Pali mbalame imodzi yochititsa chidwi mu banja lowoneka bwino - mynazomwe zimayambitsa machitidwe osiyanasiyana mwa anthu. Ena amam'pembedza chifukwa chodabwitsa kubwereza mawu osiyanasiyana (kuphatikizapo malankhulidwe a anthu). Ena akumenya nkhondo ya Mynah, akuwawona ngati adani oyipitsitsa omwe amawononga malo olimapo. Kodi mgodiwo umayimira chiyani ndipo ntchito yawo ndi yotani m'zinthu zamayiko osiyanasiyana?
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Maina
Mtundu wa Acridotheres udasankhidwa ndi katswiri wazachifalansa wa ku France Maturin Jacques Brisson mu 1816 ndipo pambuyo pake adadziwika kuti myna wamba. Dzinalo Acridotheres limaphatikiza mawu achi Greek akale akridos "dzombe" ndi -thēras "msaki".
Ma Main (Acridotheres) ndiogwirizana kwambiri ndi gulu la mbalame zakunyanja zochokera ku Eurasia, monga mbalame zodziwika bwino, komanso mitundu ya ku Africa monga nyenyezi zowala za Lamprotornis. Zikuwoneka ngati akhala amodzi mwamagulu omwe akukula kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Mitundu yonse yaku Africa idachokera kwa makolo omwe adabwera kuchokera ku Central Asia ndipo adasinthidwa kukhala malo otentha kwambiri.
Kanema: Maina
Ayenera kuti anali atadzipatula pakugawana kwawo pomwe magawikidwe amasinthidwe adakhudza mitundu yowala ndi mitundu ya Sturnia koyambirira kwa Pliocene, pomwe Earth idasinthiratu kumapeto kwa madzi oundana zaka 5 miliyoni zapitazo.
Mtunduwo uli ndi mitundu khumi:
- myna wachinyamata (A. cristatellus);
- nkhalango (A. fuscus);
- myna yoyang'ana kutsogolo (A. javanicus);
- kolala myna (A. albocinctus);
- msewu wokhala ndi mphika (A. cinereus);
- njira yayikulu (A. grandis);
- myna yamapiko akuda (A. melanopterus);
- msewu wopita patsogolo (A. burmannicus);
- Mainana m'mphepete mwa nyanja (A. ginginianus);
- myna wamba (A. tristis).
Mitundu ina iwiri, nyenyezi yotchedwa red-billed starling (Sturnus sericeus) ndi mtundu wa imvi (Sturnus cineraceus), ndi mitundu yayikulu mgululi, koma ili pafupi kwambiri ndi mtundu wa Lepidoptera wabanja loyang'aniridwa ndi nkhanga ndi banja laling'ono la Arsenurinae. Amakhulupirira kuti amapatsidwa cholakwika ndi mtundu wa Acridotheres.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mbalame myna
Maina ndi mbalame yochokera kubanja lowoneka bwino (Sturnidae). Ndi gulu la mbalame zodutsa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "Selarang" ndi "Teck Meng" m'Malay ndi China, motsatana, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo. Anga si gulu lachilengedwe. Mawu akuti "myna" amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza nyenyezi iliyonse ku Indian subcontinent. Dera lino lakhala likulamulidwa ndi mitunduyo kawiri pakusintha kwa nyenyezi.
Ndi mbalame zazing'ono zazikulu ndi miyendo yolimba. Amathawa mwachangu komanso mwachangu, ndipo amakhala ochezeka. Mitundu yambiri yamatope mumabowo. Mitundu ina yatchuka chifukwa cha luso lawo lotsanzira.
