Black grouse ndi mbalame yomwe imadziwika kuyambira ubwana. Pali miyambi yambiri, zonena komanso nthano zonena za wokhalapo nthenga ameneyu, yemwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi "The Fox and the Black Grouse." Kumeneku amawonetsedwa kuti ndiwanzeru, wololera komanso wodziletsa, zomwe pamapeto pake zimamupulumutsa ku zovuta za nkhandwe. Ndi akatswiri odziwa zachilengedwe okha omwe amaphunzira za mbalameyi komanso alenje, omwe gulu lawo lakuda limawerengedwa kuti ndi masewera amtengo wapatali kuyambira kalekale, ndipo omwe, potengera zizolowezi za mbalameyi, apanga njira zambiri zanzeru zosaka kukongola kwa nkhalango iyi, amadziwa za zomwe grouse yakuda ilidi.
Ndemanga yakuda yakuda
Grouse ndi mbalame yayikulu ya banja la pheasant, yomwe ili ponseponse ndipo imakhala m'nkhalango, nkhalango komanso, madera ena a Eurasia, kuphatikizapo Russia. Kwenikweni, grouse yakuda imakhazikika, komanso, imakonda kukhazikika m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, pafupi ndi nkhalango komanso zigwa za mitsinje.
Maonekedwe
Black grouse ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri, kukula kwake kutengera jenda kumatha kukhala kuchokera 40 mpaka 58 cm, ndi kulemera - kuchokera 0,7 mpaka 1.4 kg, motsatana... Mutu wake ndi waung'ono, ndi mlomo wofupikitsidwa. Thupi ndilokulirapo, koma osati lokulirapo, khosi ndilotalika mokwanira, lopindika bwino. Miyendo ndiyolimba, yowoneka, chifukwa cha zala zakuphimba kumunsi, zimawoneka zolimba.
Ndizosangalatsa! Chikhalidwe cha grouse yakuda ndi mawu awo. Nthawi yoswana, yamphongo imamveka mofanana nthawi zonse ndikung'ung'udza komanso kung'ung'udza. Ndipo akazi amamwera ngati nkhuku wamba.
Grouse yakuda ili ndi zala zinayi pa mwendo uliwonse, zitatu zake zimayendetsedwa patsogolo, ndipo chachinayi chimatsutsana nawo. Zikhadabo ndi zamphamvu mokwanira. Mapikowo ndi olimba, okutidwa ndi nthenga zazitali, zomwe mbalameyo imachita popanda kuwuluka.
Khalidwe, moyo
Black grouse ndi mbalame zomwe zimakonda kucheza zomwe zimakonda kukhala ndi ziweto zazikulu nthawi zonse, kupatula nthawi yokhwima, komanso, pagulu pakhoza kukhala anthu 200-300. Nthawi zambiri, magulu am'magulu osakanikirana, nthawi zambiri pamakhala amuna okhaokha, koma magulu azimuna okhaokha ndiosowa kwambiri. Mbalamezi nthawi zina zimachoka, ndipo nthawi yotentha, nthawi yotentha kwambiri masana, imakhala yogwira m'mawa ndi madzulo dzuwa lisanalowe.
Masana amakonda kukhala m'mitengo, pakati pa kudzikundikira kwa nthambi: kumeneko grouse wakuda amawotcha padzuwa ndipo kumeneko amapulumuka kuzilombo zambiri zodya nyama... Mitundu yambiri yakuda imakhala pansi. Nthawi yogwira ntchito, amayenda pansi kwa nthawi yayitali, amatha kugona komweko, atadzikundikira m'nkhalango zowirira kapena m'dambo paphompho. Ngakhale, makamaka, mitengo imakonda kukhala malo ogona: kumakhala bata ndi chitetezo kumeneko kuposa pansi.
