Toucan - mbalame yowala ya neotropical yokhala ndi nthenga zodabwitsa komanso mulomo wopambana. Mbalameyi ndi yachilendo m'njira zonse. Mitundu yosazolowereka, milomo yayikulu, miyendo yolimba. Mamembala ang'onoang'ono a banjali amafika kutalika masentimita 30, pomwe akuluakulu amakula mpaka masentimita 70. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe amthupi ndi milomo yayikulu kwambiri, ma toucans amatha kuwuluka mtunda waufupi.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, ma toucans amalingaliridwa kuti amakonda kudya. Lingaliro lolakwika ili lidayamba chifukwa chakupezeka kwa milomo, yofanana ndi mano a buluzi wamkulu wakale wouluka kale. Ma Toucan amatchedwa mabatire achilengedwe. Atakhala m'malo kwa nthawi yayitali, amatha kupeza chakudya ndi milomo yawo yayikulu, yomwe imawathandiza kusunga mphamvu.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Toucan
Banja la toucan ndi la nkhalango. Ali ndi kufanana kwachilengedwe ndi odutsa. Asayansi amasiyanitsa mibadwo isanu ndi mitundu yoposa 40 ya ma toucans. Amasiyana kukula, kulemera, nthenga ndi mawonekedwe a milomo. Mbalameyi inafotokozedwa koyamba m'zaka za zana la 18.
Mtundu wa Andigena kapena mapiri amtundu wamapiri uli ndi mitundu 4.
Amapezeka m'nkhalango zowirira za Andes kuchokera ku Bolivia kupita ku Venezuela:
- A. hypoglauca - Andigena buluu;
- A. laminirostris - Andigena Lathyathyathya;
- A. cucullata - Andigena wamutu wakuda;
- A. nigrirostris - Andigena wakuda wakuda.
Aulacorhynchus ili ndi mitundu 11 kuchokera ku Mexico, Central ndi South America.
Amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira kwambiri:
- A. wagleri - chojambula cha Wagler;
- A. prasinus - Emerald Toucanet;
- A. caeruleogularis - Tebulo lamtundu wamtambo wamtambo;
- A. albivitta - Mapiri a Andes;
- A. atrogularis - Chojambula chamtundu chakuda;
- A. sulcatus - toucanet wamaso obiriwira;
- A. derbianus - Tukanet Derby;
- A. whitelianus - Tukanet Tepuy;
- A. haematopygus - Rasipiberi-lumbar toucanet;
- A. huallagae - Toucanet wonyezimira;
- A. coeruleicinctis - Chojambula chamtundu wa imvi.
Pteroglossus - mitundu 14 yamtunduwu imakhala m'nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango ku South America:
- P. viridis - Green arasari;
- Zolembedwa za P. - Spas arasari;
- P. bitorquatus - Njira ziwiri;
- P. azara - Arasari wofiyira pakhosi;
- P. mariae - Brown-billed arasari;
- P. aracari - Wakuda pakhosi arasari;
- P. castanotis - Brown-eared arasari;
- P. pluricinctus - Mipikisano mizere arasari;
- P. torquatus - Khola arasari;
- P. sanguineus - Wamizere arasari;
- P. erythropygius - Arasari yopepuka;
- P. frantzii - Moto wolipira moto arasari;
- P. beauharnaesii - Curly Arasari;
- P. bailloni - Antigen wagolide woyamwa.
Ramphastos ili ndi mitundu 8 yomwe imakhala ku Mexico, Central ndi South America:
- R. dicolorus - toucan wamabele ofiyira;
- R. vitellinus - Toucan-ariel;
- R. citreolaemus - Ndimu yamenyetsa toucan
- R. Brevis - Chokos toucan;
- R. sulfuratus - Utawaleza toucan
- R. Toco - Toucan yayikulu;
- R. tucanus - toucan wamabele oyera.
- R. ambiguus - Toucan wonyezimira.
Selenidera amakhala m'nkhalango zotsika kwambiri ku South America, pamalo okwera kwambiri mamitala chikwi 1.5 kuposa madzi.
