Pambuyo posowa ma dinosaurs pankhope ya Dziko Lapansi, chilombo chachikulu chinakwera pamwamba pa unyolo wa chakudya Shark megalodon... Chokhacho chinali chakuti katundu wake sanali pamtunda, koma mu Nyanja Yadziko Lonse. Mitunduyi idalipo m'masiku a Pliocene ndi Miocene, ngakhale asayansi ena sangathe kuvomereza izi ndikukhulupirira kuti zitha kupulumuka mpaka lero.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Shark Megalodon
Carcharocles megalodon ndi mtundu wina wa nsombazi zomwe zatha za banja la Otodontidae. Kumasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki, dzina la chilombocho limatanthauza "dzino lalikulu". Malinga ndi zomwe apeza, akukhulupirira kuti chilombocho chinawonekera zaka 28 miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo chidazimiririka pafupifupi zaka 2.6 miliyoni zapitazo.
Zosangalatsa: Mano a chilombocho ndi akulu kwambiri kwakuti kwa nthawi yayitali amawerengedwa ngati zotsalira za zimbalangondo kapena njoka zazikulu zam'nyanja.
Mu 1667, wasayansi wina dzina lake Niels Stensen ananena kuti zotsalazo ndi mano okhaokha a shark. Pakati pa zaka za zana la 19 chithu yadzikhazikitsa yokha m'gulu la asayansi lotchedwa Carcharodon megalodon chifukwa cha kufanana kwa mano ndi nsomba yoyera yoyera.
Kanema: Shark Megalodon
M'zaka za m'ma 1960, katswiri wa zachilengedwe ku Belgian E. Casier anasamutsira nsombayo ku mtundu wa Procarcharodon, koma posakhalitsa wofufuza L. Glickman adamuika pamtundu wa Megaselachus. Wasayansi adazindikira kuti mano a shark ndi amitundu iwiri - opanda kapena notches. Chifukwa cha ichi, mitunduyi idasunthira kuchoka pagulu lina kupita lina, mpaka mu 1987 katswiri wazachipatala waku France a Capetta adapereka chimphona kumtundu wamakono.
M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti nyama zolusa zimafanana komanso kuwoneka ngati ma shark oyera, koma pali zifukwa zokhulupirira kuti, chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu komanso mawonekedwe azachilengedwe, machitidwe a megalodons anali osiyana kwambiri ndi omwe amadya masiku ano, ndipo kunja kwake ndi ofanana ndi chimphona chachikulu cha shark ...
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Great shark megalodon
Zambiri pazokhudza wokhala pansi pamadzi zimapezeka pamano ake omwe amapezeka. Monga sharki wina, mafupa a chimphona sichinapangidwe ndi mafupa, koma chichereŵechereŵe. Pachifukwa ichi, zotsalira zochepa za nyama zam'madzi zomwe zapulumuka mpaka pano.
Mano a shaki wamkulu ndi nsomba zazikulu kwambiri kuposa nsomba zonse. Kutalika adafika masentimita 18. Palibe aliyense wokhala m'madzi amene angadzitamande ndi mano amenewa. Ndi ofanana mofanana ndi mano a shaki yoyera yayikulu, koma ochepa katatu. Mafupa onse sanapezeke, koma mafupa ena okhaokha. Kupeza kotchuka kwambiri kunapangidwa mu 1929.
Zotsalirazi zimapatsa mwayi woweruza kukula kwa nsomba zambiri:
- kutalika - 15-18 mita;
- kulemera - matani 30-35, mpaka pazipita matani 47.
Malinga ndi kukula kwake, megalodon inali pamndandanda wazambiri zam'madzi ndipo inali mofanana ndi amisala, deinosuchus, pliosaurs, basilosaurs, genosaurs, kronosaurs, purusaurs ndi nyama zina, zomwe kukula kwake ndikokulirapo kuposa nyama zilizonse zamoyo.
Mano a nyama amawerengedwa kuti ndi akulu kwambiri pakati pa nsombazi zonse zomwe zidakhalako Padziko Lapansi. Nsagwada zinali zazitali mamita awiri. Pakamwa panali mizere isanu ya mano amphamvu. Chiwerengero chawo chonse chidafika zidutswa 276. Kutalika kopendekera kumatha kupitilira masentimita 17.
