Wopanda - mbalame yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha. Nthawi zonse amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha nyama yake, anali chinthu chosakira masewera. Tsopano gulu laling'ono la bustard lili pamavuto, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ndi zikhalidwe ziti zomwe zimafunikira kuti abwezeretse kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosawerengeka iyi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Strepet
Little bustard ndi wa banja la bustard; dzina lasayansi la mbalameyi ndi Tetrax tetrax. Mbalamezi zimakhala ku Ulaya, Asia ndi Africa ndipo zimakhala ndi mitundu 26 ndi mibadwo 11. Poyamba, bustard adawonedwa ngati crane, koma kafukufuku wamasayansi awonetsa kuti ili ndi banja losiyana kwambiri.
Mitundu yofala kwambiri ya bustard ndi iyi:
- zokongola za bustard;
- zophulika zazikulu;
- mabasiketi ang'onoang'ono;
- African bustards;
- tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (mtundu wonsewo komanso nthumwi yokhayo yoyimira mtunduwo - mitundu), yomwe siili ya mtundu wamba, koma imakhala ndiudindo waukulu mmenemo.
Mitundu yambiri ya bustard (16 mwa 26) imakhala m'malo otentha, ngakhale mbalame zimazolowera nyengo iliyonse.
Ma bustards akulu ndi osiyana mawonekedwe, koma mawonekedwe omwe amapezeka pafupifupi mitundu yonse amatha kusiyanitsidwa:
- thupi lolimba lokhala ndi mutu waukulu;
- Mitundu yambiri yamphongo ili ndi ndodo pamitu yawo, yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunikira pamasewera olimbirana;
- wautali koma wolimba khosi;
- mlomo wofupikitsa;
- mapiko amphamvu olimba;
- palibe chala chakumbuyo, chomwe chimasonyeza moyo wapadziko lapansi wa mbalame;
- male bustards ndi akulu kuposa akazi, koma izi zimawonekera makamaka mumitundu yayikulu;
- Nthenga za bustard zikubisala, zoteteza.
Oyimira onse a banja la bustard amakhala pansi ndipo amayenda bwino m'manja. Zikakhala zoopsa, mosiyana ndi ma partges, zimakonda kusathamanga, koma kuwuluka, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala zinthu zosavuta kusaka masewera.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame yaying'ono
Mbalameyi ili ndi kukula kwa nkhuku: kulemera kwake sikuposa 1 kg, kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi 44 cm; mapiko a akazi ndi masentimita 83, kwa amuna - mpaka masentimita 91. Kulemera kwa amuna ndi akazi kumakhalanso kosiyana - 500 ndi 900 g, motsatana.
Little bustard ali ndi thupi lolimba lokhala ndi miyendo yolimba yakuda yachikaso, mutu wawukulu, wonyezimira pang'ono, ndi mlomo wa lalanje. Maso a bustard ang'ono ndi achikuda akuda lalanje. Mtunduwo umabisa, koma wosiyana ndi akazi ndi amuna. Mchira ndi wamfupi; pamalo abata, mapikowo amalingana bwino ndi thupi.
M'chilimwe, amuna ndi akazi amawoneka mosiyana. Mkazi samasintha zovala zake munthawi zosiyanasiyana pachaka: ali ndi nthenga zaimvi zokhala ndimalo akuda ambiri. Mawangawa amafanana ndi mafunde ang'onoang'ono, omwe amachititsa kuti mtunduwo ubisike momwe ungathere, wokhoza kusokoneza nyama yowasaka. Mimba ndi mbali yamkati ya khosi ndi yoyera.
Kanema: Bustle
Mkazi wamkazi atatambasula mapiko ake, ndege yoyera m'mphepete mwa mapikowo imawonekera - nthenga zazitali zimajambulidwa zoyera kuti zisokonezenso mdaniyo akuthawa. Nthenga zakuthazi zakuda ndi zakuda. Komanso mwa akazi, mutha kuwona kakhanda kakang'ono pamutu, komwe nthawi zina kumawombedwa ndi mphepo pouluka, koma kulibe phindu lililonse.
M'nyengo yozizira, amuna samasiyana mtundu ndi akazi ndipo mbalame zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi kutalika kokha - yamphongo ndi yayikulu. Koma nthawi yotentha, nthawi yoswana, amasintha nthenga zake kukhala zowala zomwe zimakopa chidwi cha akazi. Nthenga zimakhala ndi ubweya wofiira, mikwingwirima yotsalira imatsalira, koma imakhala yosavomerezeka - bulauni.
