Ma swift amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 100, yomwe imagawidwa m'magulu awiri ndi mafuko anayi. Ndi mbalame yofulumira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndipo imadalira nyengo. Mofulumira analengedwera mpweya ndi ufulu. Amapezeka m'makontinenti onse, kupatula Antarctica ndi zilumba zakutali, komwe sanakwanitse kufikira. M'miyambo yaku Europe, ma swifts amadziwika kuti "Mbalame za Mdyerekezi" - mwina chifukwa chosafikirika ndipo, monga akadzidzi, amakopa chidwi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Strizh
Swift ndiyapakatikati kukula, imawoneka ngati kameza, koma pang'ono pang'ono. Kufanana pakati pamaguluwa kumachitika chifukwa chosinthika kosinthika, kuwonetsa miyezo yofananira yofananira ndikutenga tizilombo tikuthawa. Komabe, njira zawo zidasokonekera kalekale. Achibale awo apamtima ndi mbalame za hummingbird za New World. Anthu akale amawaona ngati namzeze opanda miyendo. Dzina la sayansi Apus limachokera ku Greek yakale α - "wopanda" ndi πούς - "mwendo". Mwambo wosonyeza kusinthana opanda miyendo udapitilira mu Middle Ages, monga titha kuwonera pazithunzi zodziwika bwino.
Chosangalatsa: The taxonomy of swifts ndi yovuta, ndipo malire a generic ndi mitundu nthawi zambiri amatsutsana. Kusanthula kwamakhalidwe ndi mawu omveka kumakhala kovuta chifukwa cha kusinthika kwofananira, pomwe kusanthula kwamakhalidwe osiyanasiyana ndikutsata kwa DNA kwatulutsa zovuta zina komanso zotsutsana pang'ono.
Wothamanga wamba anali amodzi mwa mitundu yofotokozedwa ndi wasayansi waku Sweden a Karl Linnaeus mu 1758 m'kope lake la khumi la Systema Naturae. Adayambitsa dzina lodziwika bwino loti Hirundo apus. Mtundu wapano wa Apus udapangidwa ndi wazachilengedwe waku Italiya Giovanni Antonio Scopoli mu 1777. Wotsogola kwa Central European subspecies, yemwe amakhala m'nthawi yachisanu chomaliza, amadziwika kuti Apus palapus.
Ma swifts ali ndi miyendo yayifupi kwambiri, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuti agwire malo owongoka. Sagwera pansi mwakufuna kwawo, pomwe atha kukhala pachiwopsezo. Nthawi zosaswana, anthu ena amatha miyezi khumi akukwera mosalekeza.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kuthamanga mofulumira
Ma swifts ndi masentimita 16 mpaka 17 kutalika ndipo amakhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 42 mpaka 48, kutengera zaka za mtunduwo. Zimakhala zofiirira wakuda kupatula chibwano ndi pakhosi, zomwe zimatha kukhala zoyera mpaka zonona. Kuphatikiza apo, kumtunda kwa nthenga zouluka kumakhala kofiirira kwakuda poyerekeza ndi thupi lonse. Ma swifts amathanso kusiyanitsidwa ndi nthenga zawo zamchira zolimbitsa pakati, mapiko opapatiza, ndi phokoso lakulira. Nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa chifukwa cha namzeze. Swift ndiyokulirapo, ili ndi mapiko osiyana kwambiri komanso oyenda mozungulira kuposa akumeza.
Mitundu yonse yamtundu wa Apodidae (wotchera) imakhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wina, "phazi logwirana" lofananira momwe zala ziwiri ndi ziwiri zimatsutsana zala zitatu ndi zinayi. Izi zimalola kumeta tsitsi wamba kuti lizilumikizika kumadera monga makoma amiyala, chimney, ndi malo ena owoneka omwe mbalame zina sizingafikire. Amuna ndi akazi amawoneka chimodzimodzi.
Kanema: Strizh
Anthu pawokha samasintha nyengo kapena madera. Komabe, anapiye achichepere amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi akulu mwa kusiyanasiyana pang'ono pakukhathamiritsa kwamitundu ndi kufanana, popeza achinyamata amakhala akuda kwambiri, komanso nthenga zoyera pamphumi komanso malo oyera pansi pamlomo. Kusiyanaku kumawoneka bwino kwambiri. Ali ndi mchira wawufupi, wamfoloko komanso mapiko ataliatali kwambiri omwe amafanana ndi mwezi.
