Nyama zotchedwa sea otter Ndi membala wamadzi wam'mabanja a mustelid omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa Pacific ku North America ndi Asia. Otters am'nyanja amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, koma nthawi zina amapita kumtunda kukagona kapena kupumula. Ma otter am'nyanja amakhala ndi mapazi, ngati ubweya woteteza madzi omwe amawapangitsa kukhala owuma komanso otentha, komanso mphuno ndi makutu omwe amatseka m'madzi.
Mawu oti "kalan" adawoneka mu Chirasha kuchokera ku Koryak kalag (kolakh) ndipo amamasuliridwa kuti "chirombo". Poyambirira amagwiritsa ntchito dzina loti "beaver", nthawi zina "Kamchatka beaver" kapena "sea otter". M'mayiko olankhula Chingerezi, amagwiritsa ntchito dzina loti "sea otter".
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Kalan
Otters a m'nyanja ndi mamembala akuluakulu a banja la Mustelidae. Chinyamacho ndichapadera chifukwa sichipanga mabowo, chilibe ma gland ophatikizika ndipo chimatha kukhala moyo wawo wonse m'madzi. Otter ya m'nyanja ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi ma mustelid ena kotero kuti kale 1982, asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti anali pafupi kwambiri ndi zisindikizo zopanda makutu.
Kusanthula kwa chibadwa kumawonetsa kuti abale omwe adatsala pang'ono kutha a otter am'madzi anali ma African otter opanda zingwe aku Africa ndi Cape komanso kum'mawa kofooka kotchedwa otter. Kholo lawo onse analipo pafupifupi 5 mil. zaka zapitazo.
Zakale zakufa zikuwonetsa kuti mzere wa Enhydra udadzipatula ku North Pacific pafupifupi 2 mil. zaka zapitazo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti Enhydra macrodonta asowe komanso kutuluka kwa otter wam'nyanja wamakono, Enhydra lutris. Ma otter apanyanja adayamba koyamba kumpoto kwa Hokkaido komanso ku Russia, kenako nkumafalikira kummawa.
Kanema: Kalan
Poyerekeza ndi cetaceans ndi pinnipeds, omwe adalowa m'madzi pafupifupi 50, 40, ndi 20 mil. Zaka zapitazo, otters am'nyanja anali obwera kumene m'nyanja. Komabe, amasinthidwa mokwanira ndi madzi kuposa mapini, omwe amapita kumtunda kapena ayezi kuti akabereke. Genome ya otter yakumpoto idasinthidwa mu 2017, zomwe zingalole kuphunzira za kusiyanasiyana kwa nyama.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyama zam'madzi otter
Otter ya m'nyanja ndi nyama yaing'ono yam'madzi, koma imodzi mwa mamembala akuluakulu a banja la Mustelidae, gulu lomwe limaphatikizapo skunks ndi weasels. Amuna akuluakulu amatha kutalika mamita 1.4 ndi kulemera kwa 23-45 kg. Kutalika kwazimayi 1.2 m, kulemera 20 kg. Otters a m'nyanja amakhala ndi thupi lolimba kwambiri, lophatikizana, mphutsi yosalala ndi mutu wawung'ono, wamtali. Amamva kununkhiza ndipo amatha kuwona bwino pamwambapa komanso pansi pamadzi.
Ma otters am'nyanja amatha kusintha kuti awathandize kukhala m'malo ovuta m'madzi:
- ndevu zazitali zimathandiza kuzindikira kugwedera m'madzi amatope;
- Miyendo yakutsogolo yokhala ndi zikhadabo zochotseka zimathandiza mkwati, kupeza ndi kugwira nyama, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida;
- miyendo yakumbuyo ya otter yam'nyanja ndi yoluka ndipo imafanana ndi zipsepse, chinyama chimazigwiritsa ntchito limodzi ndi thupi lakumunsi kuyenda m'madzi;
- mchira wautali, wokutidwa umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chiwongolero chowongolera chowonjezera;
- kumva ndikumverera komwe sikumvetsetsedwe bwino, ngakhale kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mawu akumafupipafupi.
