Kuyambira kale, mbiri yachinsinsi, osati yabwino idakonzedwa ndi blackbird. Anthu ambiri amagwiritsabe mbalameyi ndi china chake choyipa, choyipa. Amakhulupirira kuti ngati mbalame Ntchentche mnyumba kapena amakhala pazenera, ndiye kuti zovuta zidzachitikadi m'banjamo. Komabe, izi ndi nthano chabe zomwe zilibe maziko pansi pake. M'malo mwake, mbalame yakuda ndi nyama yokongola kwambiri, yanzeru komanso yanzeru kwambiri. Simuyenera kumuopa. Ndibwino kuti mudziwe bwino zizolowezi, moyo wanu komanso mawonekedwe a thrush pafupi!
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Blackbird
Mbalame yakuda imatha kutchedwa imodzi mwazikulu kwambiri zakuda. Mbalameyi imatha kutalika kwa masentimita makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi limodzi, ndipo kulemera kwake kumakhala magalamu eyite mpaka zana limodzi ndi makumi awiri ndi asanu. Ndikosavuta kuzindikira nthenga iyi. Amuna ambiri amakhala opaka utoto wowala kwambiri, osasunthika, motero mbalame zakuda sizimasokonezedwa ndi akhwangwala. Ziphuphu zazing'ono ndi zazimayi zimakhala ndi nthenga zofiirira.
Kanema: Blackbird
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti maalubino amapezeka pakati pa mbalame zakuda. Amasiyana kwambiri ndi mbalame zina zonse. Ziphuphu za Albino zangoyamba kumene kukulitsa kupezeka kwawo m'mizinda. Izi zidakhudza kukula kwa anthu. Ngati kuthengo mbalame zotere zimangosangalatsidwa ndi alenje, ndiye kuti m'mizinda amakopa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo.
Zosangalatsa: Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti blackbird ndi woimba kwambiri. Koma amangoyimba nthawi zina masana - kutuluka komanso kulowa kwa dzuwa. Mawu ake ndi nyimbo zake zimatikumbutsa kwambiri za chitoliro chabwino.
Mbalame zakuda ndi mtundu wa mbalame zakuda. Iwo ndi gawo la banja la thrush, dongosolo lalikulu la odutsa. Masiku ano pali mitundu yambiri ya mbalameyi.
Zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri zimatha kudziwika:
- m. merula Linnaeus. Subpecies iyi imayimilidwa kwambiri ku Europe; idadziwikanso makamaka ku New Zealand ndi Australia. Mbalame zotere zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mulomo wowonda kwambiri, wonyezimira wonyezimira m'chifuwa;
- m. Intermedius. Kupezeka pagawo la Russia, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China. Mbalame zili ndi nthenga zakuda zakuda, milomo yayikulu, kukula kwakukulu kuposa ma subspecies ena;
- m. Mauretanicus Hartert. Mbalame zakuda izi zimapezeka ku China kokha.
Chosangalatsa: Ku Europe, mbalame zakuda ndizabwino. Amagwirizanitsa mbalamezi ndi Saint Kevin, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi wokoma mtima. Ngati zipolopolo zoterezi sizikhala kutali ndi kwawo, azungu amakuwona ngati chizindikiro chodabwitsa kwambiri.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Blackbird
Mbalame yakuda ili ndi mawonekedwe akunja omwe amasiyanitsa ndi oimira ena amtundu wa thrush:
- kukula kwakukulu. Kulemera kwake kwa mbalameyi sikungochepera magalamu makumi asanu ndi atatu, ndipo kutalika kumafika masentimita makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi limodzi;
- wamphamvu, mapiko akulu. Kutalika kwamapiko kumakhala masentimita khumi ndi limodzi, ndipo mapiko ake amakhala osachepera masentimita makumi atatu ndi asanu. Mapikowa ndi olimba kwambiri, omwe amathandiza mbalame zakuda kuuluka maulendo ataliatali mosavuta. Nthenga za mapikozo zimakhala zokulungika kumapeto, nthenga ndizochepa;
- masomphenya abwino. Maso a ma thrushes ali pambali pamutu ndipo ali ndi masomphenya abwino. Komabe, kuti apeze chakudya, mbalame zimayenera kuwerama mitu yawo mbali imodzi kapena inayo;
- wamfupi, wamlomo wamphamvu. Milomo yamtunduwu wa mbalame zakuda nthawi zambiri imakhala imvi kapena yachikaso. Mphuno zake ndi zotseguka, pali nthenga zanzeru kuzungulira mlomo. Nthenga zoterezi ndizodziwika ndi mamembala ambiri am'banja lawo;
- mtundu wa subspecies wachikale wa mbalame zakuda ndi wakuda ndi imvi. Amuna ndi akuda, akazi ndi otuwa. Komabe, pali ma subspecies ena omwe amasiyanitsidwa ndi utoto wowala wa nthenga. Mbalame zakuda ndi zoyera, ndi mtundu wachikasu, wamawangamawanga;
- miyendo yayifupi. Pamiyendo pali mbale zosakanizidwa. Ngakhale ndi yaying'ono, miyendo yamiyendo imakhala yolimba komanso yolimba;
- mawu osangalatsa, osangalatsa. M'bandakucha ndi madzulo, mbalamezi zimaimba nyimbo zabwino kwambiri. Mawu awo amafanana ndi chitoliro. Kulira kwa mbalame sikusangalatsa kwambiri. Zikumveka ngati mng'alu wouma.