Amakwera mitengo mozama kwambiri, kuti athe kutchedwa mbalame zapadziko lapansi komanso mbalame zomwe zili ndi zifukwa zofanana. Zikuwoneka ngati zosaneneka, koma grouse yakuda imatha kukhala molimba mtima pamitengo yopyapyala yomwe singathe kuthandizira kulemera kwake. Izi ndi zolengedwa zosamala zomwe zimamva bwino komanso zimawona bwino, pomwe akazi amachita zinthu mwanzeru kuposa amuna ndipo pakawopsa amakhala oyamba kupereka ma alamu, pambuyo pake gulu lonselo limachotsedwa pamalopo ndikupita kumalo ena otetezeka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Grouse, ngakhale ili ndi kukula kwakukulu, imawuluka mwachangu kwambiri: kuthamanga kwake kumatha kukhala 100 km / h, ndipo pakawopsa, imatha kuwuluka patali makilomita makumi angapo.
M'nyengo yozizira, mbalamezi zimamanga malo okhala pansi pa chipale chofewa, momwe zimatha kukhala pafupifupi kwa tsiku lonse. Kuti muchite izi, nthawi zambiri pomwe kumayamba madzulo, grouse yakuda yochokera ku nthambi yamtengo imadumphira mumadzi ozama, koma osasunthika ndipo, ndikuthyola chipale chofewa, ndikulikankhira ndi thupi lake, imapanga ngalandeyo mpaka 50 cm.
Awa ndi malo odalirika kwathunthu, makamaka popeza grouse yakuda, pokhala munjira zawo, imamva bwino kwambiri masitepe a nyamayi yomwe ikubwera ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, imakhala ndi nthawi yoti inyamuke mnyumba zawo ndikuuluka isanafike patali.
Vuto lalikulu lokhalo lomwe limadikirira grouse wakuda mumakona ake ndikutentha kwakanthawi ndikupanga madzi oundana pachipale chofewa, zomwe sizovuta kuti mbalame idutsemo. Pofika masika, ziweto zimasweka, ndipo zamphongo zimayamba kusonkhana pamafunde, pomwe, poyembekezera akazi, zimanyezimira ndi dzuŵa loyambirira.
Ndi ma grouse angati akukhala
Kumtchire, nthawi yayitali yamoyo wakuda ndi zaka 11 mpaka 13; mu ukapolo, mbalamezi zimatha kukhala ndi moyo wautali.
Zoyipa zakugonana
Ma dimorphism ogonana mu grouse wakuda amatchulidwa: akazi samangokhala ocheperako kuposa amuna kukula, komanso amasiyana kwambiri nawo mtundu wa nthenga zawo. Nthenga za mwamuna ndizonyezimira zakuda, zokhala ndi utoto wobiriwira kapena wofiirira pamutu, pakhosi, pakhosi ndi m'chiuno. Ali ndi nsidze zofiira kwambiri pamaso pake. Kumbuyo kwa mimba kuli kofiirira, ndi nsonga za nthenga zotuwa. Chogulitsachi ndi choyera, chosiyana. Palinso mawanga oyera oyera omwe amatchedwa "magalasi" pa nthenga zakuda zouluka. Nthenga zolimba kwambiri za mchira ndizopindika mwammbali, chifukwa mawonekedwe a mchira amafanana ndi zeze. Mtundu wawo ndi wakuda kwambiri wokhala ndi utoto wofiirira pamwamba pake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mtundu wa mbalame zazing'ono, mosasamala za mtundu wawo, ndi wofanana: amuna ndi akazi ali aang'ono ali ndi nthenga zosiyanasiyana, zopangidwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda, yofiirira yachikaso ndi yoyera komanso mawanga osinthana.
Mzimayi wakuda wakuda amakhala wowoneka bwino kwambiri: ndi ofiyira ofiira ndi mikwingwirima yakuda, yachikaso ndi bulauni yakuda. Amakhalanso ndi kalirole pamapiko othawa, komabe, motsutsana ndi bulauni wofiyira, amawoneka ocheperako kuposa amphongo. Mkaziyo ali ndi mphako yaying'ono kumchira, ndipo, monga wamwamuna, cholemba chake chapangidwa utoto woyera.