Mimba yoyera ndi tsinde la miyendo zimakhala zonona. Khosi ndi lowala kwambiri: ndi lojambulidwa ndi mikwingwirima ikulu ikulu iwiri ndi iwiri yoyera yoyera. Mzere woyera pansi pamutu umapanga ngodya yofanana ndi kolala. Nthenga zomwe zili kumutu zimakhalanso zimvi, zimayamba kukhala zobiriwira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Mwamuna akayamba kufuula nthawi yamatenda, chifuwa chake chimawoneka bwino, chogawika magawo awiri - pakhosi, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wopanga mawu.
Poyimba, yamwamuna imatulutsa nthenga pamutu pake - ilibe kansalu pamphumi, koma mizere iwiri ya nthenga zakuda imalowera kumanzere ndi kumanja kwa mutu, kudutsa khosi. Mwa mawonekedwe awa, mbalame yamphongo ingafanane ndi buluzi wokazinga.
Kodi bustard wamng'onoyo amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Strepet ku Russia
Mosiyana ndi ena am'banja la bustard, lomwe limakonda nyengo yotentha, mwana wamng'onoyu amakonda kutentha pang'ono. Amakhala ku Europe, Asia ndi North Africa. Kwa midzi, malo osankhidwa amasankhidwa - minda ndi ma steppes.
Ku Russia, mbalame zazing'onozi zimapezeka kumadera akutali:
- Middle ndi Lower Volga dera;
- kum'mwera kwa dera la Ulyanovsk (kwa zaka pafupifupi zitatu sangapeze zotsalira zazing'ono - mwina adasowa);
- Volga;
- kumwera kwa Urals.
M'mbuyomu, bustard yaying'ono inali yofala m'chigawo cha Lipetsk, ku Lower Don, ku Kalmykia, m'maboma a Kletsky ndi Serafimsky, m'mphepete mwa zigawo za Ilovlinsky ndi Frolovsky, m'mapiri a Salsko-Manych.
Kwa bustard yaying'ono, chonde cha nthaka ndi chinyezi chofunikira ndizofunikira. Chifukwa chake, madera achonde omwe sanakonzedwebe ndi mbewu zaulimi amasankhidwa ngati malo okhala. Chifukwa chakukonzanso nthaka yayikulu ndikulima minda ndi zitsamba, ma bustard ang'onoang'ono, omwe kale anali ndi anthu ambiri, asowa.
Mbalame zimasankha zigwa zouma zokhala ndi malo otsetsereka akulu ndi mitsinje yocheperako - madzi ndiofunika kwa mbalame yaying'onoyo, koma nyama zolusa zambiri ndi mbalame zina zomwe zikupikisana zimakhamukira kumeneko. Zotsetsereka za zigwa zomwe zasankhidwa nthawi zambiri zimadzaza ndi sod, yomwe imabisa mbalame kuti zisayang'ane. Nthawi zambiri amasankha malo obiriwira obiriwira - ndizovuta kubisalira. Nthawi zina mabwato ang'onoang'ono amapezeka m'zidutswa zadongo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Bustard yaying'ono imavuta kuwerengera, chifukwa nthawi yosakhwima, mbalame zimakhala chete komanso zosawonekera. Koma alenje amatsogozedwa ndi mayendedwe awo - ma bustard ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri amasiya phazi la mapazi atatu m'nthaka yonyowa.
Mbalame zimamanganso zisa pansi, koma, monga lamulo, akazi amachita izi komanso nthawi yokhayokha - amuna amakhala opanda nyumba yokhazikika. Kwa chisa, chachikazi chimakumba dzenje ndikulichinjiriza ndi udzu ndi chake chokha.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kuli bustard yaying'onoyo. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe amadya.
Kodi bustard yaying'ono imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Bustard wamng'ono wochokera ku Red Book
Mbalame zimayenda usiku, chifukwa nthawi zambiri pamakhala kutentha masana, pomwe ma bustards ang'onoang'ono amabisala m'tchire lamdima. M'nyengo yozizira, amatha kutuluka madzulo, mdima utagwa kale. Anthu omwe amakhala mdera lakumpoto amakhala otanganidwa masana, amapita kukadya m'mawa kwambiri ndikumaliza madzulo.
Chosangalatsa: Mabwana ang'onoang'ono amanyazi kwambiri - amatha kuchita mantha ndi galimoto kapena ng'ombe zomwe zimadya m'minda.
Mbalame ndi zamphongo; Kawirikawiri chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku chimaphatikizapo:
- mbewu ndi mphukira za zomera;
- mizu yofewa;
- udzu wobiriwira;
- maluwa ndi mungu wokoma;
- nsabwe, ziwala, dzombe;
- mbozi za tizilombo;
- magaziworms, agulugufe.
Mbalame za kumpoto zimakonda chakudya cha nyama, zimatha kudya mbewa zazing'ono ndi makoswe ena. Chiwerengero cha zomera ndi nyama mu zakudya ndi pafupifupi 30 ndi 70 peresenti, motsatana.