- mano ndi apadera chifukwa amakhala osalongosoka ndipo adapangidwa kuti athyole;
- thupi la otter wam'nyanja, kupatula mphuno ndi zikhomo, limakutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda, womwe umakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri. Chovala chachifupi chofiirira ndichakuda kwambiri (ubweya wani miliyoni miliyoni pa mita mita imodzi), ndikupangitsa kuti chikhale cholemera kwambiri kuzinyama zonse.
Mbali yayitali ya utali wautali, wopanda madzi, yoteteza imathandizira kuti chovala cha undercoat chiume mwa kusunga madzi ozizira pakhungu lanu. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yofiirira yakuda ndikuwoneka bwino, ndipo mutu ndi khosi ndizonyezimira kuposa thupi. Mosiyana ndi nyama zina zam'madzi monga zisindikizo ndi mikango yam'nyanja, otters am'nyanja alibe mafuta, chifukwa chake amadalira ubweya wonenepa kwambiriwu, wosagwira madzi kuti utenthe m'nyanja yozizira, ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific.
Kodi otter wam'nyanja amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Calan (sea otter)
Ma otter am'nyanja amakhala m'madzi am'mbali mwa nyanja kuyambira 15 mpaka 23 m ndipo amapezeka mkati mwa ⅔ kilomita kuchokera pagombe. Amakonda kusankha malo otetezedwa ku mphepo yamkuntho yamkuntho, monga miyala yam'mbali yamiyala, algae wandiweyani komanso miyala yotchinga. Ngakhale otter am'nyanja amalumikizidwa kwambiri ndimiyala yamiyala, amathanso kukhala m'malo omwe pansi pake pamakhala matope, mchenga kapena matope. Mtundu wawo wakumpoto umachepetsedwa ndi ayezi, chifukwa Otters am'nyanja amatha kukhala ndi moyo m'madzi oundana, koma osati pansi.
Masiku ano, ma subspecies atatu a E. lutris amadziwika:
- Malo otchedwa sea otter kapena Asiatic (E. lutris lutris) amakhala kuchokera kuzilumba za Kuril kupita kumpoto mpaka kuzilumba za Commander kumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean;
- kum'mwera kwa nyanja otter kapena California (E. lutris nereis) ili kunyanja ya Central California;
- otter sea otter (E. lutris kenyoni) imafalikira kuzilumba za Aleutian ndi kumwera kwa Alaska ndipo idalamulidwanso m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Ma otter am'madzi, Enhydra lutris, amapezeka m'malo awiri pagombe la Pacific: m'mbali mwa Kuril ndi Commander Islands kufupi ndi gombe la Russia, zilumba za Aleutian pansi pa Nyanja ya Bering, ndi madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja kuchokera ku Alaskan Peninsula kupita ku Vancouver Island ku Canada. Komanso m'mbali mwa gombe laku California kuchokera pachilumba cha Agno Nuevo kupita ku Point Sur. Ma otter am'nyanja amakhala ku Canada, USA, Russia, Mexico ndi Japan.
Madzi oundana am'nyanja amachepetsa malire akumpoto mpaka pansi pa 57 ° kumpoto, ndipo malo a nkhalango za kelp (udzu wam'nyanja) amachepetsa madera akummwera mpaka 22 ° kumpoto. Kusaka m'zaka za zana la 18 ndi 19 kunachepetsa kwambiri kufalitsa kwa otters am'madzi.
Otters am'nyanja amakhala m'nkhalango za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zazikulu kwambiri za algae (M. pyrifera) ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali akudya chakudya. Amadya, kupumula ndikudzikongoletsa pamadzi. Ngakhale otters am'nyanja amatha kulowa pansi ma 45m, amakonda madzi am'mbali mpaka 30m kuya.
Kodi otter wam'nyanja amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Otter sea otter
Mbalame zam'madzi zimadya mitundu yoposa 100 ya nyama. Amathera mphamvu zambiri kutentha thupi 38 ° C. Chifukwa chake, amafunika kudya 22-25% ya thupi lawo. Kagayidwe ka nyama ndi kasanu ndi kawiri kuposa nyama yapamtunda yotereyi.
Zakudya zawo makamaka zimakhala:
- Zikopa zam'nyanja;
- nkhono;
- mamazelo;
- Nkhono;
- nkhanu;
- nyenyezi zam'nyanja;
- tunicates, etc.