Mitundu ya grouse yakuda
Pakadali pano, mitundu iwiri ya grouse yakuda imadziwika yomwe imakhala ku Europe: iyi ndi grouse yakuda, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti grouse yakumunda, ndi grouse wakuda waku Caucasus. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, asayansi amasiyanitsa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri kapena isanu ndi itatu ya grouse yakuda, yomwe imakhala kumadera osiyanasiyana. Kunja, mitundu iwiriyi ndi yofanana, kupatula kuti Caucasus grouse yakuda ndi yaying'ono: kukula kwake sikupitilira 50-55 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 1.1 kg.
Kusiyana kwa mtundu wa nthenga kumawonekeranso: mu grouse wakuda waku Caucasus ndiwowuma, pafupifupi wopanda kuwala, osanenapo utoto wowala, ndipo palibe "magalasi" pamapiko... Mchira wa mitundu iyi ndiwosiyana ndi mawonekedwe: ndi wopangidwa ndi zingwe, koma nthawi yomweyo mphanda. Nthenga za mchira ndizocheperako, koma nthawi yomweyo ndizotalika kuposa zamtundu wakuda. Akazi a grouse wakuda wa ku Caucasus amajambulidwa ndi utoto wofiirira, wamtundu wofiyira, wokongoletsedwa ndi mizere yakuda.
Mtundu uwu umakhala ku Caucasus ku Russia ndi Turkey. Komanso ku Azerbaijan, Armenia ndi Georgia. Malo ake okonda kwambiri ndi rhododendron ndi tchire lamtchire; mbalameyi imakhazikikanso m'minda yaying'ono, makamaka yodzala ndi birch ndi juniper. Anthu akuda aku Caucasus amadya masamba obiriwira, zipatso, tizilombo. M'nyengo yozizira, amadya masamba a birch ndi ma catkins, mbewu ndi zipatso.
Malo okhala, malo okhala
Black grouse amakhala m'nkhalango, nkhalango ndi steppes a Eurasia, ochokera ku Alps ndi British Isles kumalire akumadzulo kwa malire ake ndikutha ndi dera la Ussuri ndi Korea Peninsula kum'mawa.
Nthawi yomweyo, malire amtunduwo amakhala ndi zofunikira, chifukwa zimadalira kuchuluka kwa mbalame komanso kusintha kwachikhalidwe m'malo owoneka bwino. Ndipo m'malo ena omwe grouse yakuda idafalikira kale, asowa kwathunthu chifukwa cha zochitika zachuma za anthu, monga, monga zidachitikira ku Eastern Sudetenland.
Kudera la Russia, mbalameyi imakhala kuchokera ku Kola Peninsula ndi dera la Arkhangelsk kumpoto mpaka kudera la Kursk, Voronezh, Volgograd komanso kumapiri a Altai kumwera. Black grouse imakonda kukhazikika m'minda, mapolisi ang'onoang'ono ndi nkhalango, komwe kuli zipatso zambiri. Imapezekanso m'madambo a mitsinje, m'malire a madambo, madambo osefukira kapena malo olimapo. Amayesetsa kuti asakhazikike m'nkhalango zowirira, koma atha kusankha kugwetsa nyumba kapena malo omwe moto wamnkhalango udachitapo kale ndipo mitengoyo idalibe nthawi yoti ikule.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mbalamezi zimakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango za birch ndipo zimawakonda m'malo ena onse. Koma ku Western Europe, grouse yakuda idasankhidwa kale kukhala malo okhala madera owuma, ndipo ku Ukraine ndi Kazakhstan - nkhalango zowirira.
Zakudya zakuda zakuda
Black grouse ndi mbalame yodyetsa, makamaka achikulire amakonda kudya masamba. M'miyezi yotentha, amadya zipatso zamabuluu, mabulosi abuluu, cranberries kapena lingonberries ndi zomera zitsamba monga clover kapena hawk. Amadyetsanso m'minda momwe mumabzalidwa mbewu zambewu, ndipo amakonda kwambiri tirigu ndi mapira.