Ma swifts amalira mofuula mofuula mosiyanasiyana, kwambiri yomwe imachokera kwa akazi. Nthawi zambiri amapanga "maphwando ofuula" madzulo a chilimwe, pomwe anthu 10-20 amasonkhana akuthawa kuzungulira malo awo okhala ndi zisa. Magulu akulu akulira amapangira kumtunda, makamaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yoswana. Cholinga cha zipani izi sichikudziwika.
Kodi othamanga amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Mbalame yofulumira
Ma swift amakhala kumayiko onse kupatula Antarctica, koma osati kumpoto kwenikweni, m'zipululu zazikulu kapena pazilumba zam'madzi. Mbalame zotchuka kwambiri (Apus apus) zimapezeka pafupifupi kumadera onse kuchokera ku Western Europe kupita ku East Asia komanso kumpoto kwa Scandinavia ndi Siberia kupita ku North Africa, Himalaya ndi Central China. Amakhala mumtundu wonsewu nthawi yoswana, kenako amasamuka m'miyezi yachisanu kumwera kwa Africa, kuchokera ku Zaire ndi Tanzania kumwera mpaka ku Zimbabwe ndi Mozambique. Magawo ogawa kuchokera ku Portugal ndi Ireland kumadzulo kupita ku China ndi Siberia kum'mawa.
Amaswana m'mayiko monga:
- Portugal;
- Spain;
- Ireland;
- England;
- Morocco;
- Algeria;
- Israeli;
- Lebanon;
- Belgium;
- Georgia;
- Syria;
- Nkhukundembo;
- Russia;
- Norway;
- Armenia;
- Finland;
- Ukraine;
- France;
- Germany ndi maiko ena aku Europe.
Ma Swifts wamba samabalirana ku Indian Subcontinent. Malo ambiri okhala ndi zisa amakhala m'malo otentha komwe kuli mitengo yoyenera kubisalapo ndi malo okwanira oti muzikusonkhanako chakudya. Komabe, malo osinthira amakhala otentha kwa miyezi ingapo atasamukira ku Africa. Mbalamezi zimakonda madera okhala ndi mitengo kapena nyumba zokhala ndi malo otseguka, chifukwa amatha kugwiritsa ntchito malo owongoka monga makoma amiyala ndi mapaipi chifukwa cha kusintha kwawo kwakuthupi.
Kodi wothamanga amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Strizh
Ma swift wamba ndi mbalame zomwe zimakonda kudya ndipo zimangodya tizilombo tokha tomwe timagwira mlengalenga ndi akangaude, zomwe amazigwira ndi milomo yawo akauluka. Tizilombo timasonkhana pakhosi pogwiritsa ntchito chotupitsa mate kuti apange chakudya kapena bolus. Ma swifts amakopeka ndi gulu la tizilombo, chifukwa amathandizira kusonkhanitsa mwachangu chakudya chokwanira. Akuti pali avareji ya tizilombo 300 pa bolus. Ziwerengerozi zimatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera kuchuluka kwa nyama yomwe ikulandidwa.
Tizilombo tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:
- nsabwe;
- mavu;
- njuchi;
- nyerere;
- kafadala;
- akangaude;
- ntchentche.
Mbalame zimauluka ndi milomo yotseguka, kugwira nyama pogwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe othamanga kapena kungouluka mwachangu. Imodzi mwa mitundu ya ma swifts imatha kufikira liwiro la 320 km / h. Nthawi zambiri zimauluka pafupi ndi madzi kuti zikagwire tizilombo tomwe tikuuluka pamenepo. Posonkhanitsa chakudya cha anapiye ongoswedwa kumene, akuluakulu amayala kafadala m'chikwama chawo chotsekera pakhosi. Thumba litadzaza, wotchera msanga abwerera kuchisa kukadyetsa ana ake. Kusunthira kwachinyamata kwachinyamata kumatha kukhala ndi moyo masiku angapo osadya, kutsitsa kutentha kwa thupi lawo komanso kagayidwe kake kagayidwe kake.