Maganizo awo pamadzi nawonso amasiyana. Ma bustards ang'onoang'ono ochokera kumadera otentha samatha kupirira kusowa kwa madzi - amakhala nthawi zonse pafupi ndi mitsinje yaying'ono kapena mayiwe. Mbalame zakumpoto zimamwa madzi awo ambiri kuchokera kuzomera motero sizifunikira kudyetsedwa kuchokera kumadzi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bustard yaying'ono ku Astrakhan
Mbalame zazing'ono zimangokhala zapadziko lapansi, ngakhale zimauluka bwino. Amasuntha pang'onopang'ono, amapita patali, koma panthawi zoopsa amatha kuthamanga mwachangu. Zikanyamuka, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimalira mofanana ndi kuseka, kapena likhweru; zikamauluka, zimamvekanso mawu. Akamauluka, amapikula mapiko awo mwamphamvu.
Chosangalatsa: Mbalame zazing'ono zimauluka mwachangu kwambiri, zimathamanga mpaka 80 km / h.
Moyo wa kanyama kakang'ono tingauyerekezere ndi moyo wa nkhuku yoweta. Amayenda m'minda kukafunafuna chakudya, nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kumbuyo phokoso laling'ono, koma mutu wawo umaweramira pansi kuti awone bwino chakudya.
Tinyama tating'onoting'ono timakhala tokha kapena awiriawiri, zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi mitundu yambiri ya bustard. Ndi nthawi yokhwima yokha pomwe mungaone m'mene ang'onong'ono amapangidwira m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe amasungunuka msanga nyengo yokhwima.
Mbalame ndi zamanyazi komanso sizipsa mtima. Ngakhale amakhala ndi gawo lamoyo (gawo linalake limaperekedwa kwa munthu aliyense momwe limadyera), sizimatsutsana, nthawi zambiri zimaphwanya malire.
Pakabwera zoopsa, mbalameyo imalira mosisita ndipo imanyamuka. Koma mbalame zazing'ono sizimathawa - zimangobisala muudzu pafupi ndikudikirira kuti nyamayo ichoke, itasochera. Khalidwe ili silinakhudze anthu ang'onoang'ono a bustard m'njira yabwino, popeza agalu osaka amapeza mbalame muudzu.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Common bustard
Amayi amakula msinkhu atakwanitsa chaka chimodzi, amuna ali ndi zaka ziwiri. Awiriwo amakhala ndi akazi okhaokha, ngakhale amangopangira nyengo yokhwima ya anapiye. Nyengo yakumasirana imayamba mu Epulo koma imatha kuchitika pambuyo pake ngati mbalameyo imakhala m'malo otentha.
Nthawi yokolola, khosi lamphongo limapangidwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera - izi zimathandizidwa ndi molt wofulumira. Mwamuna amayamba kugwedezeka, kupanga phokoso ndi matumba apadera pachifuwa chake - amatupa pang'ono akaimba. Amuna angapo amasankha yaikazi ndipo, tokuya, amayamba kulumpha ndi kukupiza mapiko awo mwanjira yapadera, amakoka mmero wawo ndikutulutsa nthenga. Mkazi amasankha yamphongo yomwe amakonda kwambiri malingana ndi kuvina kwake komanso kukongola kwa nthenga.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Kusaka mbalame m'nyengo yokhwima inali imodzi mwazofala kwambiri - nthawi yakukhwimitsa, amuna amauluka movina patali pang'ono kuchokera pansi, kukhala osatetezeka.
Ikakwerana, yaikazi imayamba kukonza chisa: imakumba bowo pafupifupi masentimita 10 ndikutalika pafupifupi masentimita 20. Kenako imayikira mazira 3-5, pomwe amakhala mwamphamvu masabata 3-4. Ngati clutch yoyamba imafa pazifukwa zina pasanathe sabata, ndiye kuti mayi amayikira mazira atsopano.
Amunawa ali pafupi, koma samadyetsa akazi, chifukwa chake, panthawi yopanga makulidwe, amachepetsa kwambiri. Zikawombana zikawonekera pafupi, yamphongo imawakopa ndi kuwachotsa pa zowalamulira. Ngati, komabe, chilombocho chimafika pa zowalamulira, ndiye kuti chibadwa sichimalola kuti mkazi achoke pachisa chake, chifukwa chake amamwalira.
Anapiye aswa m'masiku oyambirira amayamba kutsatira amayi awo ndikudya okha. Yaimuna imakhala pafupi mpaka anapiye ataswana bwino ndikuyamba kuuluka - izi zimatenga pafupifupi mwezi. Nthawi zambiri ana amakhala ndi amayi awo m'nyengo yozizira yoyamba, kenako amayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Adani achilengedwe amtundu wawung'ono
Chithunzi: Zinyama zazing'ono zikuthawa
Kutengera ndi malo okhala, kanyama kakang'ono kameneka amakumana ndi adani osiyanasiyana.