M'nyengo yozizira, grouse yakuda yomwe imakhala m'nkhalango za birch imadyetsa mphukira za birch, masamba kapena ma catkins. Ndipo mbalame zomwe zimakhala m'malo omwe birch samakula zimayenera kukhutira ndi zakudya zina: spruce ndi singano za mlombwa, mphukira za larch, ma cones achichepere, komanso alder kapena willow buds.
Zinyama zazing'ono za mbalamezi zimadya makamaka tizilombo, koma pambuyo pake, zikakhwima, zimasinthana kukabzala chakudya.
Kubereka ndi ana
Kuyambira chiyambi cha kasupe amuna akuda grouse akhala akusonkhana pa otchedwa mafunde, momwe amasankhira madambo, kunja kwa madambo kapena chete mitengo glades. Pa tsamba limodzi lotere, amuna pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri amatha kusonkhana, ndipo nthawi zina amapitilira. Pachimake pa kukwatira mu grouse wakuda ndi theka lachiwiri la Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi. Pakadali pano, amuna onse amayesetsa kukhala patsamba latsopanoli kufupi ndi dambo, koma masamba abwino kwambiri, amapita olimba kwambiri.
Amunawo amateteza maderawa mosamalitsa kuti adani awo angawagwere, ena amatha kugona usiku womwewo, pansi, poopa kuti akabwerako usiku, grouse ina yakuda itha kukhala m'deralo. Pafupifupi ola limodzi mbandakucha, amuna amasonkhana pakadali pano ndikuyamba kutulutsa mkokomo kenako ndikung'ung'uza mawu kuti akope akazi, omwe, atafika patadutsa kanthawi, amakhala kaye kufupi ndi mphepo yam'mwambamu, kenako nkuwuluka kupita pakati komwe amasankha wokondedwa wawo.
Panopa wa grouse wakuda ndichosangalatsa kwambiri. Amuna ena amang'ung'uza china chake, akupinda makosi awo pansi ndikufalitsa michira yawo ndi michira yoyera yoyera. Ena panthawiyi amalumphira m'mwamba ndikuthwa mapiko awo. Gawo lachitatu la iwo, osagawaniza mkazi wogulitsa kapena dera, amalumikizana mu duel, kulumpha ndikuthamangira wina ndi mnzake. Komabe, ngakhale kuli kwakuti ndewu pakati pa amuna zimachitika pafupipafupi, grouse yakuda siyimavulaza wina ndi mnzake.
Atakwatirana, amuna a grouse wakuda satenga nawo gawo pa tsogolo la ana awo amtsogolo: mkaziyo amadzimangira yekha chisa, iye mwiniyo amapangira mazira 5-13 owala bwino okhala ndi mabala ofiira ndi abulauni. Kuswedwa kumayambira mkatikati mwa Meyi, ndipo chisa chomwecho ndi koboola pang'ono pansi, kokhala ndi nthenga, masamba, nthambi zowonda ndi udzu wouma chaka chatha.
Mkazi amafungatira ana ake masiku 24-25. Ana a grouse amabadwa ataphimbidwa kwathunthu pansi ndipo patatha maola ochepa amatha kutsatira amayi awo. Masiku khumi oyambirira amoyo wawo ndi owopsa kwambiri: chifukwa anapiye sanadziwe momwe angawerengetsere ndipo pansi akhoza kukhala nyama yolanda nyama.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mkazi nthawi yonseyi amakhala pafupi ndi ana ake ndipo, ngati chilombo chimawonekera pafupi, chimayesa kumunyenga, kumanamizira kuti wavulala. Amayenda uku ndi uku ngati kuti satha kunyamuka ndipo mwamphamvu amamenya mapiko ake, ndikumakweza mwamphamvu nthawi yomweyo. Kubera uku ndi chizindikiro kwa anapiye kuti abisala ndi kubisala mpaka amayi awo abwerere.