Mtunduwu umaphatikizapo mitundu isanu ndi umodzi:
- S. spectabilis - selenidera wachikasu;
- S. piperivora - Guiana selenidera;
- S. reinwardtii - Dambo l Selenidera;
- S. nattereri - Selinedera Natterera;
- S. gouldii - Selenidera Gould;
- S. maculirostris - Wotayika selenidera.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame toucan
Mitundu yonse 43 ya ma toucans ili ndi milomo yotchuka. Mbali imeneyi ya thupi la mbalameyi imakopa chidwi cha alonda a mbalame. Mitu yonse yaziperekedwa kwa iye, kufotokoza mtundu, mawonekedwe, mphamvu yoluma komanso momwe zimakhudzira.
Mlomo wa ma toucans umakutidwa ndi chivundikiro chodalirika cha nyanga. Mtundu wake wosazolowereka unapatsa dzinali mitundu ina: ma toucans amtundu wakuda, wakuda-wonyezimira, wamitengo yakuda ndi mizere. M'malo mwake, mitundu ya milomo ndiyambiri - yachikaso, mandimu, lalanje, buluu, wobiriwira, wofiira ndi bulauni. Zonsezi ndizophatikizidwa ndikuyika kowala ndipo zimawoneka ngati magalasi othimbirira.
Kanema: Toucan
Mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa milomo ya mbalameyi akuyenera kufotokoza kwina. Mitundu yonse ya 8 imadziwika. Zonsezi ndizofanana ndipo zimafanana ndi nthangala ya mpendadzuwa yokhala ndi malekezero opindika. Mlomowo umakhala wopendekeka mozungulira, womwe umathandiza kuti toucan iziyendetsa m'mabowo opapatiza posaka chakudya.
Ngakhale kukula kwa milomo, komwe nthawi zina kumafikira 50% ya kutalika kwa thupi, ndiyopepuka. Kulemera kwa milomo kumapindika kuchokera mkati mwa minofu. Mbale za mafupa zimalumikizidwa ngati zisa za uchi ndipo motero zimapanga chimango cholimba.
Chifukwa cha mapiko osongoka m'mphepete mwa mulomo womwe umafanana ndi mano a zolengedwa zoyambirira zouluka, ma toucans amadziwika kuti ndi mbalame zodya nyama. Zaka zambiri zowonera sizinatsimikizire chiphunzitsochi. Anthu aku Toucan samadya mtundu wawo. Ngakhale nsomba siziphatikizidwa pazakudya zawo. Mbalamezi zimadya zipatso.
Mlomo wa toucan ndi chida chozizira bwino. Makamera otentha otentha adawonetsa kuti mulomo umatulutsa kutentha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi kudzera mbali imeneyi ya thupi pomwe toucan imazizira thupi. Mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa mlomo umasiyana kutengera msinkhu wa mbalameyo. Kwa makanda, gawo lakumunsi la mlomo ndilokulirapo. Popita nthawi, imawongoka ndikupeza kupindika kwachilengedwe.
Anthu aku Toucans ali ndi lilime lalitali kwambiri. Chiwalo ichi chimakula mpaka masentimita 14. Kukula kwake kumabwera chifukwa cha kukula kwa milomo. Lilime limakhala lokhazikika, lolimba. Kukula kwa mbalame zazikulu kumafika masentimita 70, zing'onozing'ono zimakula mpaka masentimita 30. Kulemera sikungokhala oposa 700 magalamu. Mapazi ang'onoang'ono olimba ali ndi zala ziwiri. Woyamba ndi wachisanu abwerera. Khosi lalifupi, losinthasintha limakupatsani mwayi woti mutembenuzire mutu wanu.
Nthengayo imakhala yowala, yosiyanitsa, imaphatikiza mitundu ingapo nthawi imodzi. Pafupifupi thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi nthenga zakuda kapena zamdima zamabuluu, kupatula pakhosi, lomwe ndi loyera. Mapikowo sanasinthidwe kuti aziuluka mosalekeza. Kutalika kwa lamba wa caudal ndi masentimita 22-26. Maso ali m'malire ndi mphete ya khungu labuluu, yomwe ili m'malire ndi khungu lalanje. Mchira ndi wautali, umatha kufikira 14-18 cm.
