Kuyang'ana pa boa constrictor iyi, chisangalalo chimatuluka, chifukwa chake chotsitsimutsa, cholemera, mtundu wobiriwira chimakhala cholimbikitsa komanso chosangalatsa m'maso. Kwa okonda malo ambiri boa wokhazikika - kungopeza, motero pafupifupi aliyense wa iwo amalota zokhala ndi boa constrictor wokongola mumsonkhanowu. Tiyeni tione zonse zofunika pamoyo wa chokwawa ichi, kuyambira deta kunja ndi kutha ndi udindo wa anthu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Boa mutu wa agalu
Boa constrictor yemwe ali ndi mutu wa galu amatchedwanso wobiriwira. Anatinso epithet ngati emarodi. Chokwawa ichi si chakupha ndipo ndi cha banja la ma pseudopods, ku mtundu wanyanja zazing'ono. Mitundu yonse, yowutsa mudyo, yowala bwino imakhalapo pakatunduyu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti boa constrictor ikhale yokongola komanso yowononga. M'Chilatini, boa constrictor uyu amatchedwa Corallus caninus. Mtundu wa Corallus uli ndi mitundu itatu yamitundu, yosiyana malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Limodzi mwa maguluwa limaphatikizapo boa constrictor yemwe ali ndi mutu wa galu.
Kanema: Boa constrictor wopangidwa ndi mutu wagalu
Choyamba chidapezeka ndi wasayansi wotchuka waku Sweden a Karl Linnaeus, yemwe adalongosola chokwawa ichi m'zaka za zana la 18. Chifukwa chakuti ana a njokayi amabadwa m'makorali, mitunduyi idasankhidwa pamtundu wa Corallus, ndikupatsa dzina lomasulira "caninus", lomwe limatanthauza "galu".
Zikuwonekeratu chifukwa chake boa constrictor amatchedwa arboreal, amakhala ndi moyo wotere, amakonda kuchita pafupifupi chilichonse osatsika panthambi. Amawerengedwa ngati emarodi chifukwa cha utoto wake wokongola. Funso limabuka: "Chifukwa chiyani chokwawa chotchedwa mutu wagalu?" Yankho lake ndi losavuta - mutu wake umafanana ndi mawonekedwe a galu, makamaka mukayang'ana mbali. Mano ataliatali omwe ali pachibwano chapamwamba amafanana ndi mayini a galu.
Chosangalatsa: Kutalika kwa mano a mtengo wobiriwira boa constrictor kumatha kukhala kuchokera pa 4 mpaka 5 cm, chifukwa chake kuluma kwake kumakhala kowopsa, ngakhale kulibe poizoni.
Ponena za kukula kwa chokwawa, sichikhala chachikulu ngati mano ake; kutalika kwa thupi la boa constrictor kumatha kukhala kuchokera 2 mpaka 2.8 m.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Boa-mutu wa agalu
Thupi la boa constrictor lomwe mutu wawo ndi agalu ndi lamphamvu kwambiri, lathyathyathya pang'ono mbali. Mutu ndi wawukulu ndi chotupa chopindika ndi maso ozungulira. Ana a reptile amakonzedwa molunjika.
Chosangalatsa: Minofu ya boa constrictor imapangidwa bwino, chifukwa posaka, amagwiritsa ntchito njira yolemetsa, kuchokera kukumbatirana kwamphamvu komwe simungathawe.
Pseudopods amatchulidwa chifukwa ali ndi mitundu yotsalira yamiyendo yakumbuyo (zoyambira), ndi zikhadabo zotuluka m'mbali mwa anus. Banja ili lili ndi zotupa za mafupa amchiuno ndi mapapo, ndipo chiwalo choyenera nthawi zambiri chimakhala chotalikirapo kuposa chakumanzere. Mano a boa constrictor ndi olimba kwambiri ndipo amapindika mmbuyo, amakula pakamwa ndi mafupa a pterygoid. Mano akulu a nsagwada zosunthika amayenda patsogolo, motero amachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri yosunga nyama iliyonse, ngakhale yokutidwa kwambiri ndi nthenga.
