Ogar - Ili ndi bakha lowala komanso lodziwika bwino lofiira, lomwe limakhazikika kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe ndi Central Asia, lomwe limasamukira m'nyengo yozizira ku South Asia. Nthenga zake zofiira zowala zimasiyana ndi mutu wotumbululuka wa kirimu ndi khosi. Ali mu ukapolo, amasungidwa kuti azikongoletsa chifukwa cha nthenga zawo zowala.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala olusa komanso osalankhulana, ndibwino kuti awasunge awiriawiri kapena abalalike pamtunda wautali. Mukasungitsa moto pamodzi ndi abakha amitundu ina, ndiye kuti amakhala amwano nthawi ya kukaikira mazira.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Ogar
Ogar (Tadorna ferruginea), pamodzi ndi m'chimake, ndi membala wa mtundu wa Tadorna, m'banja la Anatidae (bakha). Mbalameyi inafotokozedwa koyamba mu 1764 ndi katswiri wazowona zanyama ku Germany / Peter Pallas, yemwe adaitcha Anas ferruginea, koma pambuyo pake adasamutsidwira ku mtundu wa Tadorna. M'mayiko ena, imayikidwa mu mtundu wa Casarca, pamodzi ndi ogar waku South Africa omwe ali ndi imvi (T. cana), malo ogona aku Australia (T. tadornoides) ndi mbuzi ya nkhosa ku New Zealand (T. variegata).
Chosangalatsa: Kusanthula kwa phylogenetic kwa DNA kukuwonetsa kuti mtunduwo umagwirizana kwambiri ndi moto waku South Africa.
Dzina loti Tadorna limachokera ku French "tadorne" ndipo mwina pachiyambi cha chilankhulo cha chi Celtic chotanthauza "mbalame zam'madzi zosiyanasiyana." Dzinalo la Chingerezi "sheld bakha" lidayamba cha m'ma 1700 ndipo limatanthauzanso chimodzimodzi.
Dzinalo la mitundu ya ferruginea m'Chilatini limatanthauza "wofiira" ndipo limatanthauza mtundu wa nthenga. M'nthano ina ya ku Kazakh, akuti nthawi zambiri, kamodzi pachaka, patadutsa zaka mazana angapo, mwana wagalu wamphwayi amatuluka m'dzira pafupi ndi moto. Aliyense amene apeza mwana wagalu amakhala ndi mwayi pazochitika zawo zonse.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bakha ogar
Ogar - yakhala bakha wodziwika bwino chifukwa cha mtundu wake wofiyira. Achibale onse oyandikana kwambiri omwe amakhala kumwera kwa dziko lapansi ndipo ali ndi mabanga ofiira mu nthenga zawo amasiyana mtundu. Ogar amakula mpaka kutalika kwa 58 - 70 cm ndipo amakhala ndi mapiko otalika masentimita 115-135, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 1000-1650.
Amuna okhala ndi nthenga za bulauni-bulauni komanso opepuka, mutu ndi khosi lofiirira, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi ndi kolala yakuda yopyapyala. Nthenga za kuuluka ndi nthenga za mchira ndizakuda, pomwe mapiko amkati amakhala ndi nthenga zobiriwira zobiriwirazo. Mapiko apamwamba ndi apansi amakhala ndi pansi pamunsi pa mapiko oyera, mbaliyi imawonekera makamaka pakuuluka, koma samawoneka kwenikweni mbalameyo ikangokhala. Mlomo ndi wakuda, miyendo ndi yakuda imvi.
Kanema: Ogar
Mkazi ndi ofanana ndi wamwamuna, koma ali ndi mutu ndi khosi loyera, loyera komanso alibe kolala yakuda, ndipo mwa amuna ndi akazi mtunduwo umasinthasintha ndipo umatha ndi zaka za nthenga. Mbalame zimasungunuka kumapeto kwa nyengo yoswana. Amuna amataya kolala yakuda, koma molt pang'ono pakati pa Disembala ndi Epulo amamangidwanso. Anapiye amafanana ndi akazi, koma amakhala ndi mthunzi wakuda kwambiri.