Kodi toucan amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Toucan mwachilengedwe
Anthu aku Toucan amapezeka ku Neotropics. Malo awo amapezeka kumadera otentha a Kumwera kwa Mexico, Argentina, South ndi Central America. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame za mtundu wa toucan ndi mitundu ya nkhalango ndipo zimangokhala m'nkhalango zakale. Amapezekanso m'nkhalango zazing'ono zazing'ono, koma amakonda kukhala m'mapanga a mitengo yayikulu yakale, momwe zimaswanirana.
Mbalame zimakhala makamaka m'malo otentha. Kupatula kwake ndi mitundu yamapiri yamtundu wa Andigena. Amakafika pamalo otentha kumapiri a Andes ndipo amapezeka kumapiri a nkhalango. Andigena amapezeka ku Southern Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Central Bolivia, ndi Venezuela. Malo awo okhala ndi nkhalango zowirira, zokhala ndi chakudya chambiri.
Aulacorhynchus ndi wochokera ku Mexico. Amapezeka ku Central ndi South America. Kwa moyo wawo wonse, adasankha nkhalango zamapiri achinyontho. Amapezeka kumadera oyandikana nawo. Awa ndi ma toucan ochepa omwe amakhala ndi nthenga zobiriwira. Nthawi zambiri amatha kuwoneka awiriawiri kapena ang'onoang'ono, ndipo nthawi zina m'magulu amitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Pteroglossus amakhala m'nkhalango za kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa South America ku Guiana Shield. Amapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Amazon Basin komanso kum'mawa kwa Mtsinje wa Orinoco ku Venezuela. Amakhala kum'mwera kwa Costa Rica ndi kumadzulo kwa Panama, komanso m'chigwa cha Amazon ku Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Argentina.
Selenidera amakhala kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon komwe kuli anthu ochepa ku Serra de Baturita ndi boma la Ceara ku Brazil. Amakhala m'nkhalango kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Brazil, kum'mawa kwa Paraguay komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Argentina.
Ma Touc ndi ofalitsa oyipa. Satha kuyenda maulendo ataliatali ndi mapiko awo. ndizovuta makamaka kwa ma toucans kuwuluka m'madzi. Ndiye chifukwa chake, malinga ndi asayansi, sanafike ku West Indies. Toucan yekhayo amene amakhala wopanda nkhalango ndi toco toucan, yomwe imapezeka ku savannah yokhala ndi nkhalango komanso nkhalango zotseguka.
Kodi toucan amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Toucan
Mbalame zimakonda kudya zokha kapena awiriawiri, makamaka kudya zipatso. Milomo italiitali yakuthwa siinasinthidwe kuti ilume nyama. Anthu aku Toucans amaponya chakudya ndikuchimeza chonse.
Zina mwazakudya zotchuka kwambiri ndi nthochi zapakatikati, peyala wowala kwambiri, chikasu cha carambola, zipatso za guanal. Atoucans amakonda rambatum, ginger mamy, guava ndi petahaya. Zadziwika kangapo kuti mbalame zimakonda zipatso zowala ndi zipatso. Pali lingaliro lakuti chakudya choterocho chikuwoneka bwino komanso chosavuta kupeza.
Mitengo ya guava imapatsa toucans zipatso zokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zonunkhira: strawberries, maapulo ndi mapeyala. Mbalame zimakonda zipatso zokoma, zonenepa za peyala. Zakudyazo zimaphatikizapo ma Barbados cherry, aki, jabotica, zipatso za kokan, lacuma, lulu ndi American mammeya. Zakudya za mbalame zimaphatikizapo mangosteen, noni, pipino, chirimoya, guanobana ndi pepino.