Vertebrae idakalipobe mpaka pano chifukwa cha calcium yochuluka kwambiri, yomwe idathandizira kuthandizira kulemera kwa nyamayo panthawi yamagetsi. Mzere wodziwika kwambiri wamtundu wopezeka womwe udapezeka unali ndi ma vertebrae 150 mpaka 15 masentimita mwake. Ngakhale mu 2006 gawo la msana lidapezeka ndi mulingo wokulirapo wa ma vertebrae - 26 masentimita.
Kodi megalodon shark amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Megalodon wakale wa shark
Zakale za nsomba zazikuluzikulu zimapezeka ponseponse, kuphatikizapo Mariana Trench, pansi pa makilomita 10. Kufalikira komwe kumafalikiraku kumawonetsa kusintha kwa chilombocho pamikhalidwe iliyonse, kupatula madera ozizira. Kutentha kwamadzi kumasinthasintha mozungulira 12-27 ° C.
Mano a Shark ndi ma vertebrae amapezeka nthawi zosiyanasiyana m'madera ambiri padziko lapansi:
- Europe;
- South ndi North America;
- Cuba;
- New Zealand;
- Australia;
- Puerto Rico;
- India;
- Japan;
- Africa;
- Jamaica.
Zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi abwino zimadziwika ku Venezuela, zomwe zimapangitsa kuweruza kusinthasintha kukhala m'madzi abwino, ngati ng'ombe shark. Zakale zakale zodalirika zidayamba nthawi ya Miocene (zaka 20 miliyoni zapitazo), koma palinso zambiri zokhudzana ndi zotsalira za Oligocene ndi Eocene eras (zaka 33 ndi 56 miliyoni zapitazo).
Kulephera kukhazikitsa nthawi yeniyeni yakupezeka kwa mitunduyi kumabwera chifukwa cha kusatsimikizika kwa malire pakati pa megalodon ndi kholo lawo Carcharocles chubutensis. Izi ndichifukwa chakusintha pang'ono pang'ono kwa zizindikiritso za mano pakusintha.
Nthawi yakutha kwa zimphona imagwera m'malire a Pliocene ndi Pleistocene, omwe adayamba pafupifupi zaka 2.5 miliyoni zapitazo. Asayansi ena amatchula chiwerengerochi zaka 1.7 miliyoni zapitazo. Modalira chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa matope, ofufuzawa adakwanitsa zaka masauzande ndi mazana angapo zapitazo, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukula kapena kutha kwake, njirayi siyodalirika.
Kodi megalodon shark amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Shark Megalodon
Asanawoneke anamgumi okhala ndi mano akulu, olusa kwambiri amakhala pamwamba pa piramidi yazakudya. Iwo analibe ofanana kupeza chakudya. Kukula kwawo kwakukulu, nsagwada zawo zamphamvu ndi mano awo akulu zidawaloleza kusaka nyama zazikulu, zomwe palibe nsombazi wamakono omwe angathane nazo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti: Akatswiri azachipatala amakhulupirira kuti chilombocho chinali ndi nsagwada zazifupi ndipo sichimadziwa kugwira mwamphamvu nyama ija ndikuchimasula, koma chimangong'amba zidutswa za khungu ndi minofu yakunja. Njira yodyetsera chimphona inali yosagwira bwino kuposa ya, mwachitsanzo, a Mosasaurus.
Zakale zakufa ndi kulumidwa kwa nsombazi zimapereka mwayi woweruza zomwe zimphona:
- nyongolotsi za umuna;
- kachilombo;
- anamgumi mutu;
- anamgumi;
- dolphins a walrus;
- akamba;
- porpoises;
- ma alarm;
- pinnipeds;
- kuvomerezedwa ndi ma cephates.
Megalodon amadyetsedwa makamaka pa nyama zoyambira kukula kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 7 mita. Makamaka awa anali anangumi a baleen, omwe liwiro lawo linali lotsika ndipo samatha kulimbana ndi nsombazi. Ngakhale izi, Megalodon idasowabe njira yowasaka kuti iwagwire.