Chosangalatsa: Mbalame yakuda ndi nyama yokhala ndi chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri chamthupi. Pokhala kuthengo, mbalame zotere sizimadwala. Pokhapokha atasungidwa kunyumba, mbalame imatha kukhala ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana.
Kodi mbalame yakuda imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Blackbird ku Russia
Mafinya ndi banja lalikulu komanso lofalikira. Oimira ake amakhala kumadera akum'mawa ndi azungu. Malo omwe mbalame zimakhazikika amakhala ogwirizana ndi mitundu yawo. Mtundu uliwonse wa thrush uli ndi zomwe amakonda. Komabe, zambiri mwa mbalamezi, posankha malo, zimatsogoleredwa ndi gawo limodzi - kupezeka kwa chakudya chokwanira. Ngati pali mabulosi ambiri ndi mitengo yazipatso m'derali, ndiye kuti ndibwino kukhalamo.
Mbalame yakuda imachitanso chimodzimodzi. Mbalameyi imadzisankhira madera okhala ndi chakudya chochuluka. Ena mwa mbalame zamtunduwu amakhala ndi moyo wosamukasamuka, amasamukira kumadera otentha nthawi yozizira, ena amakhala chete. Kuchuluka kwa mbalame zakuda kumapezeka ku Russia, Ukraine, ndi Europe. Mbalame zimakhala ngakhale kumadera akumpoto a madera amenewa.
Mitengo yosiyana ya mbalame zakuda imapezeka ku North Africa, Australia, New Zealand, India, Asia Minor. Nyama zinayambitsidwa mwanzeru ku New Zealand ndi Australia. Komabe, adasinthiratu nyengo yam'mayikowa, ndikuwonjezera kupezeka kwawo mwachangu.
Poyamba, mbalame zakuda zinkakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zokha. Kwa moyo wawo wonse, adasankha nkhalango zosakanikirana, zotumphukira, zokhala ndi nthaka yonyowa. Komanso zisa zimapezeka m'mapaki osiyidwa, odzaza ndi minda yayikulu, yomwe ili kutali ndi malo okhala anthu. Komabe, kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu zapitazi, mbalame zakuda zakhala ndi midzi yambiri, matauni komanso mizinda ikuluikulu.
Kodi mbalame yakuda imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Blackbird pamtengo
Mbalame zakuda zimatha kutchedwa mbalame zamtchire. Izi zimawathandiza kuti azikhala m'nyengo yozizira, pomwe nyongolotsi ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana sizingapezeke m'chilengedwe. Chakudya chokondedwa kwambiri cha mbalame zotere ndi mphutsi zenizeni. M'chilimwe, masika ndi nthawi yophukira, mbalame zimathera pansi kwambiri kufunafuna nyongolotsi. Posaka nyongolotsi, ma thrush amayenera kusamalidwa. Amayang'anitsitsa mozungulira, amasuntha ndikudumpha. Zikakhala zoopsa, mbalame yakuda imanyamuka nthawi yomweyo kupita m'mwamba ndikusiya malo osatetezeka.
Nyongolotsi ndimomwe zimapangidwira zakudya zazing'ono. Makolo amadyetsa anapiye nawo. Zakudya zamapuloteni zotere zimathandiza nyama zazing'ono kuti zizilemera msanga msanga, kuti zikhale zolimba. Pofunafuna chakudya pansi, ma thrushes samawoneka kwenikweni, chifukwa chake samakhala akuvutitsidwa ndi adani. Mbalamezi zimafufuza nyongolotsi ndi milomo yawo, koma asayansi ndi otsimikiza kuti akamafufuza amagwiritsanso ntchito makutu awo omvetsera.
