Ntchentche nthawi zonse zimalumikizidwa ndi china chopepuka, chosakhwima komanso dzuwa. Komabe dzinalo ndi - gulugufe wolira malirosizikugwirizana ndi iliyonse ya malongosoledwe awa. Tizilombo timatchedwa dzina lachisoni chifukwa chakuda kwamapiko ake. Mitundu yake ndi yosaiwalika, kukumbukira zambiri zaubwana kumalumikizidwa ndi njenjete iyi.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Gulugufe akulira
Mitunduyi ndi ya agulugufe osintha a banja la nymphalid. Dzina lachi Russia la Lepidoptera limalumikizidwa ndi mtundu wakuda wa tizilombo. Kumadzulo, gulugufe amadziwika bwino pansi pa dzina loti "malaya olira", ku France dzina lake limamasuliridwa kuti "chisoni", ku Poland amatchedwa "wolima dimba wodandaula". Ili ndi dzina lachilatini lotchedwa Antiopa kwa mfumukazi ya Amazons, Antiope.
Chosangalatsa: Wachilengedwe Karl Linnaeus adatcha gulugufeyo polemekeza mwana wamkazi wa mulungu Niktea. Anabereka mapasa kuchokera kwa Zeus, koma adawopa mkwiyo wa abambo ake ndipo adathawira ku Peloponnese. Niktei adalamula mchimwene wake kuti apeze ndikupha mwana wake wamkazi. Anakopa ana ake aamuna kuti amange wothawirayo ndi nyanga zamphongo zamphongo. Mphindi yomaliza, mapasawo adadziwa kuti amayi awo anali patsogolo pawo ndipo kuphedwa kwawo sikunachitike.
Malinga ndi mtundu wina, maliro adatchulidwa chifukwa chofanana ndi mtundu wa Cape wa akatswiri olira maliro, ntchito yofala m'zaka za zana la 15 ku Europe. Pambuyo pazaka 300, njenjete idakhala chizindikiro m'dziko lonse lapansi chakulira pakati pa mayiko aku Europe.
Video: Gulugufe akulira
Pali ma subspecies ambiri, kutengera mawonekedwe a kutentha. Mothandizidwa ndi otsika kwambiri kapena, m'malo mwake, kutentha kwakukulu, mitundu yambiri imabuka, monga, monga hygiaea Heydenr. Subpecies ilibe maso abuluu ndipo malire owala m'mphepete mwa mapiko ndi otakata.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wolira masana
Malongosoledwe a maliro ake ndiabwino kwambiri kuposa dzina lake. Mbiri yakumapiko ndi yamatcheri kapena bulauni yakuda. Mphepete mwakunja kwamapiko ndi koyipa, ndi mano, kumalire ndi mzere wachikasu. Mzere wabuluu kapena wabuluu ukuyenda motsatira iyo. Pamwamba pa mapiko akuthwa pali malo awiri achikaso.
- mapiko - 7-9 masentimita;
- kutalika kwa phiko lakumaso ndi masentimita 3-4.5.
Mbali yakumapiko yamapiko ndi yamdima. Mwa anthu ozizira, malire amakhala opepuka. Izi ndichifukwa choti mtunduwo umatha nthawi yachisanu. Mtundu wonyezimira sunalumikizidwe ndi mitundu ya nyengo. Mwa agulugufe omwe amakhala ku Far East, malire amakhalabe achikaso. Zoyipa zakugonana sizinafotokozeredwe.
Chosangalatsa: Mtundu wa njenjete umadalira nyengo yomwe chibayo chinakulira. Kutentha kwambiri kapena kotentha kwambiri kumamugwedeza ndipo kusintha kwama mahomoni kumachitika mthupi mwake. Mtundu wa bulauni umakhala wakuda ndipo zikwapu zamtambo zimatha kusowa.
Kwa banja la nymphalid, mtundu woteteza umakhala kumbuyo kwa mapiko. M'chipinda cholira, mbali iyi ndi ya bulauni yokhala ndi zikwapu zakuda komanso malire opepuka. Mtunduwu umabisa ngati njenjete poyerekeza ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo ndi nthambi zake.
Thupi la tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tofiirira mumtundu wakuda, pali mitundu itatu ya miyendo yopyapyala, pomwe pamakhala masamba a kulawa. Pamutu pali tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhudza. Njenjete ili ndi maso anayi: 2 mwa iwo ali mdera la parietal ndipo 2 mbali.