Anthu aku Toucan amakonda kudya tizilombo. Atakhala pamitengo yakale, amagwira akangaude, mawere, mbozi zokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri. Imadyetsa nyerere za ku Argentina, kafadala, kafadala komanso agulugufe. Pazosankhazo pali ma weevils a thonje, ma etsitones, kozheed yambewu ndi zigoba.
Zakudya za toucans zili ndi zokwawa zazing'ono. Abuluzi, amphisbens, miyendo yayitali, achule amtengo, tegu, ndi njoka zowonda. Atoucans amakonda kudya mazira a mbalame zina. Izi zimachitika makamaka nthawi yakunenepa kwa anapiye awo. Anthu aku Toucan amadya mbewu za maluwa ndi maluwa. Mbali iyi ya zakudya imalola mbewu za zomera zakutchire zosowa kufalikira kumadera atsopano. Chifukwa chake ma toucans amalemeretsa maluwa amtunduwo.
Chifukwa cha notches kutalika kwake konse kwa milomo, ma toucans amawerengedwa kuti ndi mbalame zodya nyama. Akatswiri achilengedwe omwe anali oyamba kufotokoza mbalame amawona mapangidwe apakamwa ngati mano olimba, amphamvu. Amakhulupirira kuti ma toucans amagwira nyama ndikuziphwanya. M'malo mwake, kulibe ngakhale nsomba mu chakudya cha toucan. Mbalame zimadya zipatso. Ndipo milomo yayitali ndi zitsamba sizipangitsa kudya kukhala kosavuta, koma m'malo mwake kumakusokoneza. Mbalame zimayenera kudya zipatso kawiri, chifukwa sizingameze chakudya chonse.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Toucan South America
Ma Toucans ndi mbalame zadongosolo. Amapanga awiriawiri kapena amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi abale. Pamodzi amalera anapiye, amateteza ku kuukira, kudyetsa ndi kuphunzitsa ana.
Amakonda kulankhulana. Pazolumikizirana, amagwiritsa ntchito lakuthwa, kwakukulu komanso kotsika, koma nthawi yomweyo kumveka kosangalatsa. Akagwidwa ndi chilombo, amatha kugwirizanitsa ndikukweza chipwirikiti chosapiririka. Alamu yomwe ma toucans amatulutsa imayambitsa chisokonezo pakati pa anthu ena m'derali. Phokoso limafalikira kudera lonselo ndikuchenjeza anthu ena okhala m'derali. Nthawi zambiri, nyama zolusa zomwe zimakumana ndi sonic zimabwerera. Izi zimapulumutsa miyoyo ya ma toucan okha, komanso okhala m'nkhalango.
Atoucans amakonda kusewera, nthabwala ndi zoyipa. Mutha kuwona mbalame zikumenya nkhondo zoseketsa kuti nthambi izikhala nayo. Iwo, monga agalu, amatha kukokerana wina ndi mnzake mtengo womwe amakonda. M'malo mwake, umu ndi momwe mbalame zimasonyezera chidwi chawo komanso chidwi chawo cholankhulana.
Ma Toucans ndi mbalame zokonda kucheza. Lumikizanani mosavuta ndi munthu. Wachidwi, wodalira, wokoma mtima. Makhalidwewa ndi abwino kuwongolera. Anthu azindikira izi ndipo awapindulira nazo. Pali malo odyetserako ziweto omwe amatulutsa ma toucans ogulitsa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Toucan Red Book
Anthu aku Toucans ndi ochezeka. Amakhala awiriawiri okhazikika kwa zaka zambiri. Magulu a mabanja mpaka anthu 20 kapena kupitilira apo amapangidwa. Magulu amapangidwa munthawi yokhwima, kenako amagawika m'mabanja kuti aziikira ndi kusaza mazira, komanso kudyetsa ndi kuphunzitsa ana. Magulu amapanganso nthawi zosamuka kapena nthawi yokolola pomwe mitengo ikuluikulu yobala zipatso imatha kudyetsa mabanja angapo.