Mtundu wa boa constrictor wokhala ndi mutu wa galu ndi, choyambirira, chobisa chosayerekezeka. Sikuti nthawi zonse imakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira, pali mitundu yobiriwira kwambiri, yoyandikira mtundu wa azitona kapena emarodi, ena, m'malo mwake, amakhala ndi kamvekedwe kowala. Mtundu wobiriwira wobiriwira umasungunuka ndi mabotolo oyera, omwe amakhala kumbuyo. M'miyendo ina yokwawa, mawanga oyerawa amakhala ndi malo okwanira, pomwe ena sapezeka konse; palinso zitsanzo zokhala ndi mabala akuda kumbuyo. Sikwachilendo kukhala ndi mabotolo akuda ndi oyera amitundu. Mimba ya boa constrictor ili ndi utoto wonyezimira wonyezimira, ndipo mwinanso wachikasu wonyezimira.
Ana a njoka amabadwa:
- chofiyira;
- zofiira lalanje;
- ofiira kwambiri;
- miyala yamtengo wapatali;
- pabuka bulauni.
Patapita kanthawi, makanda amasanduka obiriwira, ndikukhala makolo awo. Amuna ndi ochepera kukula kwa akazi, amawoneka ocheperako. Nenani zomwe mumakonda, koma ma boas omwe ali ndi mutu wa agalu ndiabwino kwambiri, chifukwa cha utoto wawo wowoneka bwino komanso wowala modabwitsa.
Kodi boa wokhala ndi mutu wagalu amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Boa-mutu wa agalu
Boa constrictor wokhala ndi mutu wa galu ndiwachilendo kwambiri komanso amakhala kwamuyaya kudera la South America.
Amapezeka m'malo otseguka:
- Venezuela;
- Guyana;
- French Guiana;
- Suriname;
- kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Brazil;
- Bolivia;
- Colombia;
- Ecuador;
- Peru.
Chombocho chimakonda madera otentha, otsika, nkhalango ndi chinyezi chambiri, komwe chimakhazikika, koyambirira komanso kumapeto kwachiwiri kwa mitengo. Mabwato ndi madambo amakhala. Amakonda kukwera kuposa 200 mita pamwamba pamadzi, ngakhale zitsanzo zina zidapezekanso kumtunda pafupifupi kilomita imodzi. Mabwato obiriwira amapezeka ponseponse ku Kanaima National Park, yomwe ili kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Venezuela.
Chinyezi chimakhala ndi gawo lofunikira m'moyo wa zokwawa zobiriwira, chifukwa chake, m'malo awo okhazikika, nthawi zambiri amasankha mabeseni amitsinje yayikulu (mwachitsanzo, Amazon). Koma kupezeka kwa dziwe ndikofunikira posakhalitsa, ndizokonda chabe. Boas amalandiranso chinyezi chomwe amafunikira kuchokera mumvula, yomwe m'malo mwake amakhala mpaka masentimita 150 pachaka.
Ma Boas amakhala kunyumba kwa korona wamitengo, momwe amakhala nthawi yayitali ya njoka zawo, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa arboreal. Ndipo nthawi ya moyo yomwe amayesa nyama zakutchire sinakhazikitsidwebe, ngakhale ali mu ukapolo nthawi zambiri amapitilira zaka khumi ndi zisanu.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe boa yemwe ali ndi mutu wagalu amakhala, tiwone zomwe amadya?
Kodi boa wokhala ndi mutu wa galu amakumana chiyani?
Chithunzi: Nyoka yamutu wa njoka
Funso lokhudzana ndi zakudya zama boas omwe ali ndi mutu wa sabak ndi lovuta kwambiri. Magwero ambiri amati amangodya mbalame zomwe zimauluka pafupi ndi zokwawa. Herpetologists amati izi sizinatsimikizidwe mwasayansi, asayansi akuti zotsalira za zinyama nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'mimba mwa zokwawa zakufa. Palinso malingaliro ena okhudzana ndi menyu ya boa constrictor ya mutu wa galu, yomwe ikuchitira umboni zakusiyana kwake, njoka, malinga ndi lingaliro ili, imasaka nyama zosiyanasiyana:
- anyani ang'onoang'ono;
- abuluzi;
- zotheka;
- mileme;
- mitundu yonse ya makoswe;
- mbalame (mbalame zotchedwa zinkhwe ndi ma passerines);
- ziweto zazing'ono.