Kodi gulugufe wolira amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Gulugufe akulira kuchokera ku Red Book
Mitunduyi imafalikira ku Palaearctic. Njenjete zimakonda kukhala m'malo otentha. Chifukwa chake, m'malo otentha sapezeka. Tizilombo toyenda sitimadutsa madigiri 68 kumpoto. Olira amakhala ku England, Norway, Germany. Anthu osamuka adasungidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic.
Mitunduyi imagawidwa ku Japan, ku Europe konse ndi Asia, ku North America, kumpoto kwa Africa. Sizimapezeka ku Greece, kumwera kwa Spain ndi Mediterranean. Amakhala kumapiri a Caucasus ndi Carpathians, kupatula Nyanja Yakuda. Mitunduyi ilibe pachilumba cha Crimea, koma anthu osochera amatha kupezeka.
Tizilomboto tinabweretsedwa ku North America, ndipo agulugufewo anakhazikika ku Mexico kupita ku Canada. M'mbuyomu, mitunduyo idakhala ku Europe konse, koma nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, kuchuluka kwawo kudatsika kwambiri. Kudera lamatundra, ndi anthu osamuka okha omwe amapezeka, m'nkhalango ndi steppe - m'mapiri a nkhalango zokha.
Pofika masiku ofunda a masika, njenjete zimazungulira m'madambo, minda ndi madambo, magombe amadamu, misewu. Kwa nyengo yozizira, amafunafuna malo ogona odalirika, ndipo kukayamba kutentha, amatuluka kukafunafuna chakudya ndi kuberekana. Amatha kupezeka kumtunda mpaka mamita 2000. Kutalika kwa moyo pansi pazikhalidwe zabwino mpaka chaka chimodzi.
Kodi gulugufe wolira amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Gulugufe akulira
Tizilombo timakonda zipatso zakuchuluka kuposa timadzi tokoma - makamaka maula ndi maapulo. Moths amakopeka kwambiri ndi kununkhira kwamkaka kozizira komanso kowawasa. Masango azilombozi amatha kupezeka pamtengo wawonongeka, pomwe pamapezeka mtengo. Agulugufe makamaka ngati timadzi ta birch.
Atamwa msuzi wofesa, njenjete zimabalalika ndikusiya kukhala tcheru, chifukwa chake zimakhala nyama ya mbalame ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Maphwando achisoni amakhala pamaluwa ndi namsongole wam'munda. Zamoyozo sizingapeze mavitamini ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta mungu, chifukwa chake zimadzaza ndi zinyama zowola ndi zinyalala.
Ndikofunikira kuti njenjete zizikhala ndi chinyezi chokwanira, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti azikhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. M'mimba mwa mbozi, tizilombo timadyetsa chakudya.
Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo:
- hawthorn;
- kukwera;
- mapulo;
- Linden;
- alder;
- msondodzi;
- popula;
- lunguzi.
Nthawi zambiri nyama zokongola zimapezeka zitakhala pansi pafupi ndi mitengo yobala zipatso, kuyesera kudya zipatso zakupsa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri amasankha zipatso zosweka kuti atenge madzi kuchokera kwa iwo. Mbozi zimathera nthawi yawo yambiri kufunafuna chakudya. Asanabisala, amadya kwambiri, kuyesera kudya masamba ambiri momwe angathere.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wolira masana
Pofika masika, agulugufe amatuluka m'malo obisika, amasangalala ndi dzuwa ndikudzifunira chakudya. Mu Russia, zimapezeka kuyambira pa Julayi-Ogasiti mpaka Okutobala. Usiku ukamazizira, tizilombo timayamba kufunafuna malo ozizira - ming'alu yazitsulo ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yodzitetezera kuzizira, zipinda zapanyumba zanyumba.
Mtundu wakuda wa mapikowo umathandiza tizilombo kubisala mosavuta muudzu. Kumayambiriro kwa masika, ndi akazi okha omwe amapezeka. Amayikira mazira, kenako amafa nthawi yomweyo. Anthuwa amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali. Kusamuka kumachitika nthawi yakugwa posaka pothawirapo.
Chosangalatsa: Mwa maliro, mutha kudziwa mfundo zazikulu. Njenjete ikagona pansi kuti ipumule, imapinda mapiko ake ndi kutembenuzira nsana wake padzuwa. M'mawa mapikowo amatembenukira kum'mawa, masana kumwera, ndipo madzulo amaloza kumadzulo.