Mbalame zimakhala mwachilengedwe kwa zaka 20 kapena kupitilira apo. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera komanso chosamalidwa bwino, amakhala ndi moyo mpaka 50. Akazi a toucan amaikira pafupifupi mazira anayi nthawi imodzi. Ochepera zowalamulira - 2 mazira, pazipita kudziwika - 6. Mbalame chisa m'ming'alu mitengo. Amasankha mapulawo omasuka komanso ozama pa izi.
Anthu aku Toucan amakhala amodzi okhaokha ndipo amaswana kamodzi pachaka mchaka. Pa nthawi ya chibwenzi, chachimuna chimatolera zipatso ndikubweretsa chakudya kwa mnzake. Pambuyo pa mwambo wopambana pachibwenzi, mbalameyo imayamba chibwenzi. Ma Toucan amasamira mazira awo masiku 16-20 ndi abambo ndi amayi. Makolo amaswa mazira mosinthana ali muboowo. Wokondedwa mnzake ali kalikiliki kusamala ndi kusonkhanitsa chakudya. Pambuyo pa anapiyewo, makolo onsewa akupitiliza kusamalira anawo.
Anapiye anaswa kwathunthu, ndi khungu loyera ndi maso otseka. Wopanda thandizo mpaka masabata 6-8. Pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyi, nthenga zimayamba. Ma toucans achichepere amakhala ndi nthenga zopanda pake komanso mlomo wocheperako womwe umakula msinkhu wake. Msinkhu wokhwima pogonana komanso kubereka mwa akazi ndi abambo ndi zaka 3-4.
Zipembedzo zina ku Latin America zimaletsa makolo a mwana wakhanda kudya nyama ya toucan. Amakhulupirira kuti kumwa nkhuku ndi makolo a mwana wakhanda kumatha kubweretsa imfa ya mwana. Toucan ndi nyama yopatulika yamitundu yambiri yaku South America. Chithunzi chake chitha kuwoneka pamitengo ya totem monga mawonekedwe a kuthawira kudziko lamizimu.
Adani achilengedwe a ma toucans
Chithunzi: Mbalame Toucan
Adani achilengedwe a ma toucan amakhala, monga mbalame zomwe, mumitengo. Anthu aku Toucans amasakidwa ndi zilombo zambiri m'nkhalango yaku South America, kuphatikiza anthu, mbalame zazikuluzikulu, ndi amphaka amtchire.
Weasels, njoka ndi makoswe, amphaka amtchire amasaka mazira a toucan kuposa toucan okha. Nthawi zina ma toucan kapena clutch awo amakhala nyama ya ma coati, harpy ndi anacondas. Toucan imakhalabe yotchovera njuga m'malo ena a Central America ndi madera ena a Amazon. Chakudya chokoma ndi chosakoma ndi chosowa kwambiri. Nthenga zokongola ndi milomo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zokumbutsa ndi zowonjezera.
Zisa ziwonongedwa ndi amalonda azinthu za anthu. Ma toucans amoyo amafunikira kwambiri. Mbalameyi imagulitsa bwino ngati chiweto. Choopseza chachikulu kwa ma toucans masiku ano ndikusowa malo okhala. Nkhalango zamvula zimakonzedwa kuti zithetse malo olimapo komanso omanga mafakitale.
Ku Peru, alimi a coca athamangitsa toucan wofiirira wachikaso m'malo mwake. Chifukwa cha kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, mtundu uwu wa toucan uli pachiwopsezo cha kutha chifukwa chotaya malo ake okhalitsa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Mlomo wa Toucan
Asayansi sanathebe kuwerengera molondola kuchuluka kwa ma toucans. Amadziwika kuti amakhala mdera lalikulu 9.6 miliyoni. Km. Mwa mitundu pafupifupi makumi asanu ya ma toucans omwe amadziwika ndi sayansi, ambiri ali pachiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri kwa anthu (LC mgulu lovomerezeka lapadziko lonse lapansi). Komabe, izi siziyenera kusocheretsa. Chiwerengero cha ma toucans chikuchepa, ndipo udindo wa LC umangotanthauza kuti kutsika kwa zaka 10 kapena mibadwo itatu sikunafikire 30 peresenti.
