Kiwi mbalame wokonda kudziwa kwambiri: sangathe kuuluka, ali ndi nthenga zoluka, ngati tsitsi, miyendo yolimba komanso alibe mchira. Mbalameyi ili ndi zinthu zambiri zachilendo komanso zodabwitsa zomwe zidapangidwa chifukwa chodzipatula ku New Zealand komanso kusapezeka kwa nyama zoyamwitsa m'dera lake. Amakhulupirira kuti a Kiwis adasinthika kuti atenge malo okhala ndi moyo zomwe zikadakhala zosatheka m'maiko ena chifukwa chakupezeka kwa nyama zoyamwitsa.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kiwi mbalame
Kiwi ndi mbalame yopanda ndege yomwe imapezeka mumtundu wa Apteryx ndi banja la Apterygidae. Kukula kwake ndikofanana ndi nkhuku zoweta. Dzina loti Apteryx limachokera ku Chigiriki chakale "chopanda phiko". Uwu ndiye moyo wawung'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi.
Kuyerekeza kuyerekezera kwa DNA kunapangitsa kuti pakhale lingaliro losayembekezereka kuti ma kiwis ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi mbalame zomwe zatha ku Malagasy kuposa moa, zomwe amakhala ku New Zealand. Kuphatikiza apo, amafanana kwambiri ndi emus ndi cassowaries.
Kanema: Kiwi Mbalame
Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu 2013 pa mtundu womwe unatha wa Proapteryx, wodziwika kuchokera ku Miocene sediment, adawonetsa kuti anali ochepa ndipo mwina amatha kuwuluka, kuchirikiza lingaliro loti makolo a mbalame ya kiwi adafika ku New Zealand mosadalira moa, yomwe panthawiyo mawonekedwe a kiwi anali kale akulu komanso opanda mapiko. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti makolo amakono a ma kiwis amakono adathera ku New Zealand akuyenda kuchokera ku Australasia zaka 30 miliyoni zapitazo, kapena mwina kale.
Akatswiri ena a zinenero amati mawu akuti kiwi ndi mbalame zosamukira ku Numenius tahitiensis, zomwe zimabisala kuzilumba za m'nyanja yotentha ya Pacific. Ndi thupi lake lalitali, lopindika ndi thupi lofiirira, limafanana ndi kiwi. Choncho, pamene anthu a ku Polynesia oyamba anafika ku New Zealand, anaika mawu akuti kiwi ku mbalame yomwe yangopezedwa kumene ija.
Zosangalatsa: Kiwi imadziwika ngati chizindikiro cha New Zealand. Mgwirizanowu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti mawu oti Kiwi amagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.
Dzira la kiwi ndi limodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri kukula kwake (mpaka 20% ya kulemera kwazimayi). Uwu ndiye mulingo wokwera kwambiri wa mitundu yonse ya mbalame padziko lapansi. Kusintha kwina kwa kiwi, monga nthenga zawo ngati tsitsi, miyendo yayifupi komanso yolimba, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphuno kuti apeze nyama asanawone, zidathandizira mbalameyi kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Flightless Kiwi Bird
Zosintha zawo ndizazikulu: monga ma ratite ena onse (emu, rheis, ndi cassowaries), mapiko awo owoneka bwino ndi ochepa kwambiri, kotero kuti sawoneka pansi pa nthenga zawo zaubweya, zopindika. Ngakhale achikulire ali ndi mafupa okhala ndi zibowo zamkati, ma kiwi amakhala ndi mafupa ngati nyama kuti achepetse kulemera kuti ndege itheke.
Ma kiwi azimayi a bulauni amanyamula ndikuika dzira limodzi, lomwe limatha kulemera mpaka 450 g. Mlomo wake ndi wautali, wopepuka komanso wogwiragwira. Kiwi ilibe mchira, ndipo m'mimba ndi wofooka, caecum ndi yayitali komanso yopapatiza. Ma Kiwis amadalira pang'ono masomphenya kuti apulumuke ndikupeza chakudya. Maso a Kiwi ndi ochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kulemera kwa thupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti aziona pang'ono. Amasinthidwa kuti azikhala usiku, koma amadalira kwambiri mphamvu zina (kumva, kununkhiza komanso dongosolo la somatosensory).