Otter amadyanso nkhanu, octopus, squid ndi nsomba. Monga lamulo, menyuwa amatengera malo okhala. Amalandira madzi ambiri kuchokera kwa nyama yawo, komanso amamwa madzi am'nyanja kuti athetse ludzu lawo. M'maphunziro mzaka zam'ma 1960, pomwe otter wam'madzi anali pachiwopsezo, 50% yazakudya zomwe zimapezeka m'mimba mwa otter zam'madzi zinali nsomba. Komabe, m'malo okhala ndi zakudya zina zambiri, nsomba zimapanga gawo laling'ono lazakudyazo.
Mbalame zam'madzi zimadya m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Kusaka kumachitika pansi panyanja. Amagwiritsa ntchito ndevu zawo zowoneka bwino kuti apeze zolengedwa zazing'ono m'mabedi wandiweyani. Nyamazo zimagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yakutsogolo yosakira kuti zigwire nyama ndikuyika nyama zopanda mafupa m'makutu mwa khungu lawo pansi pa zikopa zawo, kuzidyetsa pamtunda. Ma otter am'madzi nthawi zambiri amadya katatu patsiku.
Ma otter am'madzi aku California amathyola nyama ndi zinthu zolimba. Mbalame zina zimagwira mwala pachifuwa ndi kumenyetsa nyama zawo pamwala. Ena amaponya miyala. Mwala umodzi umasungidwa m'madzi ambiri. Otters a m'nyanja nthawi zambiri amatsuka nyama yawo mwa kukankhira thupi ndi kutembenuza m'madzi. Amuna amaba chakudya chachikazi ngati atapatsidwa mwayi. Pachifukwa ichi, akazi amadyera m'malo osiyana.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Kalan Red Book
Otters a m'nyanja amasonkhana m'magulu panthawi yopuma. Akazi amakonda kupewa amuna pokhapokha atakwatirana. Amakhala nthawi yayitali munyanja, koma amapuma pamtunda. Otters am'nyanja amalumikizana kudzera pakukhudzana ndi thupi komanso zizindikilo zomveka, ngakhale sizikweza kwambiri. Kulira kwa mwana wamphongo nthawi zambiri kumafanizidwa ndi kulira kwa mbalame yam'madzi. Akazi amadandaula akamakhala osangalala, ndipo amuna amatha kung'ung'udza m'malo mwake.
Akuluakulu osasangalala kapena amantha amatha kuyimba likhweru, kufuula, kapena, m'malo ovuta kwambiri, amafuula. Ngakhale nyama zimakonda kucheza, sizimawerengedwa kuti ndizabwino. Ma otter am'nyanja amakhala nthawi yayitali ali okha, ndipo wamkulu aliyense amatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zawo pokhudzana ndi kusaka, kudzisamalira komanso chitetezo.
Otters a m'nyanja amagwiritsa ntchito kayendetsedwe kake, kosasunthika kusambira, kukoka miyendo yakutsogolo ndikugwiritsa ntchito miyendo yakumbuyo ndi mchira kuwongolera kuyenda. Amasambira pa liwiro la 9 km. ola limodzi pansi pamadzi. Kuthamanga pamadzi kumatenga masekondi 50 mpaka 90, koma otters am'nyanja amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi pafupifupi mphindi 6.
Otter wam'madzi amakhala ndi nthawi yodyetsa komanso kudya m'mawa, kuyambira pafupifupi ola limodzi dzuwa lisanatuluke, atapuma kapena kugona pakati masana. Kudya chakudya kumapitilira kwa maola angapo pambuyo pa nkhomaliro ndikutha dzuwa lisanalowe, ndipo nthawi yachitatu yodyera ikhoza kukhala pakati pausiku. Akazi omwe ali ndi ana amphongo amakonda kudyetsa usiku.