Ogar amasambira bwino, amawoneka olemera, ngati tsekwe ikuthawa. Mphete yakuda pakhosi imawoneka yamphongo nthawi yogona, ndipo akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo oyera kumutu. Mbalame Mawu - Amakhala ndi mawu akulira, amphongo, ofanana ndi tsekwe. Zizindikiro zomveka zimatulutsidwa pansi komanso mlengalenga, ndipo zimasiyanasiyana kutengera momwe zimapangidwira.
Kodi moto umakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Ogar bird
Anthu amtunduwu ndi ochepa kwambiri kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa ndi Ethiopia. Malo ake okhala amachokera kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe kudutsa Central Asia mpaka Nyanja ya Baikal, Mongolia ndi kumadzulo kwa China. Anthu akummawa makamaka amasamukira komanso kuzizira ku Indian subcontinent.
Mitunduyi idalamulira Fuerteventura kuzilumba za Canary, ndikuberekana koyamba kumeneko mu 1994 ndikufika pafupifupi makumi awiri ndi awiri mwa 2008. Ku Moscow, anthu ogari omwe adatulutsidwa mu 1958 adapanga anthu 1,100. Mosiyana ndi oimira ena amtundu uwu ku Russia, abakha ofiirawa samasunthira kumwera, koma amabwerera m'nyengo yozizira kumalo osungira nyama, komwe zinthu zonse zidapangidwira.
Malo okhala ali:
- Greece;
- Bulgaria;
- Romania;
- Russia;
- Iraq;
- Iran;
- Afghanistan;
- Nkhukundembo;
- Kazakhstan;
- China;
- Mongolia;
- Tyve.
Ogar ndi mlendo wamba wachisanu ku India, wobwera mu Okutobala ndikunyamuka mu Epulo. Malo okhala bakha ameneyu ndi madambo akuluakulu ndi mitsinje yokhala ndi matope ndi magombe amiyala. Ogar amapezeka ambiri pamadzi ndi posungira. Amabereka m'madzi okhala ndi mapiri ataliatali ku Jammu ndi Kashmir.
Kunja kwa nyengo yoswana, bakha amasankha mitsinje yotsika, mitsinje yocheperako, maiwe, madambo, madambo ndi mathithi amchere. Sipezeka kawirikawiri m'nkhalango. Ngakhale kuti mitunduyi imakonda kupezeka m'malo otsika, imatha kukhala m'malo okwera kwambiri, m'madzi ataliatali mamita 5000.
Ngakhale cinder ikusowa kwambiri kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Europe ndi kumwera kwa Spain, mbalameyi imafalikirabe kumadera ambiri aku Asia. Ndizotheka kuti anthuwa abweretsa anthu osochera omwe akuuluka kumadzulo kupita ku Iceland, Great Britain ndi Ireland. Moto wamtchire umayambitsidwa bwino m'maiko angapo aku Europe. Ku Switzerland, amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wowopsa womwe umawopseza kuthana ndi mbalame zakomweko. Ngakhale adachitapo kanthu kuti achepetse kuchuluka, anthu aku Switzerland awonjezeka kuchokera ku 211 mpaka 1250.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe kumakhala moto, tiwone zomwe bakha amadya m'malo ake achilengedwe.
Kodi moto umadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Ogar ku Moscow
Ogar amadyetsa makamaka zakudya zazomera, nthawi zina nyama, posankha choyambacho. Kuchuluka kwakudya makamaka kumadalira malo okhala komanso nthawi yazaka. Kudya kumachitika pamtunda komanso pamadzi, makamaka pamtunda, zomwe zimasiyanitsa kwambiri bakha wofiira kuchokera pachimake chogwirizana.
Zakudya zomwe mumakonda kuzomera ndizo:
- zitsamba;
- masamba;
- mbewu;
- zimayambira za zomera za m'madzi;
- chimanga;
- masamba mphukira.
M'chaka, moto umayesera kukolera udzu ndi pakati pa milu, kufunafuna mphukira zobiriwira ndi mbewu za zitsamba monga hodgepodge kapena chimanga. Pakati pa nyengo yobereketsa, pakabuka ana, mbalame zimawoneka ponyambita mchere, kusaka tizilombo (makamaka dzombe). Pamadzi, imadya nyama zopanda mafupa monga nyongolotsi, nkhanu, tizilombo ta m'madzi, komanso achule + tadpoles ndi nsomba zazing'ono.