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ng'ombe zaku New Zealand linali ndi maso amodzi kapena onse awiri. Poyesanso komweko, zitsanzo zitatu zidawonedwa zomwe zikuwonetsa khungu lonse. Asayansi apeza kuti ali ndi thanzi labwino. Kafukufuku wa 2018 adapeza kuti abale apafupi kwambiri a kiwi, mbalame zomwe zatha, nawonso adagawana nawo khalidweli ngakhale atakula kwambiri. Kutentha kwa Kiwi ndi 38 ° C, komwe kumakhala kotsika kuposa kwa mbalame zina, ndipo kuli pafupi ndi zinyama.
Kodi mbalame ya kiwi imakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kiwi bird chick
Kiwi amapezeka ku New Zealand. Amakhala m'nkhalango zobiriwira nthawi zonse. Zala zazitalizo zimathandiza mbalameyo kuti isatuluke m'dambo. M'madera okhala anthu ambiri, pali mbalame 4-5 pa 1 km².
Mitundu ya Kiwi imagawidwa motere:
- Kiwi yayikulu imvi (A. haastii kapena Roroa) ndiye mitundu yayikulu kwambiri, pafupifupi masentimita 45 kutalika ndipo imalemera pafupifupi 3.3 kg (amuna pafupifupi 2.4 kg). Ili ndi nthenga zofiirira ndi mikwingwirima yopepuka. Mkaziyo amayikira dzira limodzi lokha, kenako amalisakaniza ndi makolo onse awiri. Malo okhala amapezeka kumapiri kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Nelson, amathanso kupezeka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa gombe komanso kumwera kwa Alps ku New Zealand;
- Kiwi wamawangamawanga (A. owenii) Mbalamezi sizitha kulimbana ndi zilombo zakutchire, nkhumba, amphaka ndi amphaka, zomwe zapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke kumtunda. Iwo akhala pachilumba cha Kapiti zaka 1350. Anabweretsedwa kuzilumba zina popanda zolusa. Mbalame yomvera kutalika kwa 25 cm;
- Rowe kapena Okarito brown kiwi (A. rowi), woyamba kudziwika ngati mtundu watsopano mu 1994. Kufalitsa kumangokhala kudera laling'ono pagombe lakumadzulo kwa South Island ku New Zealand. Ili ndi nthenga zakuda. Zazikazi zimaikira mazira atatu pa nyengo, iliyonse mu chisa chosiyana. Mwamuna ndi mkazi amakwirirana pamodzi;
- Kummwera, bulauni, kapena wamba, kiwi (A. australis) Ndi mtundu wamba. Kukula kwake kuli kofanana ndendende ndi kiwi yayikulu yamawangamawanga. Mofanana ndi kiwi wofiirira, koma ndi nthenga zopepuka. Amakhala pagombe la South Island. Ali ndi ma subspecies angapo;
- Mitundu ya bulauni yakumpoto (A. mantelli). Wofalikira m'mbali ziwiri mwa zitatu za North Island, pomwe 35,000 yatsala, ndiye kiwi wofala kwambiri. Amayi ali pafupifupi 40 cm wamtali ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 2.8 kg, amuna 2.2 kg. Mtundu wofiirira waku kiwi wakumpoto umawonetsa kupirira kwakukulu: umasinthasintha malo osiyanasiyana. Nthengazo zimakhala zofiirira komanso zofiirira. Nthawi zambiri yaikazi imaikira mazira awiri, omwe amasakanikirana ndi yaimuna.
Kodi mbalame ya kiwi imadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Kiwi bird ku New Zealand
Kiwi ndi mbalame zowopsa. Mmimba mwawo muli mchenga ndi miyala yaying'ono yomwe imathandizira pakudya. Popeza ma kiwis amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kutsetsereka kwa mapiri kupita ku nkhalango zachilendo, zimakhala zovuta kutanthauzira zakudya za kiwi.