Mitundu yofala kwambiri ya myna imakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 23 mpaka 26 ndipo imalemera magalamu 82 mpaka 143. Mapiko awo ndi 120 mpaka 142 mm. Mkazi ndi wamwamuna nthawi zambiri amakhala monomorphic - wamwamuna amakhala wokulirapo pang'ono ndipo amakhala ndi mapiko okulirapo pang'ono. Mynae wamba amakhala ndi milomo yachikaso, miyendo ndi khungu kuzungulira maso. Nthengazo ndi zofiirira komanso zakuda pamutu. Ali ndi mawanga oyera kumapeto kwa mchira wawo ndi ziwalo zina za thupi lawo. Mu anapiye, mitu yawo imatulutsa utoto wakuda.
Nthenga za mbalame sizowala pang'ono, kupatula mitu ndi michira yayitali, mosiyana ndi makolo awo. Anga nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndimanorin akuda. Mosiyana ndi mynae wamba, mbalamezi ndizokulirapo pang'ono ndipo makamaka imvi. Mna wa ku Balinese watsala pang'ono kutha kuthengo. Mbalame yotchedwa omnivorous open forest yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zolimba, myna imasinthasintha bwino kupita kumatauni.
Kodi myna amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Myna nyama
Mains amapezeka ku South Asia. Mitundu yawo yobereketsa imachokera ku Afghanistan kudzera ku India ndi Sri Lanka mpaka Bangladesh. Ankapezeka kumadera ambiri otentha padziko lapansi, kupatula South America. Myna wamba ndi mitundu yokhazikika ku India, ngakhale mbalame zimayenda maulendo akummawa ndi kumadzulo nthawi zina.
Mitundu iwiriyi imayimiriridwa kwina kulikonse. Myna wamba watumizidwa ndikubweretsa ku Africa, Hawaii, Israel, kumwera kwa North America, New Zealand ndi Australia, ndipo myna yopezeka ku Vancouver, Colombia.
Nthawi zina mbalame imapezeka ku Russia. Kulimba mtima kwake modabwitsa kumathandizira kukulitsa anthu mwachangu. Kuwonjezeka kowonjezeka kwamanambala kumatha kuwonedwa ku Moscow. Makolo a madera akumaloko anali mynahs, omwe amapezeka m'masitolo a ziweto ndi okonda ziweto osadziwa kuphunzitsa chilankhulo chawo.
Mbalamezi zimakhala ndi luso lotere kwakanthawi, chifukwa chotsatsa mosalekeza, nzika zambiri zikuluzikuluzi zapeza misewu yachilendo. Komabe, popita nthawi, ophunzira omwe ali ndi nthenga adapezeka mumsewu - kukhala limodzi ndi mbalame yolira kwambiri ndikosapiririka, muyenera kukhala wokonda kwambiri kapena wogontha m'makutu onse awiri kuti musangalale kukhala nawo.
Myna wamba amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana m'malo otentha okhala ndi madzi. Mwachilengedwe, myna amakhala m'malo otseguka alimi m'minda. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka kunja kwa mzinda m'minda yam'munda, m'chipululu kapena m'nkhalango. Mbalamezi zimapewa zomera zobiriwira.
Malo okhala Myna anali:
- Iran;
- Pakistan;
- India;
- Nepal;
- Butane;
- Bangladesh;
- Sri Lanka
- Afghanistan;
- Uzbekistan;
- Tajikistan;
- Turkmenistan;
- Myanmar;
- Malaysia;
- Singapore;
- chilumba Thailand;
- Indochina;
- Japan;
- Zilumba za Ryukyu;
- China.
Amakonda kupezeka m'nkhalango zowuma komanso nkhalango zotseguka pang'ono. Kuzilumba za Hawaii, mbalame zalembedwa pamtunda wa mamita 3000 pamwamba pa nyanja. Ntchentche zimakonda kugona usiku m'mitengo yakutali ya mitengo yayitali yokhala ndi denga lolimba.