Gulu likafika masiku khumi, amadziwa kupukuta, ndipo pakatha mwezi amayamba kuwuluka... Mu Seputembala, anyamata achichepere, omwe asungunuka kale kukhala nthenga zakuda, amasiyana ndi mabanja awo ndipo amakhala mosiyana, koma akazi achichepere amayesetsabe kukhala pafupi ndi amayi awo. Ndi m'nyengo yozizira kokha pamene amuna ndi akazi amayamba kusonkhana m'magulu osiyanasiyana.
Monga lamulo, ali ndi chaka chimodzi, amuna sanatenge nawo mbali pakubereka, ngakhale atha msinkhu: saloledwa kuchita izi ndi wamkulu wakuda wakuda, kuthamangitsa achichepere kuchokera pano, kuti chotsalira ndikungokhala m'mphepete mwa kuyeretsa ndikuwona momwe abale awo okalamba komanso olimba amachitira. Amuna azaka zapakati pa 2-3 azilanda malo awo m'mphepete mwa zamakono ndipo atha kutenga nawo gawo pakuswana, ngati, asankhidwa kuti akhale othandizana ndi m'modzi wa akazi.
Adani achilengedwe
M'chilengedwe chake, grouse yakuda ili ndi adani ambiri, omwe nkhandwe, ma martens, nguruwe zakutchire ndi ma goshawks amatha kutchedwa. Kwa anapiye a grouse wakuda, ma mustelids ena, kuphatikiza masabata, nawonso ndiowopsa.
Ndizosangalatsa! Adani achilengedwe, ngakhale kuti mbalamezi zili ndi zochuluka, sizimakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa ma grouse akuda: zochitika zachuma za anthu ndi nyengo zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri pakuchepetsa anthu.
Zimachitika kuti m'miyezi yamvula yotentha chifukwa cha hypothermia, mpaka 40% ya ana a grouse wakuda amawonongeka, poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa anapiye omwe adamwalira ndi mano ndi zikhadabo za adani sikunali kochuluka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa ma grouse akuda ndi ochulukirapo, ndipo dera lomwe mbalamezi zimakhala ndizambiri. Izi ndi zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zodalirika kuti "Osadandaula" kwa mitundu iyi. Ponena za grouse yakuda yaku Caucasus, monga malo wamba, idasankhidwa ngati mitundu "Pafupi ndi malo osatetezeka". Komanso, chiwopsezo chachikulu kwa iye ndi kudyetsa ng'ombe ndi kuwononga nyama. Ziweto zimaphwanya zisa ndi anapiye, koma agalu oweta ndiwowopsa kwa ma grouse akuda, omwe samaphonya mwayi wowasaka.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pakadali pano, grouse yakuda yaku Caucasus yatetezedwa mdera la nkhokwe zazikulu kwambiri, zomwe zingatchulidwe za Caucasus ndi Teberdinsky.
Grouse ndi wamba wamba wokhala m'minda ya birch ndi nkhalango ku Eurasia. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa amuna, opaka utoto wakuda ndi "magalasi" oyera ndi zoyikapo ndi akazi munthengo zawo zazing'ono kwambiri, zofiirira zofiira, ndizodabwitsa kwambiri kotero kuti ndizovuta kukhulupirira kuti ndi mbalame zamtundu womwewo. Mbalamezi zakhala zikopa chidwi cha anthu kuyambira kalekale chifukwa cha machitidwe awo, makamaka, chifukwa cha kuswana kwawo.
Anthu omwe awona momwe grouse yakuda imakhalira kumapeto kwa nthawi yam'mawa amati ichi ndi chosaiwalika komanso chowoneka bwino. Sichachabe kuti chithunzi cha mbalamezi chimawoneka bwino muzojambulajambula: mwachitsanzo, m'mavinidwe a alpine, mayendedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ofanana ndi kulumpha ndi kuwerama, mawonekedwe a grouse yakuda.