Akamapuma kapena kugona, otters a m'nyanja amasambira pamsana pawo ndikudzimangira okha ndi udzu kuti asatengeke. Miyendo yawo yakumbuyo imatuluka m'madzi, ndipo miyendo yawo yakutsogolo imapinda pachifuwa kapena kutseka maso awo. Amasamalira ndi kutsuka ubweya wawo mosamala kuti usawonongeke.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Baby otter sea
Otters a m'nyanja ndi nyama zamitala. Amuna amateteza mwakhama gawo lawo ndikukhalanso ndi akazi omwe amakhala mmenemo. Ngati m'dera lamwamuna mulibe akazi, amatha kupita kukafunafuna bwenzi lotentha. Mikangano pakati pa ofunsira imathetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuphulika ndi zizindikilo zomveka, ndewu ndizochepa. Amuna otchedwa sea otters akapeza wamkazi yemwe atengeke, amakhala akusewera ndipo nthawi zina mwamakani.
Kuyankhulana kumachitika m'madzi ndikupitilira nthawi yonse ya estrus, pafupifupi masiku atatu. Amuna amanyamula mutu kapena mphuno ya mkazi ndi nsagwada zake pophatikizana. Zipsera zowoneka nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi akazi chifukwa cha zochitika ngati izi.
Mbalame zam'madzi zimaswana chaka chonse. Kuchuluka kwa chonde mu Meyi-Juni kuzilumba za Aleutian komanso mu Januware-Marichi ku California. Ndi imodzi mwazinyama zingapo zoyamwitsa zomwe zachedwetsa kuikidwa, kutanthauza kuti kamwana kameneka sikamadziphatika kukhoma lachiberekero nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa umuna. Amakhalabe wopinimbira, kumulola kuti abadwe m'malo abwino. Kukhazikika mochedwa kumabweretsa magawo osiyanasiyana apakati, omwe amakhala pakati pa miyezi 4 mpaka 12.
Amayi amabala pafupifupi kamodzi pachaka, ndipo kubadwa kumachitika zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Nthawi zambiri, mwana wamwamuna mmodzi amabadwa wolemera makilogalamu 1.4 mpaka 2.3. Amapasa amapezeka 2% nthawiyo, koma mwana m'modzi yekha ndi amene angaleredwe bwino. Mwana wamphongo amakhala ndi mayi ake kwa miyezi 5-6 atabadwa. Amayi amakula msinkhu zaka 4, amuna azaka 5 mpaka 6.
Amayi otters am'madzi amayang'anitsitsa zinyenyeswazi zawo, akukankhira pachifuwa chawo kuchokera kumadzi ozizira ndikusamalira bwino ubweya wake. Pofunafuna chakudya, mayiyo amasiya mwana wake akuyandama m'madzi, nthawi zina atakulungidwa ndi udzu kuti asasambe. Ngati mwana wakhanda wagalamuka, umalira mofuula mpaka mayi ake abwerera. Panali zowona amayi atanyamula ana awo kwa masiku angapo atamwalira.
Adani achilengedwe a otters am'nyanja
Chithunzi: Kalan
Nyama zotsogola zamtundu uwu ndizomwe zimapha anamgumi ndi mikango yam'nyanja. Kuphatikiza apo, ziwombankhanga zimatha kutenga ana pamwamba pamadzi amayi awo akapita kukadya. Pamtunda, wobisala mumchenga nyengo yamkuntho, otters am'nyanja amatha kukumana ndi ziwopsezo ndi zimbalangondo.
Komanso ku California, nsombazi zazikuluzikulu zakhala zowononga kwambiri, koma palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti palibe shark okwera panyanja. Mbalame zam'madzi zimafa chifukwa cholumidwa ndi zolusa. Whale whale (Orcinus orca) nthawi ina amalingaliridwa kuti ndiye amachititsa kuchepa kwa otter m'nyanja ku Alaska, koma umboniwo ulibe umboni pakadali pano.
Adani akulu achilengedwe a otters am'madzi:
- nkhandwe (Canis Lantrans);
- nsomba zazikulu zoyera (Carcharadon charcarias);
- ziwombankhanga (Haliaeetus leucocephalus);
- anamgumi akupha (Orcinus orca);
- mikango yam'nyanja (Zalophus californianus);
- anthu (Homo Sapiens).