Kodi myna amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Maina mwachilengedwe
Anga ndi omnivores, amadyetsa pafupifupi chilichonse. Chakudya chawo chachikulu chimakhala zipatso, mbewu, mphutsi, ndi tizilombo. Kuphatikiza apo, amasaka mazira ndi anapiye amitundu ina. Nthawi zina amapita m'madzi osaya kuti akagwire nsomba. Koma nthawi zambiri myna imadyetsa pansi.
M'malo okhala, mbalame zimadya chilichonse kuchokera ku zinyalala zodyedwa mpaka zinyalala zakhitchini. Mbalame zimadyanso nyama zazing'ono monga mbewa, komanso abuluzi ndi njoka zazing'ono. Amakonda akangaude, mbozi ndi nkhanu. Myna wamba amadyetsa makamaka mbewu ndi zipatso, komanso timadzi tokoma ndi maluwa.
Chakudya cha Myna chimaphatikizapo:
- amphibiya;
- zokwawa;
- nsomba;
- mazira;
- zovunda;
- tizilombo;
- nyamakazi zapadziko lapansi;
- ziphuphu;
- nyongolotsi zam'madzi kapena zam'madzi;
- nkhanu;
- mbewu;
- mbewu;
- mtedza;
- zipatso;
- timadzi tokoma;
- maluwa.
Mbalamezi zimabweretsa zabwino zachilengedwe mwakupha dzombe ndi kugwira ziwala. Chifukwa chake, mtunduwo udalandira dzina lake lachilatini lotchedwa Acridotheres, "wosaka ziwala." Myna amadya tizilombo 150,000 pachaka.
Mbalamezi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti mungu uyambe kuyendetsa mungu ndi kufalitsa mbewu ndi mitengo yambiri. Ku Hawaii, imabalalitsa mbewu za Lantana Camara komanso imathandizira kulimbana ndi nyongolotsi (Spodoptera mauritia). M'madera omwe adayambitsidwa, kupezeka kwa mynae kudakhudza mitundu ya mbalame zachilengedwe chifukwa chofunafuna mazira ndi anapiye.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Changa
Misewu yodziwika ndi nyama zocheza. Mbalame zazing'ono zimapanga timagulu tating'ono atasiya makolo awo. Akuluakulu amadyetsa pagulu la 5 kapena 6, lopangidwa ndi mbalame, magulu awiri ndi mabanja. Kunja kwa nyengo yoswana, amakhala m'magulu akulu omwe amatha kuyambira pa makumi mpaka masauzande. Malo oterewa ndi othandiza kuti mutetezedwe ku adani. Nthawi yoswana, myna imatha kukhala yankhanza komanso yankhanza, kupikisana ndi ena awiriwa kuti ipezere malo okhala.
Mbalamezi nthawi zambiri zimawerengedwa kuti ndizosamalitsa komanso kucheza. Amatenga nawo mbali posindikiza awiriawiri. Mitundu ina imadziwika kuti ndi mbalame zomwe zimalankhula chifukwa chokhoza kubereka mawu osiyanasiyana komanso malankhulidwe a anthu.
Zing'onozing'ono zimadziwika za kutalika kwa moyo wa mbalame. Ambiri amavomereza kuti zaka zapakati pa moyo wa amuna ndi akazi ndi zaka 4. Kuperewera kwa chakudya kapena zinthu zina ndizolepheretsa kupulumuka kwa mgodi. Kusasankhidwa bwino kwa malo okhala zisa ndi nyengo yovuta ndizo zina zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu akufa.
Amayankhula amalankhula ndi anthu ena komanso mitundu ina ya mbalame. Amakhala ndi ma alamu osiyanasiyana omwe amatha kuchenjeza mbalame zina. Masana, maanja opuma mumthunzi amatulutsanso "nyimbo" mwa kuwerama ndi kuwerama nthenga zawo. Pangozi ikayandikira, mynae amatulutsa kufuula kwaphokoso.