Maphwando a maliro amapezeka m'badwo umodzi. Subpecies sanaphunzirepo, koma pali zambiri. Kuwala kwa mtundu wawo kumadalira nyengo ndi malo. Kutuluka mu chikuku kumapeto kwa kasupe, kachilomboka kamakhala ndi mtundu wosalala. Zimasamuka zitangobadwa. Kutentha, maulendo apandege amatenga masiku angapo. Zimatengera nyengo.
Njenjete zimatha kukhala mpaka Juni chaka chamawa, komanso kumapiri mpaka Ogasiti. Masika, agulugufe amakhala m'malo akutali komwe adabadwira. M'nyengo yozizira, ambiri samapulumuka chisanu ndikumwalira. Chiyambire chilimwe, kuchuluka kwamwamuna kumachuluka, ndiye kuti kusalinganika kumathetsedwa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wolira mwachilengedwe
Kubereka kwa phwandolo sikusiyana kwambiri ndi njenjete zina. Kuchokera kumbuyo kwa mimba ya akazi, ma pheromone amamasulidwa, omwe amakopa amuna. Njira yokwatirana imatenga nthawi yayitali - kuyambira mphindi 30 mpaka maola angapo m'malo okhalamo. Amuna amateteza maderawo kwa adani awo.
Ziphuphu zimakhala ndi mazira pafupifupi 100. Mazirawo amalumikizidwa ndi masamba kapena zimayambira za mbewu zomwe zimasungidwa. Njenjete zimamangiriza zomangira kuzungulira nthambi za birch, ndikupanga mphete. Mbozi imaswa mu June. Pakubadwa, kutalika kwake ndi mamilimita awiri okha. Malasankhuli ndi akuda ndi madontho oyera ndi ofiira.
Ana amasungidwa ndi gulu. Mbozi imadutsa magawo asanu osasitsa. Molting amapezeka pa iliyonse ya iwo. Mfumukazi ya Amazons idya khungu lawo. Pofika gawo lomalizira, kutalika kwake kumafika masentimita 5.4. Asanaphunzire, anthuwo amakwawa. Ziphuphu zimamangiriridwa ku nthambi za mitengo yaying'ono mozondoka. Kutalika kwawo ndi pafupifupi masentimita atatu. Idzakhala mderali masiku 11-12.
Patangotha masiku ochepa kuchokera pamene anawo abadwa, tizilombo timalowa munthawiyo. Mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, ali munjira yopulumutsa mphamvu. Pambuyo pake, njenjete zimayamba kudyetsa kwambiri kuti zipezere mphamvu zowonjezera. Poyamba nyengo yozizira yoyamba, amabisala ndikugona.
Adani achilengedwe agulugufe akulira
Chithunzi: Gulugufe akulira kuchokera ku Red Book
M'magawo onse akutukuka, tizilombo timazunguliridwa ndi adani ambiri. Akangaude, kafadala kapena nyerere sizisamala kudya mazira a njenjete. Akuluakulu amakhudzidwa ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame, zokwawa, kapena makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Ngakhale kuti Lepidoptera imakhala ndi mtundu wosabisa womwe umawasandutsa tsamba louma, anthu ambiri samapulumuka mpaka masika, amapezeka m'misasa.
Mbozi imadwala tizilombo ta mavu, hymenoptera, tomwe timayikira mazira mthupi lawo momwe. Tizilombo timayikanso mazira pazomera. Mbozi imadya masamba okhala ndi zotupa ndipo tiziromboti timatuluka mthupi la agulugufe amtsogolo, timadya mkati. Oyendetsa amabadwa kale atapangidwa kale.
Zina mwa tiziromboti pali ovarian, larval, ovarian, pupal, larval-pupal mitundu. Zina mwa izo zimatha kufoola wovulalayo kwathunthu kapena ziwalo zina za thupi lawo. Zamoyo zimakhala ndikukula ndikumagwiritsa ntchito agulugufe. Chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yofunikira, Lepidoptera amamwalira kapena kukhala wosabala.
Akangaude ndi zovala zopempherera amasaka njenjete pobisalira. Amayembekezera zolengedwa zokongola pamaluwa kapena amazigwira mumitengo yawo. Mwa adaniwo muli mitundu ina ya mavu ndi kafadala. Ktyri ndi agulugufe amasaka maliro paulendo wapaulendo. Achule ndi abuluzi amadikirira agulugufe pansi komanso pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Gulugufe akulira
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike, njenjete zinali zambiri. Lepidoptera inagawidwa ku Ulaya konse. Pazifukwa zomwe sizikudziwika, anthu adatsika kwambiri nkhondo itatha. Pakadali pano, mulingo ndi wotsika, koma wosakhazikika.