Ngakhale njira zomwe zachitidwa motsutsana ndi kusaka ma otter am'madzi, kuchuluka kwa ma otter am'nyanja kwasiya. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chake chimakhala chifukwa cha zovuta zachilengedwe. Chiwerengero cha anthu m'malo omwe kufalikira kwa ma otter amafalikira chikukula nthawi zonse, komanso, kuthekera kwa ziwopsezo zopangidwa ndi anthu kumakulirakulira.
Kuthamanga kwa mizinda, komwe kumanyamula ndowe zamnyanja kupita kunyanja, kumanyamula Toxoplasma gondii, kachilombo koyambitsa matenda kamene kamapha otter am'nyanja. Matenda a Sarcocystis neurona amathandizidwanso ndi zochitika za anthu.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Nyama zam'madzi otter
Chiwerengero cha otter wam'nyanja chimakhulupirira kuti chinali kuyambira 155,000 mpaka 300,000 ndipo chimayambira kumtunda kudutsa North Pacific Ocean kuchokera kumpoto kwa Japan kupita pakatikati pa Baja California Peninsula ku Mexico. Malonda aubweya, omwe adayamba mzaka za m'ma 1740, adachepetsa ma otters am'madzi pafupifupi 1,000-2,000 m'magawo ang'onoang'ono 13.
Zolemba zosaka zomwe wolemba mbiri yakale Adele Ogden adakhazikitsa malire akumadzulo chakum'mwera kwa chilumba cha Hokkaido ku Japan komanso malire akum'maŵa pafupifupi 21.5 mamailosi kumwera chakumadzulo kwenikweni kwa California ku Mexico.
Pafupifupi ⅔ yamtundu wake wakale, mitunduyi imasinthidwa mosiyanasiyana, ndikuchulukitsitsa kwa anthu m'malo ena ndikuwopseza anthu ena. Ma otter am'nyanja pakadali pano ali ndi anthu ambiri m'mbali mwa gombe lakum'mawa kwa Russia, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington DC ndi California, olumikizananso ku Mexico ndi Japan. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe adapangidwa kuyambira 2004 mpaka 2007 akuwonetsa pafupifupi 107,000.
Ma otter am'madzi ndiofunikira pathanzi lathunthu komanso kusiyanasiyana kwachilengedwe. Amadziwika kuti ndi mitundu yayikulu ndipo amatenga gawo lofunikira mderalo, kuwongolera zamoyo zopanda nyama. Otters a m'nyanja amadya nyama za m'nyanja, motero amapewa kudyetsa kwambiri.
Oyang'anira nyanja
Chithunzi: Kalan wochokera ku Red Book
Mu 1911, zikawonekeratu kwa aliyense kuti zomwe otters am'madzi anali okhumudwitsa, mgwirizano wapadziko lonse udasainidwa womwe umaletsa kusaka nyama zam'madzi. Ndipo kale mu 1913, okonda adapanga malo osungira zachilengedwe oyamba kuzilumba za Aleutian ku United States. Ku USSR, kusaka kunali koletsedwa mu 1926. Japan idalowa nawo lamulo loletsa kusaka mu 1946. Ndipo mu 1972, lamulo lapadziko lonse lapansi lidakhazikitsidwa loteteza nyama zam'madzi.
Chifukwa cha zomwe mayiko ena adachita, pofika pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, ma otters am'madzi adakwera ndi 15% chaka chilichonse ndipo pofika 1990 adafika pachisanu kukula kwake koyambirira.
Malinga ndi Otter Foundation, kuchuluka kwa otters am'madzi aku California adatsika kuyambira Julayi 2008 mpaka Julayi 2011. Anthu ena sanawonjezeke kwambiri pakati pa 1990 ndi 2007. Enhydra lutris adayikidwa pansi pa Endangered Species Act (ESA) mu 1973 ndipo adalembedwa mu CITES Appendices I ndi II.
Ku Canada, otters am'nyanja amatetezedwa pansi pa lamulo la Mitundu Yowopsa. Kuyambira mu 2008 IUCN nyanja otter (E. lutris) amadziwika kuti ali pangozi. Otters a m'nyanja (otters a m'nyanja) ali pachiopsezo cha kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, ndi kutayika kwa mafuta komwe kumawopseza kwambiri.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05/18/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 20.09.2019 pa 20:32
