodi njoka yowonekerayi imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Njoka zowoneka ku India
Indian cobra ndi munthu wanzeru kwambiri, chifukwa chake amakhala m'malo otentha. Dera lokhalamo anthu ndilokulirapo. Amachokera kudera la Indian, Central Asia ndi kumwera kwa China kupita kuzilumba za Malay Archipelago ndi Philippines. Chokwawa chimapezekanso ku Africa.
Njoka yozizwitsa imapezekanso m'malo otseguka:
- Pakistan;
- Sri Lanka
- Chilumba cha Hindustan;
- Uzbekistan;
- Turkmenistan;
- Tajikistan.
Nyamayi nthawi zambiri imatenga malo okongola m'nkhalango, ndipo imakhala m'mapiri ataliatali pafupifupi makilomita awiri ndi theka. Ku China, njoka yamphongo yaku India nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'minda ya mpunga. Njoka iyi samachita manyazi ndi anthu, chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri, imakhazikika pafupi ndi nyumba za anthu. Nthawi zina amatha kuwona m'mapaki amzindawu komanso m'malo ena.
Creeper amasankha malo osiyanasiyana pogona pake:
- mipata pakati pa mizu yamitengo;
- milu ya matabwa;
- mabwinja akale;
- miyala yamwala;
- ming'alu yamiyala;
- mapanga obisika;
- zigwa zakuya;
- anasiya milu ya chiswe.
Kwa njoka yowoneka bwino, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wake wopambana ndi kupezeka kwa nyengo yofatsa komanso yotentha m'malo ake, chifukwa chake ndizosatheka kukumana ndi chokwawa ichi m'maiko omwe ali ndi nyengo yoipa. M'madera ambiri komwe Indian cobra adalembetsa (India, Southeast Asia), ndi munthu wolemekezeka kwambiri pakati pa anthu wamba. Izi zili choncho makamaka chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo.
Chosangalatsa: Madera akachisi ambiri achi Buddha ndi achihindu amakongoletsedwa ndi zifanizo ndi zifanizo za njoka ya mamba.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala njoka yowonetserako. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe mphiri waku India uyu amadyetsa.
Kodi njoka yowoneka bwino imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Njoka yowoneka bwino
Menyu ya Indian Cobra makamaka imakhala ndi mitundu yonse ya zokwawa ndi makoswe (mbewa ndi makoswe). Amphibians (achule, achule) ndi mbalame zina zimaphatikizidwanso pazakudya zake. Nthawi zina chokwawa chomwe chimakhala chowoneka bwino chimakhala chikuwononga zisa (makamaka mbalame zomwe zimakhala pansi kapena tchire laling'ono), kumadya mazira ndi anapiye. Mamba omwe amakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu amatha kuwononga nkhuku, akalulu ndi nyama zina zazing'ono. Njoka yowonetsedwa yayikulu imatha kudya ndi kalulu, ndikuyimeza.
Njoka zomwe zimakhala m'madera osiyanasiyana zimapita kukasaka nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Amayang'ana omwe angawatengere m'nkhalango zazitali, komanso pansi, ngakhale m'malo amadzi, chifukwa amadziwa kusambira mwangwiro. Mamba wa ku India atatsala pang'ono kuukira, amakweza patsogolo pamutu pake, natsegula mutu wake ndikuyamba kufuula mokweza. Mkati mwa kuwomba mphezi, mamba amayesa kuluma moipa bwino. Poizoniyo akayamba kugwira ntchito, amafa wodwalayo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Poizoni wa njoka yowonongekayo ndi wowopsa kwambiri, gramu imodzi yokha ya poizoni wowopsa ndiyokwanira kupha agalu ang'onoang'ono oposa zana.