Zotsalira zambiri za anamgumiwo, zidapezeka zinsomba za sharki wamkulu, ndipo ena mwa iwo anali ndi mano akulu atatuluka. Mu 2008, gulu la ichthyologists masamu mphamvu ya kuluma nyama. Anapezeka kuti anali wamphamvu kwambiri maulendo 9 kuposa nsomba iliyonse yamakono ndipo anali wamphamvu katatu kuposa ng'ona yokhotakhota.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Great shark megalodon
Kwenikweni, nsombazi zimaukira wozunzidwayo m'malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Komabe, Megalodon inali ndi njira ina yosiyana. Nsombazo zinayamba kugunda nyama ija. Momwemonso, amathyola mafupa a wovulalayo ndikuwononga ziwalo zamkati. Wovulalayo sanathenso kuyenda ndipo chilombocho chinadya modekha.
Pazinyama zazikuluzikulu, nsomba zidalumidwa kumchira ndi zipsepse zawo kuti zisasambe, kenako ndikupha. Chifukwa cha kupirira kwawo kofooka komanso kuthamanga kwambiri, ma megalodon sakanatha kuthamangitsa nyama kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake adawagwera atawabisalira, osawopseza.
M'nthawi ya Pliocene, ndikuwoneka kwa zikuluzikulu zazikulu komanso zapamwamba kwambiri, zimphona zam'madzi zimayenera kusintha njira yawo. Adathamangitsanso nthiti kuti awononge mtima ndi mapapo a wovulalayo, komanso kumtunda kwa msana. Lulani mapepala ndi zipsepse.
Mtundu wofala kwambiri ndikuti anthu akulu, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwama metabolism komanso mphamvu zochepa kuposa ziweto zazing'ono, amadya zowola zambiri ndipo samachita kusaka pang'ono. Kuwonongeka kwa zotsalirazo sikungathe kunena za machenjerero a chilombocho, koma ndi njira yopezera ziwalo zamkati pachifuwa cha nsomba zakufa.
Kungakhale kovuta kwambiri kugwira ngakhale namgumi wamng'ono pomuluma kumbuyo kapena pachifuwa. Kungakhale kosavuta komanso kwanzeru kumenya nyama m'mimba, monga momwe nsomba zamasiku ano zimachitira. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi mphamvu yayikulu yamano a nsombazi wamkulu. Mano a achinyamata anali ngati mano a nsombazi zoyera masiku ano.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Megalodon wakale wa shark
Pali malingaliro akuti megalodon idazimiririka panthawi yomwe Isthmus ya Panama idawonekera. Munthawi imeneyi, nyengo idasintha, mafunde ofunda adasintha mayendedwe. Apa ndi pomwe anapeza mano a ana a chimphona chija. Shark adaswa ana m'madzi osaya ndipo ana amakhala kuno nthawi yoyamba ya moyo wawo.
M'mbiri yonse, sikunali kotheka kupeza malo amodzi ofanana, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti kulibe. Posakhalitsa izi zisanachitike, kupezeka kofananako kunapezeka ku South Carolina, koma awa anali mano a akulu. Kufanana kwa zomwe apezazi ndikuti malo onsewa anali pamwamba pamadzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nsombazi zimatha kukhala m'madzi osaya, kapena kuyenda apa kuti ziberekane.
Izi zisanachitike, ofufuza adati ana akuluakulu sanasowe chitetezo, chifukwa ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Zomwe apezazi zikutsimikizira kuti achinyamatawa amakhala m'madzi osaya kuti athe kudziteteza, chifukwa ana a mita ziwiri atha kukhala nyama ya shark wina wamkulu.
Amaganiziridwa kuti nzika zazikulu zam'madzi zitha kubereka mwana m'modzi kamodzi. Anawo anali aatali mamita 2-3 ndipo anaukira nyama zazikulu atangobadwa kumene. Anasaka ng'ombe zam'nyanja ndikugwira munthu woyamba kukumana naye.
Adani achilengedwe a megalodon shark
Chithunzi: Megalodon Giant Shark
Ngakhale kuti chakudya chimakhala chachikulu kwambiri, chilombocho chimakhalabe ndi adani, ena mwa omwe amapikisana nawo pachakudya.