Chosangalatsa: Ma Boas amasaka mobisalira, atabisala mu chisoti cha mitengo, amapachika pamitengo. Wovulalayo akapezeka, wobiriwira amapumira pansi kuti amugwire pansi. Mothandizidwa ndi mano ataliatali, boa constrictor amasunga nyama yomwe agwidwa mosavuta, ndikuyikamo korona. Nthawi zina zimatenga nthawi yoposa ola limodzi kuti zimeze nyamayo.
Kwawonedwa kuti njoka zazing'ono zimakhala m'malo otsika kwambiri kuposa anzawo okhwima, chifukwa chake abuluzi ndi achule nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati chakudya chake.
Mabwato omwe ali ndi agalu okhala mu ukapolo nthawi zambiri amakhala osamvera, kukana chakudya chomwe apatsidwa, chifukwa chake amayenera kudyetsedwa moyenera. Mu terrarium, amadyera amasamutsidwa kuti adyetse makoswe. Munthu wokhwima amadyetsedwa milungu itatu iliyonse, ndipo achinyamata amadya pafupipafupi - atatha masiku 10 kapena 14. Kukula kwa nyama ya mbewa yoperekedwa kwa boa constrictor sikuyenera kupitilira gawo lolimba kwambiri la reptile, apo ayi njokayo ibwezeretsanso chotupitsa chachikulu kwambiri. Pozolowera kudya makoswe, nyama zoweta zoweta zimawadyetsa pamoyo wawo wonse.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mano a boa constrictor wokhala ndi mutu wa galu
Boa constrictor wokhala ndi mutu wa galu ndiye wovomerezeka kwambiri kuposa onse. Amakhala usana ndi usiku panthambi, akusaka, kupumula, kudya, kufunafuna mnzake woti agonane naye, kuberekana komanso kubereka ana. Chokwawa chija chimazunguliza nthambi ngati chobiliwira, mutu wake umakhala pambali pake, ndipo mphete zake theka la thupi lake zimapachikidwa mbali zonse kuchokera mbali zonse. Udindo wa thupi sunasinthe pafupifupi tsiku lonse. Mchira wa boa constrictor ndi wolimba kwambiri komanso wolimba, chifukwa chake sichili pachiwopsezo chogwa, chimatha kuyendetsa mwachangu komanso mwachangu mphezi pakatikati pa korona.
Zokwawa za nkhuni zimayamba kugwira ntchito nthawi yamadzulo, ndipo zimakhala tsikulo lili ndi chisoti chodera. Nthawi zina amatsika pansi, kuchita izi kuti akasambe dzuwa. Yemwe angatengeke ndi njoka amadziwika chifukwa cha kuwona kwakuthwa ndi maenje olandirira kutentha omwe ali pamwamba pa mlomo wapamwamba. Zokwawa zimagwiritsa ntchito lilime lawo lophwanyika ngati sikani, kuyang'ana malo mozungulira. Zipangizo zonsezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi maboti. Sanatenge mawu, osakhala ndi zotseguka kunja ndikukhala ndi khutu losatukuka, komabe, izi ndizofanana ndi njoka zonse.
Boa constrictor wochokera ku terrarium amakhalanso ndi nthambi zokonzedwa bwino ndipo amayamba kudya kukada. Kusungunuka kwa emeralds kumachitika kawiri kapena katatu pachaka. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, ma boas ang'onoang'ono molt patangotha sabata imodzi atabadwa.
Tikamalankhula za chikhalidwe cha reptile iyi, ndiye kuti si wokongola monga maonekedwe ake. Zadziwika kuti zokwawa zomwe zimakhala mu terrarium zimakhala ndi chikhalidwe choyipa, ndizosankha komanso zimakonda kudya, ndipo zimatha kuluma ndi mano awo atali kwambiri kotero kuti nthawi zina ngakhale mitsempha imakhudzidwa. Kuukira kumachitika ndi liwiro la mphezi ndipo amabwerezedwa kangapo. Chifukwa chake, ndibwino kuti akatswiri azachilengedwe osazindikira asatenge mutu wagalu m'manja, chifukwa akuyenera kudziwa momwe angazigwirire molondola.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Boa-mutu wa agalu
Boas zazimayi zomwe mutu wawo ndi agalu siziikira ndipo zimasanganitsa mazira, chifukwa ali ovoviviparous. Amuna okhwima ogonana amakhala pafupi zaka zitatu kapena zinayi za moyo wawo, ndipo akazi pambuyo pake - anayi kapena asanu. Kuyamba kwa nyengo ya njoka yaukwati kumachitika pa Disembala, ndipo imapitilira mpaka Marichi.