Nthawi zina makolo amatulutsa trill wapadera akafika pachisa ndi chakudya. Chizindikiro ichi chimapangitsa anapiye kupemphapempha. Akaidi, amatha kutsanzira malankhulidwe a anthu. Amuna amayimba pafupipafupi. Mbalame zambirimbiri zimaimba nawo nyimbo zaphokoso kwambiri dzuwa likatuluka komanso likamalowa.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Myna Birds
Ma Lainas nthawi zambiri amakhala okhaokha komanso gawo limodzi. Mabanja achi Hawaii amakhala limodzi chaka chonse. M'madera ena, maanja amapangika kumayambiriro kwamasika. Pakati pa nyengo yobereketsa (Okutobala mpaka Marichi), mpikisano wampikisano wadzikoli umakula. Nthawi zina kumachitika nkhondo zowopsa pakati pa mabanja awiri. Chibwenzi cha amuna chimadziwika ndikupendekeka ndikudula mutu, limodzi ndi trill.
Maina amamenyera mwankhanza malo obisalira m'mabowo, kufunafuna omwe akupikisana nawo ngakhale kutaya anapiye a mbalame zina pachisa.
Mynae amakula msinkhu wazaka pafupifupi 1. Zazikazi zimaikira mazira anayi mpaka asanu mu clutch. Nthawi yosamalitsa ndi masiku 13 mpaka 18, pomwe makolo onse amakwiririra mazira. Anapiye amatha kuchoka pachisa pakatha masiku 22 ataswa, komabe satha kuwuluka masiku ena asanu ndi awiri kapena kupitirirapo. Zimanenedwa kuti, kutengera komwe kuli, Mynah imaswana kamodzi kapena katatu pachaka.
M'nyumba mwawo, mbalame zimayamba kumanga chisa mu Marichi, ndipo kubereka kumatenga mpaka Seputembara. Ngakhale anapiye atasiya chisa, makolo amatha kupitiriza kudyetsa ndi kuteteza ana amenewa kwa miyezi 1.5 ataswedwa. Makolo awiriwa amatenganso gawo limodzi pomanga ndikuteteza malo okhala zisa. Zimasanganirana mazira pamodzi, koma yaikazi imathera nthawi yochuluka pachisa. Amadyetsa yekha usiku wonse, ndipo yamphongo nthawi pang'ono masana.
Anapiye anaswa khungu. Makolo onse amadyetsa ana pafupifupi milungu itatu pachisa ndi masabata atatu panthawi yothamanga atachoka pachisa. Makolo amanyamula chakudya kupita ku anapiye awo milomo yawo. Anapiye achichepere akakhala odziyimira pawokha, nthawi zina amapitilizabe kudyetsa ndi makolo awo, pomwe makolowo amapitiliza kuwateteza kwa adani. Mbalame zina zazing'ono zimayamba kumangirira ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi inayi yokha, koma sizimakonda kuswana mchaka choyamba cha moyo.
Adani anga achilengedwe
Chithunzi: Myna wamba
Zing'onozing'ono zimadziwika za olowera munjira. Njoka zam'deralo zimatha kulimbana ndi mbalame ndipo mwina zimatenga mazira awo. Achifwamba-akuba ndi khwangwala wonyezimira (Corvus Splendens) ndi amphaka am'nyumba (Felis Silvestris). Kuphatikiza apo, mongoose waku Javanese (Herpestes javanicus) amalanda zisa kuti atenge anapiye ndi mazira. Anthu (Homo sapiens) kuzilumba zina za Pacific amadya mbalamezi. Myna amakhala limodzi kuti adziteteze ku adani, ndikupanga magulu ambiri. Amachenjezana ndi phokoso lowopsa la ngozi yomwe ikubwera.
Koma kupatula izi, anthu amayesetsa kuwononga mgodi, tk. Amathamangitsa oimira nyama zakomweko. Kwa zaka zambiri, ofufuza mbalame akhala akuonerera mokhumudwa pamene mana akuyamba kulamulira mizinda yawo yokumba, ikumakhala m'mizinda yambiri. Poona kuchuluka kwa mbalame zomwe zikuluzikulu zomwe zidalanda mizinda yamtendere ndi mawu awo osokosera komanso malingaliro oyipa kwa mitundu ina ya mbalame, anthu adayamba kubwezera.