Chosangalatsa: Kupatula nthawi yodzala mazira, ma swift amatha nthawi yayitali mlengalenga, akukhala ndi mphamvu kuchokera ku tizilombo tomwe timagwira. Amamwa, kudya, kugona pa phiko.
Anthu ena amauluka kwa miyezi 10 osafika. Palibenso mbalame ina yomwe imakhala moyo wake wonse chouluka. Liwiro lawo lokwera kwambiri ndi 111.6 km / h. Miyoyo yawo yonse, amatha kuphimba mamiliyoni amakilomita.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Black Swift
Swifts ndi mitundu yosangalatsa kwambiri ya mbalame. Amakhala chisa, amakhala, kusamuka, ndikusaka m'magulu chaka chonse. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalamezi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi kuthekera kwawo kukakhala mlengalenga kwakanthawi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala tsiku lonse pamapiko, amangofika kukadyetsa anapiye kapena kugona. Common Swifts akuti amayenda pafupifupi 560 km patsiku munthawi ya chisa, zomwe zimapereka umboni wa kupirira kwawo ndi mphamvu zawo, komanso luso lawo labwino kwambiri.
Ma swifts amathanso kukwatirana ndikudya fodya ali mlengalenga. Mbalame zimakonda kuwuluka m'malo otsika pang'ono nyengo yozizira (kuzizira, mphepo ndi / kapena chinyezi chambiri), ndikusunthira kumalo okwera kwambiri nyengo ikakhala yabwino nyengo yayitali.
Chosangalatsa: Mu Ogasiti ndi Seputembala, othamanga achoka ku Europe ndikuyamba ulendo wopita ku Africa. Zikhadabo zakuthwa ndizothandiza kwambiri panthawiyi. Ngakhale anapiye amaswa asanasamuke, zomwe apeza zikusonyeza kuti ana ambiri sapulumuka ulendo wautali.
Swifts amatha kupanga chisa m'mapanga omwe kale anali okhwimitsa mitengo omwe amapezeka m'nkhalango, mwachitsanzo, mbalame pafupifupi 600 zomwe zimakaikira mazira ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Kuphatikiza apo, ma swifti adazolowera kukhala zisa m'malo opangira. Amamanga zisa zawo kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimauluka mlengalenga ndikuphatikizidwa ndi malovu awo, m'malo opanda nyumba, m'malo omwe ali pansi pazenera komanso pansi pa ma gves.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Mwamsanga chick
Ma swift amayamba kubereka kuyambira azaka ziwiri ndikupanga awiriawiri omwe amatha kukwatirana kwazaka zambiri ndikubwerera kuchisa chimodzi ndikumakwatirana chaka ndi chaka. Zaka zakubereketsa koyamba zimasiyana malinga ndi kupezeka kwa malo okhala zisa. Chisa chimakhala ndi udzu, masamba, udzu, udzu ndi maluwa. Madera ofulumira amakhala ndi zisa 30 mpaka 40, zomwe zimawonetsa kuti mbalame zimakonda kucheza.
Common Swifts amabala kuyambira kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka koyambirira kwa Meyi komanso pakati pa Seputembara pomwe achinyamata amalimba. Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri za mbalameyi ndi kuthekera kwake kuti izitha kuthamangira ikamauluka, ngakhale imathanso kukwererana pachisa. Kukhathamira kumachitika pakatha masiku ochepa nyengo ikakhala yoyenera. Pambuyo popambana, mkazi amayikira dzira limodzi kapena anayi oyera, koma kukula kwakukulu kwambiri ndi mazira awiri. Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 19-20. Onse makolo amachita nawo makulitsidwe. Ikatha, imatha kutenga masiku ena 27 mpaka 45 kuti mbewuzo zisachitike.
Pakati pa sabata yoyamba ataswa, zowalamulirazo zimatenthedwa tsiku lonse. Mkati mwa sabata lachiwiri, makolo amawotcha anapiye kwa theka la tsiku. Nthawi yonseyi, samatentha masana masana, koma nthawi zambiri amaiphimba usiku. Makolo onse akutengapo gawo mofanana pazochitika zonse zolera anapiye.