Zakudya zawo zambiri ndizosafulumira, ndi nyongolotsi zachilengedwe zomwe zimakula mpaka mita 0,5 zomwe amakonda. Mwamwayi, New Zealand ili ndi nyongolotsi zambiri, zokhala ndi mitundu 178 yachilengedwe komanso yachilendo yomwe mungasankhe.
Kuphatikiza apo, kiwi amadya:
- zipatso;
- mbewu zosiyanasiyana;
- mphutsi;
- masamba obzala: mitundu imaphatikizapo podocarp totara, hinau, ndi koprosma ndi chebe zosiyanasiyana.
Zakudya za kiwi zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi kubereka kwawo. Mbalame zimafunika kupanga nkhokwe zazikulu zopezera zakudya kuti zitheke bwino nyengo yoswana. Brown kiwis amadyanso bowa ndi achule. Amadziwika kugwira ndi kudya nsomba zamadzi. Ali mu ukapolo, kiwi imodzi idagwira ma eel / tuna kuchokera dziwe, ndikuwapeputsa ndi zikwapu zochepa ndikuzidya.
Kiwi imatha kupeza madzi onse omwe thupi limafunikira kuchokera pachakudya - minyewa yokoma ndi 85% yamadzi. Kusinthaku kumatanthauza kuti atha kukhala m'malo ouma ngati chilumba cha Kapiti. Moyo wawo wamadzulo umathandizanso kusintha chifukwa samatentha kapena kusowa madzi padzuwa. Mbalame ya kiwi ikamamwa, imamira pakamwa pake, ndikuponyanso mutu wake ndi kugwedezeka m'madzi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Night Kiwi Bird
Kiwis ndi mbalame zotuluka usiku, monga nyama zambiri zaku New Zealand. Zizindikiro zawo zomveka zimabowola mpweya wamnkhalango m'mawa komanso mbandakucha. Zizolowezi zakugonera usiku za Kiwi zimatha kukhala chifukwa cha adani, kuphatikiza anthu, kulowa m'deralo. M'madera otetezedwa omwe mulibe zolusa, ma kiwis nthawi zambiri amawoneka masana. Amakonda nkhalango zotentha komanso zotentha, koma moyo umakakamiza mbalame kuti zizolowere m'malo osiyanasiyana monga subalpine zitsamba, udzu ndi mapiri.
Ma Kiwis ali ndi fungo lotukuka kwambiri, losazolowereka mu mbalame, ndipo ndi mbalame zokhazokha zomwe zimakhala ndi mphuno kumapeto kwa milomo yayitali. Chifukwa chakuti mphuno zawo zimakhala kumapeto kwa milomo yawo yayitali, ma kiwis amatha kuzindikira tizilombo ndi nyongolotsi mobisa pogwiritsa ntchito kununkhira kwawo mosawona kapena kuwamva. Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi malo awo, okhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa zomwe zimatha kuvulaza wovulalayo. Malinga ndi wofufuza wa Kiwi Dr. John McLennan, kiwi wina wodziwika bwino m'chigawo chakumpoto chakumadzulo dzina lake Pete amadziwika kuti amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya "katapira kugunda ndi kuthamanga. Imaphulika phazi lako, ikukankhika, kenako nkuthamangira pansi pa zitsamba. "
Kiwis amakumbukira bwino kwambiri ndipo amatha kukumbukira zochitika zosasangalatsa kwa zaka zosachepera zisanu. Masana, mbalame zimabisala dzenje, dzenje kapena pansi pa mizu. Maenje a kiwi wamkulu waimvi ndi maze okhala ndi maulendo angapo. Mbalameyi ili ndi malo ogona 50 pamalo ake. Kiwi adadzaza dzenje masabata angapo pambuyo pake, atadikirira kuti alowetse chophimba ndi udzu wokulirapo. Izi zimachitika kuti ma kiwis amabisa chisa, ndikuphimba khomo ndi nthambi ndi masamba.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kiwi bird chick
Ma Kiwis amuna ndi akazi amakhala moyo wawo wonse ngati banja limodzi. Pakati pa nthawi yokomana, kuyambira Juni mpaka Marichi, banjali limakumana m'manda masiku atatu aliwonse. Ubalewu ukhoza mpaka zaka 20. Amasiyana ndi mbalame zina chifukwa chakuti ali ndi mazira ambiri ogwira ntchito. (Mu mbalame zambiri, ndi mu platypus, ovary yoyenera siyimakhwima, ndiye ntchito zamanzere zokha.) Mazira a Kiwi amatha kulemera mpaka kotala la kulemera kwazimayi. Kawirikawiri dzira limodzi lokha limayikidwa pa nyengo yake.