Pakutha chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, cholembedwacho chimayamba kuwuluka kupita kuminda yobzala mbewu zachisanu kapena kukolola kale, pofunafuna mbewu za tirigu - mapira, tirigu, ndi zina zambiri. Amatha kuyendera malo otayidwa pansi. Pali zochitika zina zomwe abakha awa, monga akhwangwala ndi mbalame zina, amadyetsedwa ndi nyama. Bakha amafunafuna chakudya mwakhama madzulo ndi usiku, ndi kupumula masana.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Bulu wamkazi wamkazi
Ogar amapezeka awiriawiri kapena ang'onoang'ono ndipo samapanga gulu lalikulu. Komabe, kudzikundikira nthawi yozizira kapena kusungunuka kwa nyanja zosankhidwa kapena mitsinje yocheperako kumatha kukhala kwakukulu kwambiri. Abakha ofiira samakhala bwino panthaka chifukwa chakukhazikika kwamiyendo yawo mthupi. Mapiko awo amabwezeretsedwa mwamphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyenda kukhala kovuta. Komabe, morphology iyi imawapangitsa kukhala achangu kwambiri komanso oyenda m'madzi.
Amatha kulowa m'madzi mosavuta. Abakhawa, amathamangitsidwa ndi kuyenda kamodzi kwa miyendo yawo, amathamangira pansi mita mpaka pansi mpaka kukafika pagawo lomwe amakolola. Pakutsikira, miyendo imayendetsa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo mapikowo amakhala otseka. Kuti zizitha kuwuluka, abakhawa amayenera kumenya mapiko awo mwachangu ndikuthamanga pamwamba pamadzi. Ogar imauluka pamalo otsika kwambiri pamwamba pa madzi.
Chosangalatsa: Ogar sateteza gawo lake mwakhama ndipo samadzipangira malo ena aliwonse anyengo pachaka. Nthawi zambiri samalumikizana ndi mbalame zina, ndipo achichepere amakonda kuchita nkhanza kuzinthu zina.
Kutalika kwambiri kwa abakha ofiira kuthengo ndi zaka 13. Komabe, malinga ndi Global Invasive Species Database, abakha awa, omwe atsekeredwa ndikutsatidwa kuthengo, samapezekanso zaka ziwiri zapitazi. Mbalame zomwe zimasungidwa m'ndende zimakhala ndi moyo zaka 2.4.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Ogar Duckling
Mbalamezi zimafika ku malo amene zimaswanirana ku Central Asia mu March ndi April. Pali mgwirizano wolimba pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, ndipo amakhulupirira kuti amakhala okwatirana moyo wonse. M'malo awo oberekera, mbalame zimakonda kwambiri mitundu yawo ndi mitundu ina. Akazi, powona wolowererayo, amamuyandikira ataweramitsa mutu ndi khosi lalitali, kutulutsa mkwiyo. Wobayo akaimirira, amabwerera kwa wamphongo ndikuthamangira mozungulira, ndikupangitsa kuti amenyane.
Kukhathamira kumachitika pamadzi pambuyo pa miyambo yayifupi yokhwima yokhudza kutambasula khosi, kukhudza mutu, ndikukweza mchira. Malo okhala zisa nthawi zambiri amakhala kutali ndi madzi obowoka, mumtengo, m'nyumba yowonongeka, mng'alu wa mwala, pakati pa milu ya mchenga, kapena muboola nyama. Chisa chimamangidwa ndi chachikazi pogwiritsa ntchito nthenga ndi pansi ndi zitsamba zina.
Clutch ya mazira asanu ndi atatu (asanu ndi limodzi mpaka khumi ndi awiri) amaikira pakati kumapeto kwa Epulo mpaka koyambirira kwa Juni. Amakhala ndi khungu loyera komanso loyera, pafupifupi 68 x 47 mm. Makulitsidwewo amachitidwa ndi wamkazi ndipo wamwamuna amakhala pafupi. Mazirawo amaswa pafupifupi masiku makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu, ndipo makolo onse amasamalira ana, omwe adzauluka masiku ena makumi asanu ndi asanu. Asanasungunuke, amapita kumadzi akuluakulu, komwe kumakhala kosavuta kuti apewe adani pamene akuuluka.