Kumpoto kwa Africa, awa ndi awa:
- mimbulu, mimbulu, nkhandwe;
- nyama zakufa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya amphaka amtchire;
- afisi, mongooses;
- otters, martens;
- ma ferrets, ma weasel;
- mbewa zazikulu zomwe zimawononga bustard zikugwira.
Kudera la Russia, katsikana kakang'ono kamakumana ndi adani awa:
- nkhandwe ndi mitundu ina ya nkhandwe;
- sable, marten, mink, omwe amadyetsedwa ndi mbalame komanso mazira awo;
- lynx ndi wolverine;
- mbewa, ma voles ndi ma hedgehogs amatha kuwononga zisa za mbalame.
Ikakumana ndi chilombo, mbalame imakwera m'mwamba, ndikulira. Sizikudziwika bwinobwino chifukwa chomwe mbalameyi imalira, chifukwa timagulu tating'ono kwambiri timakhala tokha ndipo alibe womudziwitsa za zoopsa. Amakhulupirira kuti chizolowezichi chimapezeka mu mbalame zonse za banja la bustard, mosasamala kanthu za moyo wawo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame yaying'ono
Little bustard adalembedwa mu Red Book.
Kusowa kwake kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zambiri:
- kuswana bwino. Mbalame zimakonda kuikira mazira awiri kamodzi pachaka, koma anapiye ambiri samapulumuka;
- kufa kwakukulu kwa anthu akuluakulu kuchokera kwa adani achilengedwe;
- kusaka kofala kwa mbalame yaying'ono panthawi yomwe imakwerana;
- chitukuko cha minda ndi steppes - malo okhalamo a bustard pang'ono. Mbalame singakhazikike pafupi ndi munthu chifukwa choopa.
Ambiri mwa anthu ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhala ndi buluu pakadali pano akukwanira kubzala ku Spain - pafupifupi anthu 43,071,000. Pafupifupi anthu 9,000 amakhala mdera la Europe la Russia, pafupifupi anthu 20,000 adawerengedwa ku Kazakhstan nthawi ya 2011.
Ngakhale zili zochuluka, pakadali kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ziwombankhanga zazing'ono m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Little bustard wasowa kwathunthu ku India, Romania ndi Croatia, ngakhale anthu ake m'mayikowa kale anali okhazikika.
Little bustard amayamikiridwa ndi alenje chifukwa cha kukoma kwake, ndipo munthawi ya Ufumu wa Russia, kusaka zamasewera kunkachitidwa mwachangu. Tsopano kudera la Russia kusaka nyama yaying'ono sikuletsedwa, ngakhale mitunduyo ikupitilizabe kutayika pachifukwa ichi.
Kuteteza ma bustard ang'onoang'ono
Chithunzi: Bustard wamng'ono wochokera ku Red Book
Zotsatirazi zikufotokozedwa ngati njira zodzitetezera kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono:
- kuletsa kukula kwachuma kwa ulimi m'malo okhala ndi bustard. Kuwonjezeka kwachuma m'dera lino kumafuna kukwera kwamakina ndi makina, kutengapo gawo kwa magwiridwe antchito, kusokoneza, kuwononga mbewu zomwe mbalame zimadya;
- Kuonetsetsa kuti mbalame zikuuluka bwino nyengo yachisanu, chifukwa nthawi yandege komanso nyengo yozizira zimawonongeka chifukwa chanyengo komanso kuwononga nyama mosadziletsa;
- kulimbikitsa mulingo wachitetezo chachilengedwe, ndikupanga njira yoteteza zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana;
- kuchotsa kusintha kwa nkhalango ndi biotopes m'munda - kuletsa kubzala nkhalango komwe kwakhala kuli steppe, chifukwa izi zimawononga malo achilengedwe a ang'onoang'ono.
Pulogalamu yoyambitsayi "Kupititsa patsogolo njira zoyendetsera madera otetezedwa ku steppe biome ya Russia" ikuthandizira kuwerengera kuchuluka ndi kufalitsa kwa mbalame, poganizira zofunikira pakatikati pa madera a dera la Orenburg ndi Republic of Kalmykia.
Wopanda - mbalame yofunikira pa chilengedwe cha madera ndi minda. Imakhala ndi tizilombo tambiri, kuphatikizapo zomwe zimawononga minda yaulimi. Kutha kwa mbalame zazing'onozi kumaphatikizapo kufalikira kwa tizilombo komanso kutha kwa zilombo zambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kusamalira bwino anthu a mbalame yosowa ndi yokongolayi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07/14/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 09/25/2019 pa 18:36