Masewera onse okhathamira, masiku ndi zochitika zimachitika mchisoti cha mitengo momwe. Munthawi imeneyi, ma boas alibe nthawi yakudya, njonda zimayandama pafupi ndi mayi wamtima, kuyesera kuti zimuyike mbali yawo. Ma duel nthawi zambiri amachitika pakati pawo, pomwe mkwati wopambana amawululidwa, ndipo amatenga mtima wa mtsikanayo.
Chosangalatsa: Otsutsanawo amatsutsana wina ndi mzake, akugwiritsa ntchito kulumidwa pang'ono ndi kukankhira, kuwulula mdani wamphamvu kwambiri, yemwe angakondweretse mayi wamtima mwakutsuka pamtambo wake ndikungokanda pang'ono mothandizidwa ndi zikhadabo zam'mbuyo.
Mkazi wokhala pamalo samadya chilichonse mpaka kubadwa kwa mwanayo. Amakhala ndi chotupitsa m'masabata awiri oyamba kuchokera pomwe mayi adatenga pathupi. Mazirawo amakula m'mimba, kudya mazira a dzira. Amasiya mazira akadali mkati mwa thupi la mayi, ndipo panthawi yobadwa amakhala okutidwa ndi kanema woonda, yemwe amakhala atang'ambika nthawi yomweyo. Njoka zobadwa kumene zomwe zili ndi yolk sac zimalumikizidwa ndi umbilical chingwe, chomwe chimaswa tsiku lachiwiri - lachisanu atabadwa.
Nthawi ya bere imatenga masiku 240 mpaka 260. Mkazi m'modzi amabereka njoka zazing'ono zapakati pa 5 mpaka 20 (nthawi zambiri pamakhala zosaposa 12). Kulemera kwa makanda ndi magalamu 20 mpaka 50, ndipo kutalika kwawo kumatha kufikira theka la mita. Anawo akabadwa, mayi amawasiya nthawi yomweyo, osasamala za anawo. Masiku oyamba a njokayo ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndipo amatha kukhala nyama yosavutikira nyama iliyonse, motero si aliyense amene angapulumuke.
Monga tanena kale, mwa ana ambiri, utoto umakhala wofiira kapena wofiirira, koma palinso mitundu yowala - mandimu achikasu ndi mbalame, zojambulidwa ndi mawanga oyera oyera mbali yakumbuyo. Kukula, makanda amasintha mtundu wawo, kukhala wobiriwira, monga makolo awo.
Zigawenga zimayamba kukwerana paboti zaka ziwiri, koma ana awo amafooka nthawi zambiri. Ana olimba komanso athanzi amabadwira m'maboti akuluakulu. Pakuchulukitsa, kutentha kwa usiku mu terrariums kumatsikira mpaka madigiri 22 ndi chikwangwani chowonjezera. Kuphatikiza apo, izi zisanachitike, chachikazi nthawi zambiri chimasungidwa padera ndi champhongo. Bizinesi iyi ndiyovuta komanso yovuta, chifukwa chake muyenera kukhala ndi luso komanso luso.
Adani achilengedwe a boas omwe ali ndi mutu wagalu
Chithunzi: Boa constrictor mwachilengedwe
Boa wokhala ndi mutu wa galu alibe miyeso yayikulu kwambiri, monga mitundu ina ya boa, ndipo ndi wowopsa, koma mano ake ndiwopatsa chidwi, ndipo minofu ya thupi ndiyolimba kwambiri, kotero imatha kuluma mdani wake mwamphamvu, ndipo sizotheka kutuluka kukukumbatira kokwawa. Moyo pansi pa denga la nthambi ndi masamba obiriwira umathandiza boa constrictor kukhalabe osadziwika, chifukwa mtundu wake wokongola, ndizobisalira bwino, komwe kumathandiza, posaka, ndikubisalira mdani.