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mitundu ina ya anthu amtundu wa toucan ili pangozi yeniyeni chifukwa chodula mitengo mwachangu ndi minda ya koka. Chifukwa chake, mitundu iwiri ya andigen toucans - buluu andigena ndi andigena wokhala ndi nkhope zowoneka bwino - ali pachiwopsezo (NT). Nkhalango zonyowa za m'mapiri a Andes zimadulidwa ndi anthu wamba komanso mabungwe akuluakulu, chifukwa chake ma toucans amataya nyumba zawo ndipo adzawonongedwa.
Mtundu wa toucan wofiirira wachikasu waku Mexico komanso antigen wamawere agolide amakhala ofanana. Asayansi samapatula kutha kwa zamoyozi posachedwa ndipo amakhulupirira kuti amafunikira kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse ndi chitetezo. Mnzake wa toucan wamtundu wachikasu, toucan wamabele oyera, ali pachiwopsezo chochepa pang'ono - udindo wake pagulu lapadziko lonse lapansi umatchedwa "wosatetezeka" (VU). Monga lamulo, nyama zimagwera m'gululi, kuchuluka kwake sikunachepe kwambiri, koma malo awo akuwonongedwa ndi anthu.
Pali mitundu itatu ya ma toucans omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu - toucanet wachikaso wachikaso, arasari yolumikizidwa ndi ariel toucan. Onsewa ali ndi udindo wa EN - "ali pachiwopsezo". Mbalamezi zatsala pang'ono kutha ndipo kusungidwa kwawo kuthengo kuli kale chifukwa.
Chitetezo cha Toucan
Chithunzi: Toucan wochokera ku Red Book
Pambuyo pazaka zambiri zakugulitsa kunja kwa ma toucan, mayiko aku South America aletsa malonda apadziko lonse lapansi a mbalame zomwe zimakonda kugwira. Maboma atenga njira zingapo kuti asunge ziweto ndi chilengedwe cha ma toucans. Izi, kuphatikiza choletsa kusaka, zidathandizira kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mbalamezo.
Ndalama zopititsa patsogolo ntchito zokopa alendo komanso kukonza madera oyambilira amoyo ndi kuberekanso kwa ma toucans momwe adapangidwira zachepetsa mavuto amitundu ina yomwe yatsala pang'ono kutha. Komabe, kuletsa kusaka, kugwira ndi kugulitsa mbalame zakutchire m'maiko ena ku South America kwasamutsa malonda ogulitsa katundu kunja, kupita kudera lina. Kuphatikiza pa njira zobwezeretsa malo okhala mbalame zosowa, minda ikupangidwanso kuti izipanga mitundu yapadera. M'mikhalidwe yoyandikira kwachilengedwe, ma toucans amaberekanso bwino. Ana omwe amapezeka mu ukapolo amamasulidwa kudera lachilengedwe.
Omenyera ufulu wa nyama akutenga njira zingapo kuti apulumutse mbalame zomwe zatengedwa ukapolo, odwala ndi olumala. Ku Brazil, nkhani imadziwika pamene toucan wolumala wamkazi adakwanitsa kubwezeretsa mulomo wake. Prosthesis idapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chosindikizira cha 3D kuchokera kuzinthu zolimba za antibacterial. Anthu abwezeretsanso kuthekera kodyetsa ndi kusamalira anapiye pawokha.
Toucan - m'modzi mwa oimira owala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Imasiyanitsidwa osati ndi nthenga zake zowala komanso mawonekedwe achilendo, komanso ndi gulu lake lokwera pomwe limakhala kuthengo. Ali mu ukapolo, toucan imaweta mosavuta chifukwa cha chidwi chachilengedwe, kunyengerera komanso nzeru zambiri. Tsoka ilo, anthu omwe amakhala m'malo okhala ma toucans amawawononga chifukwa cha nthenga zawo zowala komanso nyama yokoma. Zotsatira zake, mitundu yambiri ya toucan amadziwika kuti ndi yotetezeka ndipo amatha kuzimiririka padziko lapansi.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05.05.2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 20.09.2019 pa 17:24