Mwa mitundu yonse yazosankha, njoka yowoneka bwino, komabe, imakonda makoswe ang'onoang'ono, omwe amapanga maziko a zakudya zake. Pachifukwa ichi amayamikiridwa ndi Amwenye omwe akuchita nawo zaulimi, chifukwa zimawononga tizirombo tambiri ta makoswe tomwe timawononga kwambiri malo olimidwa. Njoka zowoneka bwino zimatha kukhala opanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Mwachiwonekere, ali ndi chinyezi chokwanira kuchokera pachakudya chomwe amapeza.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Njoka yowopsa
Monga tanena kale, njoka yowonongekayi samapewa munthu konse, kukhazikika pafupi naye. Posamva kuopsezedwa ndi nkhanza, mamba sakhala woyamba kuukira, koma amasankha kuthawa kuti asawononge mitsempha ya iwo eni kapena opunduka omwe amakumana nawo. Nthawi zambiri, zovuta zonse zolumidwa ndikumenyedwa ndi zokwawa izi zimalumikizidwa ndi chitetezo chamankhwala cha moyo wawo, pomwe munthuyo amakhalanso wopandaubwenzi.
Amwenye amadziwa kuti njoka yowonetserayi idzakhala yosiyana ndi anthu olemekezeka ndipo sidzapempha konse zovuta. Nthawi zambiri, pakuponya koyamba, njoka imangogwira popanda chochita, osagwiritsa ntchito poyizoni, imangopanga chovala chakumutu, chomwe chimakhala chenjezo pakukonzekera kwake kuwukira koopsa. Ngati izo zinachitika, ndiye mu maminiti makumi atatu otsatira, zizindikiro zakumwa.
- kumverera kwa chizungulire chachikulu;
- kusamvana, kusokonezeka m'malingaliro;
- kuwonongeka kwa mgwirizano;
- kuchuluka kufooka kwa minofu;
- nseru ndi kusanza.
Ngati simukuyambitsa mankhwala apadera, ndiye kuti pakatha maola angapo minofu ya mtima ili ndi ziwalo ndipo wodwalayo amwalira. Munthu amatha kufa kale kwambiri, zimangodalira komwe adalumidwa.
Chosangalatsa: Malinga ndi ziwerengero, pamilandu 1000 ya mimbulu zaku India, 6 yokha imatha kumwalira, zikuwoneka kuti chifukwa nthawi zambiri njokayo imangokhala yoluma yoyamba, yochenjeza, yopanda poizoni.
Chokwawa chowoneka bwino chimatha kukwera mitengo bwino ndikusambira bwino, koma chimakonda moyo wapadziko lapansi. Kuphatikiza pa kuthekera konseku, njoka yapadera imakhala ndi luso lapadera, nthawi zambiri imasangalatsa omvera ndi mayendedwe ake osalala kumveka kwa chitoliro cha fakir. Zachidziwikire, mfundoyi sinali yovina, koma ndikudziwa bwino za chikhalidwe cha reptile komanso kuthekera kwa wophunzitsa kumaliza chiwonetserochi nthawi yoyenera, njokayo isanaphe.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Njoka yowoneka bwino
Cobras achimwenye amakhala okhwima pogonana ali ndi zaka zitatu. Nthawi yaukwati ya zokwawa izi imabwera pakati pa nthawi yozizira - mu Januware-February. Ndipo kale mu Meyi, mkaziyo ndi wokonzeka kuikira mazira, chifukwa njoka zowoneka bwino ndi za zokwawa za oviparous. Anthu owoneka ngati njoka ndi amayi osamalira, amayang'ana mosamala malo oti adzaikireni zisa zawo, kuwonetsetsa kuti sizongokhala zokhazokha, zodalirika komanso zotentha.
Pafupifupi, clutch ya Indian cobra imakhala ndi mazira limodzi kapena awiri, koma pali zina kusiyanasiyana pomwe kuchuluka kwa mazira kumatha kufikira zidutswa 45. Mamba awiri omwe amapangidwa m'nyengo yokhwima samagawa atangokwatirana. Abambo amtsogolo amakhala ndi wamkazi kuti ateteze chisa chawo mwadongosolo kulowererapo nyama zilizonse zolusa. Munthawi imeneyi, okwatirana amakhala tcheru nthawi zonse, zimakhala zankhanza komanso zachiwawa. Ndibwino kuti musasokoneze banja la njoka panthawiyi, kuti pambuyo pake musamve chisoni ndi zotsatirapo zake zomvetsa chisoni.