Ofufuza ali pakati pawo:
- zilombo zolusa kusukulu;
- anamgumi;
- anamgumi;
- nsombazi zina zazikulu.
Anangumi omwe anatuluka chifukwa cha chisinthiko adasiyanitsidwa osati ndi thupi lolimba komanso mano amphamvu, komanso ndi luntha lotukuka kwambiri. Anasaka m'matumba, zomwe zidachepetsa mwayi wa Megalodon kupulumuka. Ankhondo akupha, mwa machitidwe awo, adazunza achichepere m'magulu ndikudya achinyamata.
Anangumi opha anali opambana kwambiri pakusaka. Chifukwa cha liwiro lawo, adadya nsomba zazikulu zonse m'nyanja, osasiya chakudya cha megalodon. Namgumi wakupha iwowo adathawa pachikopa cha chilombocho m'madzi mothandizidwa ndi luso lawo komanso luso lawo. Pamodzi, amatha kupha ngakhale achikulire.
Zinyama zapansi pamadzi zimakhala m'nyengo yabwino ya mitunduyo, popeza kunalibe mpikisano wa chakudya, ndipo anangumi ambiri osachedwa kutukuka amakhala munyanja. Nyengo itasintha ndipo nyanja zinayamba kuzizira, chakudya chawo chachikulu chinali chitatha, chomwe chinali chifukwa chachikulu chotheretu zamoyozi.
Kuperewera kwa nyama yayikulu kumabweretsa njala yayikulu ya nsomba zazikuluzikulu. Iwo anali kufunafuna chakudya mwachangu kwambiri momwe angathere. M'nthawi ya njala, milandu yakudya anthu imakonda kuchuluka, ndipo panthawi yamavuto a chakudya ku Pliocene anthu omaliza adadziwononga okha.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Shark Megalodon
Zotsalira zakale zimapereka mpata woweruza kuchuluka kwa zamoyozo ndi kufalikira kwake. Komabe, zinthu zingapo zidakhudza koyamba kuchepa kwa anthu, kenako kutha kwathunthu kwa megalodon. Amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha kutayika ndi vuto la mitunduyo, popeza nyama sizingafanane ndi chilichonse.
Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale amakhala ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pazinthu zoyipa zomwe zidapangitsa kutha kwa adani. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mayendedwe, mitsinje yotentha idasiya kulowa ku Arctic ndipo kumpoto kwa hemisphere kudazizira kwambiri kwa ma shark a thermophilic. Anthu omalizira amakhala ku Kummwera kwa Dziko Lapansi mpaka pomwe adasowa kwathunthu.
Chosangalatsa: Akatswiri ena a ichthyologists amakhulupirira kuti mitunduyo ikadapulumuka mpaka nthawi yathu ino chifukwa cha zomwe zapezedwa, zomwe akuti zaka 24,000 ndi 11,000 zapitazo Zomwe akuti 5% yokha yamadzi zafufuzidwa zimawapatsa chiyembekezo kuti nyamayi ikhoza kubisala kwinakwake. Komabe, chiphunzitsochi sichitsutsana ndi kutsutsa kwasayansi.
Mu Novembala 2013, kanema yemwe adajambulidwa ndi achi Japan adapezeka pa intaneti. Imagwira shaki yayikulu, yomwe olemba amapitilira ngati mfumu yam'nyanja. Kanemayo adajambulidwa mozama kwambiri mu Mariana Trench. Komabe, malingaliro amagawanika ndipo asayansi amakhulupirira kuti kanemayo ndiwabodza.
Ndi yani mwa malingaliro akuti kutayika kwa chimphona cham'madzi ndi yolondola, sitingathe kudziwa. Zowononga zomwezo sizidzatha kutiwuza za izi, ndipo asayansi atha kungotengera malingaliro ndi malingaliro. Akanakhala kuti whopper adapulumuka mpaka lero, zikadadziwika kale. Komabe, nthawi zonse pamakhala gawo loti mwina chilombocho chidzapulumuka kuchokera pansi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 07.06.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 07.10.2019 pa 22:09