Kuphatikiza pa nyongolotsi, zakudya zina zimaphatikizidwanso pazakudya za nyama izi:
- achule, abuluzi, tizilombo, nkhono, mbozi. Chakudyachi chimakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri. Mapuloteni amathandiza kuti nyamayo ikhale yolimba, kuthera nthawi yayitali ikuuluka. Chakudya choterechi chimapezeka kwambiri m'zakudya m'nyengo yokwatirana;
- zipatso, zipatso. M'nyengo yotentha, mbalame zakuda sizidana ndi kudya zakudya zamasamba. Mbalame zimangodya zipatso zakupsa ndi zipatso zokha;
- mbewu. Ngati kulibe nyongolotsi kapena zipatso, mbalame zimatha kudya mbewu za zomera ndi mitengo zosiyanasiyana.
Zosangalatsa: Blackbird mwina singamwe madzi konse. Chinyama chimalandira chakudya chonse chofunikira ndi chakudya. Nthawi zakachilala koopsa, mbalamezi zimayesetsa kudya malasankhuli, nkhanu, nsabwe za m'masamba zobiriwira. Chakudya choterechi chili ndi madzi ambiri.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Blackbird
Mbiri yakupezeka kwa mbalame zakuda idayamba zaka mazana ambiri. Zotsalira zambiri, zotsalira za nyama zoterezi zidapezeka pakati pa nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific. Asayansi ambiri amalongosola mtundu wakuda wonyezimira bwino wa mbalame zakale. Mtundu wakuda umakhala ndi kutentha pamalo okwera kwambiri pakati pa matalala achisanu. Pokhapokha pakapita nthawi, malo okhala nyama izi adayamba kusintha. Choyamba ku nkhalango, kenako kumizinda.
Mbalamezi zimakhala moyo wawo wonse m'minda, m'nkhalango komanso m'nkhalango. Amasankha malo okhala ndi nthaka yonyowa, yakuda. Pali mbozi zambiri panthaka yotere, ndipo poyambira kwake, ma thrush sangawoneke kwa ena. Mumzindawu, mbalame zakuda nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mapaki, pafupi ndi nyumba, malo odyetsera. Amakhala nthawi yayitali ndi mbalame zina.
Njira ya moyo wa mbalame zakuda makamaka imangoyendayenda. Kukayamba kuzizira, mbalamezi zimasamukira kumayiko otentha komanso zigawo. Komabe, palinso mapaketi okhalitsa. Ambiri mwa mamembala awo amapulumuka. Mbalame zimakonda kufa chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta kwambiri, kusowa kwa chakudya. Koma, atapirira nyengo yozizira yovuta, ziphuphu zimayamba kubereka mwachangu kwambiri. Polimbana ndi kupsinjika, atha kuzengereza kugwirana pafupifupi zinayi nyengo imodzi.
Chikhalidwe cha mbalame zakuda sichingatchulidwe kuti ndi ochezeka. Komabe, mbalamezi sizisonyeza kupsa mtima zikakhala zopanda ntchito. Amatha kuukira pokhapokha poteteza nyumba, chakudya, chachikazi kapena ana awo. Zokhumudwitsa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoweta. Ntchito zoweta zoweta ndizovuta, koma zenizeni.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Blackbird
Rooks chisa m'mwezi wa February. Pakadali pano, mbalame zosamukasamuka zimabwerera kwawo, ndipo zomwe zimakhala pansizo zimayamba kuwonetsa nkhanza kwa alendo, poteteza mwamphamvu malire a katundu wawo. Rooks amadzifunira okha banja kwa moyo wawo wonse, kawirikawiri akasintha anzawo. Chokhacho ndi imfa ya nyama. Mbalame zosamuka nthawi zambiri zimabwerera ku zisa za chaka chatha. Kukula kwachinyamata kumayamba kumanga chisa chatsopano.
Kunja, chisa chomaliza cha blackbird chimafanana ndi chikho chachikulu. Amakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri: mkati, kunja. Mzere wakunja umamangidwa ndi mbalame kuchokera munthambi, masamba, moss. Mzere wamkati umakhala ndi fumbi lamatabwa, dongo. Zisa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono. Kutalika kwake kumakhala masentimita asanu ndi anayi, ndi m'mimba mwake - masentimita makumi awiri. Mbalame zakuda zimaona zisa zawo kumtunda. Nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupifupi mita eyiti. Mbalamezi zimamanga nyumba pa lindens, birches, spruces, paines. Chisa nthawi zambiri chimapezeka pansi kapena pakati pa mizu ya mitengo.