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, kudabuka kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa tizilombo m'chigawo cha Moscow, mu 1970 ku Novosibirsk, mu 1985 kudera la Tula, komanso posachedwapa ku 2008 kudera la Chelyabinsk. M'mbiri yake yonse, mitunduyi yakhala ikusintha mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana pakuchepa kapena kuwonjezeka.
Kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumadalira kuwonongedwa kwa malo okhala achuma. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, njenjete zidapezeka m'malo opitilira 20 achilengedwe komanso opangidwa mwaluso m'chigawo cha Moscow. Munthawi imeneyi, anthu amatha kupezeka m'malo okhala, nkhalango ya Kuzminsky, pamapiri a Krylatsky.
M'zaka za m'ma 1990, chiwerengerocho chinachira ndipo chinawonjezeka pang'ono, koma sizinali zophweka kukumana nazo mu Moscow Ring Road. Kuyambira koyambirira kwa 2000s, malo asanu okha ndi omwe atsala. Ngati izi zisanachitike, panali anthu ambiri ku Tsaritsyno, ndiye kuti pambuyo pa 2005, ziribe kanthu kuchuluka kwa madera omwe anafufuzidwa, sikunali kotheka kupeza anthu.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chakudya. Mphutsi ndi nyemba zimathandiza kwambiri pa chakudya cha mbalame. Chifukwa cha achikulire, mitundu yosawerengeka ya nyama zazing'ono, mbalame, amphibiya ndi zokwawa zimapulumuka. Amathandiza kwambiri pakuyendetsa maluwa.
M'madera omangidwa, nyumba zamaliro zimasowa chakudya komanso malo ozizira. Chifukwa cha kuyanika kwa mitengo m'misewu, kusowa kwa madzi ndi nthaka yonyowa, kuchepa kwa malo obiriwira, kuwonongeka kwanthawi zonse kwa mitengo yakale yopanda mphako, kuchepa kwa tizirombo kumawoneka.
Kuteteza agulugufe akulira
Chithunzi: Gulugufe wolira masana
Mitunduyi idalembedwa mu Red Book la Smolensk Region. Anapatsidwa gawo lachitatu monga lachilendo ndi manambala ochepa. Mu 2001 adatchulidwa mu Red Book of the Moscow Region. Kuyambira 1978 mpaka 1996, idasungidwa likulu. Malo okhalamo amalembetsedwa m'malo otetezedwa.
Kuti mitundu ya mitunduyi isungidwe, ndikofunikira kusamalira malo achilengedwe amalo olira, omwe akuphatikizapo kupezeka kwa madambo, nkhalango za aspen, nkhalango za birch, ndi misondodzi. Kudula mwaukhondo mitengo yazidzidzidzi kuyenera kuchepetsedwa. M'malo okhala ndi malo obiriwira, kupezeka kwa mitengo yopanda kanthu komanso yopanda zipatso, kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa.
M'madera ena, kudulira kwakukulu kwa msondodzi kwaimitsidwa. Njira zowonongera zimaphatikizapo kuyeretsa mpweya ndi dothi kuti likhale lotetezeka lofunikira kuti zisunge zomera. Gulugufe ayenera kupatsidwa madzi okwanira okwanira ndipo ma dambwe ayenera kupewedwa.
Chaka chilichonse kuchuluka kwamayiko kumatsutsa kugwidwa kosalamulirika kwa Lepidoptera. M'mphamvu zina, kugwira njenjete mosaloledwa kumangidwa. Maboma ena amapereka mphotho zandalama zidziwitso zakugwidwa kosaloledwa kwa zolengedwa zokongola. Kugwira maliro ndikoletsedwa m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi, kuphatikiza Russia.
Gulugufe wolira - gulugufe wokongola, wokongola komanso wokongola. Mtundu wake ndi wovuta kuphonya. Ngati munthu akumana naye paulendo, amakhala ndi malingaliro ofunda komanso owala. Mfumukazi ya Amazons sichitsatira dzina lake lomvetsa chisoni, chifukwa imawoneka yokongola, yowala komanso yokongola.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05.06.2019
Tsiku losintha: 20.09.2019 nthawi 22:27