Chosangalatsa: Cobra waku India samasamira mazira ngati msuwani wake wachifumu, koma chachimuna ndi chachikazi nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi chisa, amayang'anitsitsa zowalamulira nthawi zonse.
Nthawi yokwanira imakhala kwa miyezi iwiri ndi theka ndipo imatha ndikutumidwa kwa njoka zazing'ono, kutalika kwake kumafikira masentimita 32. Njoka zazing'ono sizingatchulidwe zopanda vuto, zili ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, komanso poizoni kuyambira pakubadwa. Makanda amatha kusunthira mwachangu mwachangu mwachangu msanga, ndikupita kukasaka koyamba.
Poyamba, chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi abuluzi apakatikati komanso achule, pang'onopang'ono makoswe amitundu yonse amayamba kulamulira. Achinyamata amatha kuzindikiridwa ndi mikwingwirima yoyenda mthupi, yomwe imazimiririka ikamakalamba. Palibe chidziwitso chenicheni cha zaka, koma asayansi amakhulupirira kuti pansi pamikhalidwe yachilengedwe, Indian cobra amatha kukhala zaka 20 kapena 25, ndipo m'malo abwino kwambiri amatha kufikira zaka makumi atatu.
Adani achilengedwe a njoka zowoneka bwino
Chithunzi: Njoka zowoneka ku India
Ngakhale kuti chokwawa chowonongekacho ndi choopsa kwambiri, mwachilengedwe chimakhala ndi adani omwe safuna kudya nyama yowopsa iyi. Choyambirira, nyama zazing'ono, zomwe ndizowopsa kwambiri komanso zosazindikira, zimatha kukhudzidwa. Mbalame zolusa monga ziwombankhanga zomwe zimadya njoka zimaukira njoka zazing'ono mlengalenga, kulimbana nazo mosavuta. Zinyama zazing'ono nazonso zimadyedwa mosangalala ndi abuluzi. King cobra imakhazikika pazakudya zanjoka, motero popanda chikumbumtima imatha kudya wachibale wake wapafupi, Indian cobra.
Mdani wodziwika kwambiri komanso wosasamala wa Indian cobra ndi mongoose wolimba mtima, yemwe alibe chitetezo chokwanira cha poyizoni wa njoka, koma thupi lake ndilopanda mphamvu poizoni, chifukwa chake nyama yowonongekayo yochokera kubanja la viverr imamwalira kawirikawiri kulumidwa ndi reptile. Mongoose imangodalira luso lawo, mphamvu zake komanso changu chake.
Nyamayo imazunza wozungulirayo ndi mayendedwe ake achangu komanso kulumpha mosatopa. Nthawi yoyenera ikafika, munthu wolimba tsitsi wofiirayo amapangitsa korona wake kudumpha, komwe kumalumidwa ndi njoka m'khosi kapena kumbuyo kwa mutu, komwe kumakwawa ndikufa. Kipling sanasinthe ntchito ya wolimba mtima mongoose Riki-Tiki-Tavi pantchito yake. Koma adamenya nkhondo kumeneko ndi banja la mphiri zaku India (Nagaina ndi Nag). Mongooses samapha zokwawa zokha, koma nthawi zambiri amawononga malo awo okhala ndi kudya mazira a njoka. Kuphatikiza pa mongooses, nyama zakutchire zimasakanso njoka yowoneka bwino.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Njoka yowopsa
Cobra yaku India imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zochitika zosiyanasiyana za anthu. Chiwerengero cha zokwawa izi zikuchepa pang'onopang'ono, ngakhale kulibe kudumpha kwakuthwa kwakuchepa. Choyambirira, kulima malo olima minda ndikukhala malo okhalamo anthu kumakhudza moyo wa njokazi. Munthu amachotsa munthu wamanjoka m'malo omwe amakhala, motero amakakamizidwa kuti azikhazikika pafupi ndi anthu.