Chosangalatsa: Akazi a Ogare amalima kwambiri anapiye. Kuyambira nthawi yakuthwa mpaka masabata 2-4, mkaziyo amakhala tcheru kwambiri ndi anawo. Amakhala pafupi ndikudyetsa komanso amawonetsa nkhanza abakha azaka zina amabwera. Zazikazi zimafupikitsanso nthawi yothira m'madzi, pomwe ana ang'onoang'ono amathira naye limodzi kuti ayang'anire ndi kuteteza anapiye.
Banja limatha kukhala limodzi ngati gulu kwakanthawi; Kusuntha kwophukira kumayambira cha Seputembara. Mbalame zakumpoto kwa Africa zimaswana pafupifupi milungu isanu m'mbuyomo.
Adani achilengedwe ogar
Chithunzi: Bakha ogar
Kutha kwa moto kumiza pansi pamadzi kumawalola kupewa adani ambiri. M'nyengo yoswana, zimamanga zisa zawo pogwiritsa ntchito zomera zomwe zimazungulira, zomwe zimapereka pogona ndi pobisalira poteteza nyama zomwe zimasaka mazira ndi bakha. Akazi nthawi zambiri amayesa kusokoneza nyama zolusa ku zisa zawo powazitengera pambali. Mazira awo ndi akulu kwambiri kuposa mbalame zonse zam'madzi.
Mazira ndi anapiye amasakidwa ndi adani monga:
- ziphuphu (Procyon);
- mink (Mustela lutreola);
- imvi (Árdea cinérea);
- Heron Wodziwika Usiku (Nycticorax nycticorax);
- Mphepete mwa nyanja (Larus).
Ogar amakhala nthawi yayitali pamadzi. Amawuluka mwachangu, koma samayendetsa bwino mlengalenga, chifukwa chake, amasambira ndikusambira m'malo mouluka kuthawa adani. Amachitirana nkhanza anzawo komanso mitundu ina, makamaka munthawi yoswana.
Odziwika achikulire odziwika ndi monga:
- ziphuphu (Procyon);
- mink (Mustela lutreola);
- nkhwangwa (Accipitrinae);
- akadzidzi (Strigiformes);
- nkhandwe (Vulpes Vulpes).
Anthu (Homo Sapiens) nawonso amasaka abakha ofiira movomerezeka m'malo awo onse. Ngakhale akhala akusakidwa kwa zaka zambiri ndipo kuchuluka kwawo mwina kwatsika panthawiyi, siotchuka kwambiri ndi alenje masiku ano. Ogar amadalira kwambiri madambwe, koma kudyetsa, kuwotcha ndi kukhetsa madambo kwadzetsa mavuto.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Ogar bird
Abuddha amawona bakha wofiira ngati wopatulika, ndipo izi zimauteteza ku Central ndi kum'mawa kwa Asia, komwe anthu amaonedwa kuti ndi okhazikika komanso akuwonjezeka. Pembo Nature Reserve ku Tibet ndi gawo lofunikira m'nyengo yozizira ya ma ogars, komwe amalandira chakudya ndi chitetezo. Ku Ulaya, komano, anthu amakonda kuchepa m'mene madambo amauma komanso mbalame zimasakidwa. Komabe, ali pachiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri kuposa mbalame zina zam'madzi chifukwa chokhoza kusintha malo okhala monga madamu, ndi zina zambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Ku Russia, m'chigawo chake cha ku Europe, cinder yonse ikuwerengedwa pa 9-16 zikwi ziwiri, zigawo zakumwera - 5.5-7,000.nthawi yachisanu pagombe la Black Sea, gulu la anthu mpaka 14 lidalembedwa.
Ogar ili ndi malo osiyanasiyana, ndipo, malinga ndi akatswiri, chiwerengerocho chimayambira 170,000 mpaka 225,000. Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu sikudziwika bwino chifukwa anthu akuchulukirachulukira m'malo ena ndikucheperachepera. Mbalameyi siyakwaniritsa zomwe zikuyenera kuganiziridwa kuti zatsala pang'ono kutha, ndipo International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ikuwunika ngati ndiyotetezedwa ngati "Wosasamala Kwambiri". Ndi umodzi mwamitundu yomwe Pangano la Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) imagwira ntchito.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 08.06.2019
Idasinthidwa: 22.09.2019 pa 23:35