Ngakhale ntchito zonse zoteteza pamwambapa za cholengedwa chokwawa, zimakhala ndi adani okwanira mchirengedwe, mwachilengedwe. Nyama zosiyanasiyana zitha kuthana ndi boa wokhwima mutu.
Zina mwa izo ndi izi:
- nyamazi;
- ziwombankhanga zazikulu;
- nguluwe zakutchire;
- caimans;
- ng'ona.
Njoka zomwe zimangobadwa kumene zimakhala ndi anthu osafuna kwambiri, chifukwa amayi awo amawasiya atangobadwa kumene. Kukula kwachichepere kwakukula kumakhalanso pachiwopsezo chachikulu, chifukwa ilibe chidziwitso choyenera ndipo sichinafikire kukula kofunikira. Njoka zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa ndi mphalapala, mphamba, kuyang'anira abuluzi, mimbulu, nkhandwe, mongoose, ndi makungubwe. Chifukwa chake, sizovuta kuti ma boa omwe ali ndi mutu wa galu apulumuke m'malo ovuta achilengedwe, makamaka kwa iwo omwe akadali achichepere kwambiri ndipo sanapeze chidziwitso cha njoka.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Boa mutu wa agalu
Mu 2019, International Union for Conservation of Nature idaganiza kuti gulu lobiriwira ngati imodzi mwazinyama zomwe sizikuwopsezedwa. Osamalira zachilengedwe okwiya sanawone kuopseza kwa boa constrictor pafupifupi kudera lonselo, ndipo palibe zomwe zimawopseza malowo.
Pali chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimachenjeza mabungwe azachilengedwe - uku ndi kugwidwa kosaloledwa kwa ma boas omwe amatsogozedwa ndi sabog ndi cholinga choti adzawagulitsenso, chifukwa akatswiri okonda zokolola ali okonzeka kupereka ndalama zochuluka kwa ziweto zokongola ngati izi. Ngakhale anthu achilengedwe, omwe amakumana ndi ma emerald boas, nthawi zambiri amawapha.
Kukhazikika kwa zokwawa zamalonda tsopano kumayendetsedwa molingana ndi International Trade Convention. M'madera amayiko ambiri, mitengo yakhazikitsidwa kuti igulitse zokwawa izi. Mwachitsanzo, ku Suriname, kutumiza makope osapitirira 900 kumaloledwa chaka chilichonse (iyi ndi deta ya 2015). Komabe, ku Suriname njira zotetezerazi sizikukwaniritsidwa, chifukwa ma boa amatumizidwa kuchokera mdziko muno mochuluka kuposa momwe zimakhalira, zomwe zimasokoneza kuchuluka kwa ma pseudopods, koma pamlingo wokha wa chigawochi, izi sizinawonekerebe mu chiwonetsero chonse cha ma boas omwe ali ndi mutu wa agalu.
Asayansi adayang'anira madera aku Brazil Guiana ndi Suriname, malinga ndi zotsatira zake, zidapezeka kuti ma boas obiriwira samapezeka kapena mwaluso kwambiri, chifukwa chake ndizovuta kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa zokwawa padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, pakadali pano, ma boas omwe ali ndi mutu wa agalu sakuwopsezedwa kuti atha, kuchuluka kwawo sikungatsike kwambiri, kumakhalabe kosasunthika, komwe sikungasangalatse.
Mwachidule, ndikufuna kuwonjezera izi boa wokhazikika - wokongola kwenikweni, kuyang'ana komwe munthu sangakhale wopanda chidwi. Chovala chake chonyezimira chowoneka ngati cholemera komanso chowonjezera, chodzaza ndi mphamvu zolimbikitsa komanso zabwino.Ngakhale zili ndi zabwino zonse, mtundu uwu ndiwosankha komanso wopanda tanthauzo, koma oweta odziwa samvera izi, poganizira zaulemerero wobiriwira wobiriwira wamaloto enieni ndi emarodi wa magulu awo a njoka!
Tsiku lofalitsa: 06.06.2019
Tsiku losintha: 22.09.2019 pa 23:04