Cobras amagwidwa ndi cholinga chotsitsa poizoni wawo wamtengo wapatali, yemwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatala ndi zodzikongoletsera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga seramu yomwe imayikidwa kuti ilumidwe ndi njoka. Cobra waku India nthawi zambiri amavutika chifukwa cha chikopa chake chokongola, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito posoka zinthu zosiyanasiyana zapa haberdashery. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana aku Asia, nyama ya njoka imawerengedwa kuti ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali; nthawi zambiri imadyetsedwa m'malesitilanti, kuphika mbale zosiyanasiyana. Zonsezi zimakhudza kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa njoka zowoneka bwino.
Mpaka posachedwa, njoka yowonongekayi sinakhale pachiwopsezo, koma kuzunzidwa kwake chifukwa cha khungu lake lofunika kudakulirakulira, zomwe zidachepetsa kuchuluka kwake. Zotsatira zake, njoka yamphongo yaku India idakhala pansi pa Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
Woyang'anira njoka wowoneka bwino
Chithunzi: Njoka yowoneka bwino kuchokera ku Red Book
Zotsatira zake, momwe zinthu ziliri ndi Indian cobra sizabwino kwenikweni. Chiwerengero cha zokwawa zikuchepa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha nkhanza za anthu, zomwe zimawononga kwambiri osati njoka yowoneka yokha. Tsopano njoka yam'madzi yaku India (njoka yowoneka bwino) imagwera pansi pa Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, chokwawa ichi sichiloledwa kutumiza kunja kwa mayiko omwe akukhalamo kuti chigulitsenso.
M'mbuyomu zidatchulidwa kuti mitundu ingapo imaphatikizidwa mu mtundu wa Mamba weniweni kapena njoka zowoneka bwino, imodzi mwa izo ndi Central Asia cobra, yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yosaoneka bwino kwambiri yomwe ili pachiwopsezo.Amavutika, makamaka, chifukwa chakuchepa kwa malo okhala. M'mbuyomu, njokayo idatchulidwa m'buku lofiira la USSR. Itagwa, njoka zapakati pa Asia zidaphatikizidwa mu Red Data Books za Uzbekistan ndi Turkmenistan. M'madera am'mayikowa, malo osungidwa amatetezedwa.
Kuyambira 1986 mpaka 1994, mtundu uwu wa Indian cobra udatchulidwa mu International Red Book ngati uli pachiwopsezo. Pakadali pano adatchulidwa pa IUCN Red List ngati mtundu womwe mtundu wawo sunadziwike. Izi ndichifukwa choti palibe kafukufuku yemwe wachitika pamanambala ake kuyambira zaka makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu za a Goths ndipo palibe chidziwitso chodalirika pamilingo iyi.
Pomaliza, ndikufuna kudziwa kuti kwa amwenye njoka yowoneka bwino kapena njoka yamwenye ndi chuma chamtundu. Anthu akomweko amapanga ndalama zambiri posonkhanitsa unyinji wa alendo okangalika omwe asangalatsidwa ndi gule wamatsenga wa mphiri. Ku India ndi maiko ena aku Asia, chokwawa ichi chimalemekezedwa ndipo zimawerengedwa kuti ndi chopatulika. Njoka yowoneka bwino imabweretsa phindu ku ulimi, kudya makoswe.
Ngati mukukumbukira khalidwe lake labwino, lomwe limawonetseredwa kuti kumenya popanda chifukwa njoka yowoneka bwino sichidzachenjeza koyamba nthawi zonse zoyipa, ndiye malingaliro a munthuyu ndiabwino.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 11.06.2019
Tsiku losintha: 09/23/2019 nthawi ya 0:05