Chosangalatsa: Mbalame zakuda zamakono ndizabwino. Anthu omwe amakhala m'mizinda sawopa kuyika zisa zawo pafupi ndi anthu. Nthawi zina amazimanga pakhonde kapena pamabedi.
Chisa chikakonzeka kusunthiramo, thrush wamkazi nthawi yomweyo amaikira mazira. Mu clutch imodzi pakhoza kukhala mazira asanu ndi limodzi, koma mbiri imadziwa milandu ya ana ambiri. Mazirawo ndi masentimita atatu m'litali. Akaswa, anapiyewo amasungidwa kwathunthu ndi makolo awo kwakanthawi. Akuluakulu amadyetsa ana awo ndi ziphuphu. Pofika Juni, nyama zazing'ono zimayamba kuchoka kwawo.
Adani achilengedwe a mbalame zakuda
Chithunzi: Blackbird ku Russia
Mbalame zakuda ndi mbalame zolimba mtima, zokonzeka nthawi zonse kuthamangira kuteteza madera awo, anapiye kapena akazi. Amadziwa momwe angadzitetezere kwa womenya ndi mapiko awo ndi milomo. Amalimbana ndi mdani yemwe angathe kuwononga wolakwayo. Nthawi zambiri, womenyerayo, atachita zodzitchinjiriza ngati izi, amathamangira kuchoka kumalo komwe blackbird amakhala.
Ngati chiwopsezo chikuwopseza chisa, ndiye kuti mbalame zakuda zimatha kusintha chidwi cha odyetsa okha. Amanamizira kudwala, kukopa woukirayo kutali ndi ana awo. Ndani amakonda kumenya mbalame zakuda ndi zisa zawo?
Pali adani angapo achilengedwe owopsa:
- akhwangwala ndi nkhalango. Khwangwala ndi wamkulu kuposa mbalame zakuda, ndipo amabera mwamanyazi mazira. Anthu ogwetsa mitengo amagwetsa zisa makolo awo akakhala pafupi;
- akadzidzi, akabawi, akadzidzi a mphungu. Mbalame zowononga izi zimatha kuukira osati chisa chokha, komanso wamkulu. Amadziwa kusamalira mbalame zazing'ono;
- mapuloteni. Nyama zokongolazi komanso zofewa nthawi zambiri zimaukira nyumba zamatope, kuba ana awo amtsogolo. Komabe, puloteniyo nthawi zambiri imayendetsedwa ndi makolo popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu;
- nkhandwe, martens. Zowonongekazi zimagwira anthu akuluakulu kapena achinyamata. Amayesa kuwagwira pakudya, pamene mbalame zili kalikiliki kufunafuna nyongolotsi zapansi panthaka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Blackbird
Mbalame zakuda zimatha kutchedwa imodzi mwamagulu ambiri am'banja. Ndi mbalame zolimba, zolimba, zachonde. Sangatchulidwe kuti ali pangozi, koma mitundu iyi singadzitamande pakukhazikika kwa anthu ake. Chiwerengero cha mbalame m'malo ena nthawi zonse chimasinthasintha. Kukula kwa anthu kumatengera zinthu zingapo: kupezeka kwazinthu zamoyo, nyengo. Zambiri mwa nyamazi zimafa, kukhala m'nyengo yozizira kumadera ozizira. Komabe, mbalame zakuda zambiri zimawonongeka paulendo wautali pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.
Komanso zachilengedwe padziko lapansi zimakhudza kuchepa kwa anthu akuda. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, nthaka yoipitsidwa, ndi minda ya zipatso yocheperako yokhala ndi zipatso ndi zipatso kumalanda nyama nyumba ndi chakudya kuti zikhale ndi moyo. Komabe, kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa ma thrush sikungatchedwe koopsa. Mbalamezi ndi zachonde ndipo zimapereka ana ambiri m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, mpaka pano, mbalame zakuda zapatsidwa udindo wosamalira: Osadandaula.
Chosangalatsa: Kutalika kwa moyo wakuda wakuda m'chilengedwe sikuposa zaka zinayi. Komabe, kuthekera kwa nyama kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ikasungidwa kumalo osungira nyama kapena kunyumba, mbalame imatha kukhala zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Mbalame yakuda - wamatsenga, wodabwitsa wam nthenga wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Ndi mbalame zanzeru, zokopa msanga komanso zolimba mtima zomwe zimakhala pafupifupi ku Europe ndi Asia konse. Zokakamira zamtundu uwu ndizokulirapo komanso zachonde kwambiri. Chiwerengero chawo chakhazikika lero; M'madera ena, mbalame zakuda zimakhala m'magulu akuluakulu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 09.06.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 22.09.2019 pa 23:41