Komabe, myna ndiwanzeru kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amazemba omwe amawasaka, pogwiritsa ntchito luntha lawo komanso machitidwe ovuta kuphunzira. Amaphunzira msanga kupeŵa msampha uliwonse womwe angawatchere ndipo akagwidwa, amachenjeza anzawo kuti asayerekeze kutulutsa mawu okhumudwitsa.
Koma mgodiwo uli ndi zofooka ndipo wagwiritsidwa ntchito mochenjera mumsampha watsopano wopangidwa kuti ukole mbalamezi. Msamphawu tsopano ukuyesedwa koyambirira koyamba. Sizochita zamakono, koma zimachokera kumvetsetsa bwino za biology ndi khalidwe langa.
Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti zimapatsa mbalame nyumba kutali ndi kwawo, zimaitana mbalamezo ndikuzikopa kuti zizikhala. Mbalame zimadya kwa masiku angapo ndipo kudalirana kukakhazikitsidwa, ndizosavuta kugwira. Nthawi zina mbalame zingapo zimagwidwa kuti zikope ena. Ngakhale kuli mdima ndipo mbalame zikugona mwakachetechete, msampha wokhala ndi mbalamezo ukhoza kuchotsedwa ndipo mbalamezo ziwonongedwe ndi kaboni dayokisaidi. Msampha ukhoza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito tsiku lotsatira.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Myna nyama
Mgodiwo umatha kukhazikika m'malo aliwonse okhala ndipo, chifukwa chake, asanduka zamoyo zouluka m'malo omwe sanabadwe. Amawerengedwa ngati tizirombo chifukwa amadya mbewu kapena zipatso za zokolola monga mitengo ya mkuyu ndi zina.Maina amawerengedwanso kuti ndi mtundu wosokoneza chifukwa cha phokoso ndi zitosi zomwe zimatulutsa pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu.
Mitundu ya Myna ikukula mofulumira kwambiri kotero kuti mu 2000 adalengezedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwamitundu yovuta kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi IUCN Species Survival Commission. Mbalameyi yakhala imodzi mwa mbalame zitatu mwa mitundu 100 yomwe imakhudza zachilengedwe, ulimi komanso zofuna za anthu. Makamaka, mitunduyi imawopseza kwambiri zachilengedwe ku Australia, komwe yatchedwa "Tizilombo / Vuto Lalikulu Kwambiri".
Maina amakula bwino m'mizinda komanso kumatauni. Mwachitsanzo, ku Canberra, anthu 110 amtunduwu adamasulidwa pakati pa 1968 ndi 1971. Pofika 1991, kuchuluka kwa myna ku Canberra kunali pafupifupi mbalame 15 pa kilomita imodzi. Patatha zaka zitatu, kafukufuku wachiwiri adawonetsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame 75 pa kilomita lalikulu m'dera lomwelo.
Mbalameyi imachokera ku kusintha kwake chifukwa cha kusintha kwake m'mizinda ndi m'matawuni a Sydney ndi Canberra. Kukulira m'malo otseguka a nkhalango ku India, myna idasinthidwa kukhala malo owongoka ndipo kulibe zomera zomwe zimapezeka m'misewu yamatawuni ndi malo achitetezo am'mizinda.
Wamba myna (pamodzi ndi nyenyezi za ku Ulaya, mpheta zam'nyumba ndi nkhunda zakutchire zam'mapiri) zimawononga nyumba zamzindawu. Zisa zake zimatchingidwa ndi ngalande ndi mapaipi, zomwe zimabweretsa mavuto kunja kwa nyumba.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05/06/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 25.09.2019 pa 13:36