Zosangalatsa: Kiwi imaikira limodzi mwa mazira akulu kwambiri molingana ndi kukula kwa mbalame iliyonse padziko lapansi, ndiye kuti ngakhale kiwiyo ndi wamkulu ngati nkhuku yokazinga, imatha kuikira mazira omwe amakhala ochulukirapo kasanu ndi kamodzi kukula kwa dzira la nkhuku.
Mazirawo ndi osalala ndi aminyanga kapena ofiirira obiriwira. Yaimuna imafungatira dzira, kupatulapo kiwi chachikulu cha mawanga, A. haastii, komwe kumaswa makolo onse akutenga nawo mbali. Nthawi yosakaniza imatha pafupifupi masiku 63-92. Kupanga dzira lalikulu kumapangitsa kuti mkazi akhale ndi vuto lalikulu kuthupi. Pakati pa masiku makumi atatu ofunikira kuti akweze dzira lokwanira, mkaziyo amayenera kudya katatu kuchuluka kwake. Kutatsala masiku awiri kapena atatu kuti dzira liyambe, pamakhala kuchepa m'mimba mwa chachikazi ndipo amakakamizidwa kusala.
Adani achilengedwe a mbalame ya kiwi
Chithunzi: Kiwi mbalame
New Zealand ndi dziko la mbalame, anthu asanakhazikike m'derali, panalibe nyama zoyamwa zamagazi. Tsopano ndiye chiwopsezo chachikulu kupulumuka kwa kiwi, chifukwa nyama zolusa zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi anthu zimathandizira kufa kwa mazira, anapiye ndi akulu.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa anthu ndi:
- ermines ndi amphaka, zomwe zimawononga kwambiri anapiye achichepere m'miyezi itatu yoyambirira ya moyo wawo;
- agalu amasaka mbalame zazikulu ndipo izi ndi zoyipa kwa anthu a kiwi, chifukwa popanda iwo palibe mazira kapena nkhuku zomwe zingasunge anthu;
- ferrets imaphenso ma kiwis akuluakulu;
- ma opossum amapha ma kiwi ndi anapiye akuluakulu, kuwononga mazira komanso kuba zisa za kiwi;
- nkhumba zimawononga mazira komanso zimatha kupha ma kiwis akuluakulu.
Tizilombo tina tanyama monga ma hedgehogs, makoswe, ndi ma weasel sangaphe ma kiwis, koma amayambitsanso mavuto. Choyamba, amapikisana ndi chakudya chofanana ndi kiwi. Chachiwiri, ndi nyama zomwezi zomwe zimaukira kiwi, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zisawonongeke.
Chosangalatsa: Nthenga za Kiwi zimakhala ndi fungo linalake, ngati bowa. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu kuzilombo zomwe zimapezeka ku New Zealand, zomwe zimazindikira mbalamezi mosavuta.
M'madera momwe zilombo zolusa za kiwi zimayang'aniridwa kwambiri, kuswa kwa kiwi kumawonjezeka mpaka 50-60%. Kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chikhalebe chokwanira, pamafunika kupulumuka kwa mbalame 20%, kuposa chilichonse. Chifukwa chake, kuwongolera ndikofunikira kwambiri, makamaka pamene eni agalu akuyang'anira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Kiwi mbalame mwachilengedwe
Pali pafupifupi ma kiwis 70,000 omwe atsala ku New Zealand. Pafupifupi, ma kiwis 27 amaphedwa ndi zilombo sabata iliyonse. Izi zimachepetsa ziweto pafupifupi ma kiwi 1400 chaka chilichonse (kapena 2%). Pa liwiro ili, kiwi imatha kutha nthawi yamoyo wathu. Zaka zana zokha zapitazo, ma kiwi anali owerengeka. Galu mmodzi wosochera amatha kufafaniza anthu onse a kiwi m'masiku ochepa.