Chosangalatsa: Kukakhala kuti nyengo yoipa imakhalapobe kwanthawi yayitali kapena komwe chakudya chimasowa, anapiye amatha kusandulika, ngati kuti alowerera mu tulo, potero amachepetsa mphamvu yakuthupi lawo lomwe likukula msanga. Izi zimawathandiza kukhala ndi chakudya chochepa masiku 10-15.
Anapiye amamwetsedwa mipira ya tizilombo tomwe makolo awo amatolera paulendo wawo ndipo amawagwirira pamodzi ndi malovu opangira chakudya. Anapiye ang'onoang'ono amagawana chakudya, koma akamakula, amatha kumeza okha chakudya chokwanira.
Adani achilengedwe a swifts
Chithunzi: Kuthamangira kumwamba
Ma swifti achikulire achikulire ali ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe chifukwa chothamanga kwambiri. Pali zochitika zochepa zolembedwa za mbalamezi. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa chisa mwanzeru kumathandizira kusunthira kuti zisawononge nyama zowukira. Kuyika zisa m'mbali mwa chiphaso kumakhudza kwambiri, ndipo ikaphatikizidwa ndi khungu lakuda ndi nthenga zotsika zokutira anapiye pamwamba, zimateteza ku ziwombankhanga. Nthawi zina, zisa zosavuta kuziwona zawonongedwa ndi anthu.
Kusinthasintha kwapadera kwazaka zambiri kwanthawi yayitali kumalola mbalame kupewa zolengedwa zawo zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo:
- zokonda (Falco Subbuteo);
- Chiwombankhanga (Accipiter);
- khungubwe wamba (Buteo buteo).
Kusankha malo okhala ndi zisa m'malo owoneka bwino monga makoma amiyala ndi chimney kumapangitsanso kuti zikhale zovuta kusaka Common Swifts chifukwa chovuta kupeza malo okhala ndi zisa. Mitundu yosavuta imathandizanso kupewa zolusa chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kuziwona zikakhala kuti sizili mlengalenga. Kuukira kwakanthawi kambiri kosunthira kumalumikizidwa ndi mazira omwe amatoleredwa ndi anthu zaka za zana la 21 zisanachitike.
Black Swift imatha kutengeka ndi imfa chifukwa cha zovuta zachilengedwe. Kukhazikika kwachisa m'malo amvula kumakhala koopsa ku anapiye. Ngati mwana wakhanda agwa pachisa nthawi yake isanakwane kapena akuwuluka asanapirire ulendo wautali, kapena akhoza kutsukidwa ndi madzi kapena nthenga zawo zimalemera ndi chinyezi. Zisa zimatha kutayika chifukwa chamadzi osefukira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mbalame yofulumira
Kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwachangu kumalephereka chifukwa chovuta kupeza zisa zomwe akukhalamo, ndipo nthawi zina ndi mtunda wautali kuchokera ku chisa chomwe amatha kuberekako, ndipo nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu osabereka pafupi ndi madera omwe amaswana m'nyengo yotentha. Chifukwa ma swifts samakonda kuyamba kuswana kufikira atakwanitsa zaka ziwiri, kuchuluka kwa osabereka kumatha kukhala kwakukulu.
Mabungwe ena apadziko lonse lapansi akuyesetsa kuti athandizire kupezeka kwa malo osungira ma swifts, popeza kuchuluka kwa malo oyenerera kumachepa. Amasonkhanitsanso zidziwitso za kuchuluka kwa anthu kuti ayese kulongosola mtundu wa kuswana kwa mtundu uliwonse.
Mitunduyi ili ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri, chifukwa chake, sichiyandikira malire a Mitundu Yosatetezeka malinga ndi kukula kwake. Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi chachikulu kwambiri motero sichimayandikira pafupi ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Pazifukwa izi, mitunduyo imayesedwa ngati mitundu yomwe ili pangozi kwambiri.
Ngakhale ma swift asowa m'malo ena, amatha kuwonekerabe m'mizinda ndi madera ena ambiri. Popeza alibe nkhawa ndi kupezeka kwa anthu, titha kuyembekeza kuti kusinthana sikungakhale pachiwopsezo posachedwa. Komabe, mitundu khumi ndi iwiri ilibe chidziwitso chokwanira chamagulu.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05.06.2019
Tsiku losintha: 22.09.2019 nthawi 23:00