Pafupifupi 20% ya anthu a kiwi amapezeka m'malo otetezedwa. M'madera momwe nyama zolusa zimayang'aniridwa, 50-60% ya anapiye amapulumuka. Kumene madera samayendetsedwa, 95% ya ma kiwis amamwalira asanakwane msinkhu. Kuchulukitsa chiwerengero cha ana, ndi 20% yokha yamoyo ya anapiye yokwanira. Umboni wopambana ndi anthu okhala ku Coromandel, dera lolamulidwa ndi zolusa komwe chiwerengerochi chikuwonjezeka kawiri pazaka khumi zilizonse.
Zosangalatsa: Zowopsa kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono a kiwi zimaphatikizapo kutayika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majini, kuswana, ndi chiopsezo ku zochitika zachilengedwe monga moto, matenda, kapena kuchuluka kwa nyama zodya anzawo.
Kuchepetsa mwayi wopeza wokwatirana pakuchepa, anthu ochepa amathanso kubweretsa kuchepa kwa ntchito yobereka. Anthu achi Maori mwamwambo amakhulupirira kuti kiwi amatetezedwa ndi mulungu wa nkhalango. Poyamba, mbalame zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, ndipo nthenga ankazigwiritsa ntchito popanga mikanjo. Tsopano, ngakhale kuti nthenga za kiwi zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito ndi anthu akumaloko, amazitola ku mbalame zomwe zimafa mwachilengedwe, pangozi zapamsewu kapena kwa adani. Ma Kiwis sakusakidwanso, ndipo a Maori ena amadziona kuti ndi omwe amasamalira mbalame.
Kuteteza kwa mbalame za Kiwi
Chithunzi: Kiwi mbalame kuchokera ku Red Book
Pali mitundu isanu yodziwika ya chinyama ichi, zinayi zomwe pakadali pano zili pachiwopsezo chotere, ndipo imodzi mwazo ikuwopsezedwa kuti ithe. Mitundu yonse yakhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa mitengo m'mbuyomu, koma madera akuluakulu okhala m'nkhalango tsopano ali otetezedwa bwino m'malo osungira zachilengedwe ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe. Pakadali pano, chowopseza kwambiri kupulumuka kwawo ndikuwadyetsa nyama zowononga.
Mitundu itatu idalembedwa mu Red Book yapadziko lonse lapansi ndipo ili ndi Vuto Langozi (osatetezeka), ndipo mtundu watsopano wa kiwi wa Rowe kapena Okarito brown uli pachiwopsezo chotha. Mu 2000, dipatimenti yosamalira zachilengedwe idakhazikitsa nkhokwe zisanu za kiwi ndi cholinga chokhazikitsa njira zotetezera ma kiwi ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwawo. Kiwi wofiirira adadziwitsidwa ku Hawk Bay pakati pa 2008 ndi 2011, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti akwerere nkhuku zomwe zidatulutsidwa munkhalango yawo ya Maungatani.
Opaleshoni Nest Dzira ndi pulogalamu yochotsera mazira a kiwi ndi anapiye kuthengo ndikuwasamutsa kapena kuwalera mu ukapolo mpaka anapiyewo atakwanira kudzisamalira okha - nthawi zambiri polemera magalamu 1200. Pambuyo pake Kiwi mbalame kubwerera kuthengo. Anapiye otere ali ndi mwayi 65% wopulumuka kufikira atakula. Kuyesetsa kuteteza nkhuku za kiwi kwakhala kopambana m'zaka zaposachedwa, ndi mitundu iwiri yochotsedwa pamndandanda womwe uli pangozi komanso wowopsa mu 2017 ndi IUCN.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 04.06.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 20.09.2019 pa 22:41
