Mphungu yamphongo amadziwika ndi chitsanzo cha mphamvu ndi kupambana, ufulu ndi ukulu. Mbalame yodya nyama ku North America ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zadziko ku United States ndipo ndi ya banja la mphamba. Amwenye amadziwika kuti mbalameyi ndi mulungu; nthano zambiri ndi miyambo zimagwirizana nawo. Zithunzi zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zipewa, zishango, mbale ndi zovala.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Mphungu Yakuda
Mu 1766, katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Sweden Karl Linnaeus adaika chiwombankhanga ngati mbalame ya falcon ndipo adatcha mtundu wa Falco leucocephalus. Patatha zaka 53, katswiri wazachilengedwe waku France a Jules Savigny adaphatikizanso mbalameyo mu mtundu wa Haliaeetus (wotanthauziridwa kwenikweni ngati chiwombankhanga cha m'nyanja), yomwe mpaka pamenepo inali ya mphungu yoyera yokha.
Mbalame zonsezi ndi achibale apafupi kwambiri. Kutengera kusanthula kwa mamolekyulu, zawululidwa kuti kholo lawo limodzi limasiyana ndi ziwombankhanga zaka pafupifupi 28 miliyoni zapitazo. Zina mwa zinthu zakale kwambiri zakale zomwe zilipo ndi zomwe zimapezeka kuphanga ku Colorado. Malinga ndi asayansi, ali zaka 680-770,000.
Kanema: Mphungu Yakuda
Pali mitundu iwiri ya mphungu, kusiyana pakati pawo kumangokhala kukula. Ma subspecies akuluakulu amagawidwa ku Oregon, Wyoming, Minnesota, Michigan, South Dakota, New Jersey, ndi Pennsylvania. Mpikisano wachiwiri umakhala m'malire akumwera kwa United States ndi Mexico.
Kuyambira 1972, mbalameyi yakhala ikuwonetsedwa pa Chisindikizo Chachikulu ku United States. Ndiponso, chithunzi cha mphungu yamphongo chimasindikizidwa pamabuku a banki, zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro zina za boma. Pa malaya aku United States, mbalameyo imakhala ndi nthambi ya azitona paw e imodzi ngati chizindikiro chamtendere, ndipo inayo muvi ngati chizindikiro cha nkhondo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mphungu yamphongo
Ziwombankhanga zili pakati pa mbalame zazikulu kwambiri ku North America. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, iwo ndi otsika kwambiri kukula kwake - chiwombankhanga choyera. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika masentimita 80-120, kulemera 3-6 makilogalamu, mapiko otalika masentimita 180-220. Amayi ndi akulu kuposa 1/4 kuposa amuna.
Mbalame zomwe zimakhala kumpoto kwa malowa ndizochulukirapo kuposa zomwe zimakhala kumwera:
- ku South Carolina pafupifupi kulemera kwa mbalame ndi 3.28 kg;
- ku Alaska - 4.6 makilogalamu azimuna ndi 6.3 azimayi.
Mlomo ndi wautali, wagolide wachikaso, wolumikizidwa. Ziphuphu pazithunzithunzi zimapatsa ziombankhanga nkhope. Mapiko ndi achikasu owala, opanda nthenga. Zala zazitali zamphamvu zimakhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa. Khola lakumbuyo limapangidwa bwino, chifukwa chake amatha kugwira nyama ndi zala zawo zakutsogolo, ndipo ndi nkhono yakumbuyo, ngati nkhwangwa, imaboola ziwalo zofunika za wozunzidwayo.
Maso ndi achikaso. Mapikowo ndi otakasuka, mchira wake ndiwokulirapo. Mbalame zazing'ono zili ndi mutu ndi mchira wakuda. Thupi limatha kukhala loyera-bulauni. Pofika chaka chachisanu ndi chimodzi cha moyo, nthenga zimakhala ndi utoto. Kuyambira pano, mutu ndi mchira zimakhala zoyera motsutsana ndi thupi lakuda pafupifupi.
Anapiye oswedwa kumene amakhala ndi khungu la pinki, ofiira m'malo otuwa m'malo ena, zolimbitsa thupi. Pambuyo pa masabata atatu, khungu limakhala lamtambo, zikhomo zimakhala zachikasu. Nthenga zoyambirira ndizokongoletsa. Zizindikiro zoyera zimawoneka ndi zaka zitatu. Pofika zaka 3.5, mutuwo umakhala woyera.
Mwa mawonekedwe ake onse okhwima, mawu a mbalamezi ndi ofowoka komanso osalira. Phokoso lomwe amapanga limakhala ngati likhweru. Amatchedwa "kukankha mwachangu". M'nyengo yozizira, palimodzi ndi ziwombankhanga zina, mbalame zimakonda kulira.
Kodi chiwombankhanga chimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Nyama yamphongo yamphongo
Malo okhala mbalame amapezeka makamaka ku Canada, United States ndi kumpoto kwa Mexico. Komanso, anthu amadziwika pazilumba zaku France za Saint-Pierre ndi Miquelon. Chiwombankhanga chachikulu kwambiri chili m'malo omwe ali pafupi ndi nyanja, mitsinje ndi nyanja. Nthawi zina anthu payekha amawoneka ku Bermuda, Puerto Rico, Ireland.
Mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, mbalame zodya nyama zimawonedwa ku Russia Far East. Paulendo wa Vitus Bering, ofisala waku Russia adati mu lipoti lake kuti ofufuza omwe adakhala nthawi yachisanu kuzilumba za Commander adadya nyama ya chiwombankhanga. M'zaka za zana la 20, palibe zisonyezo zomwe zidapezeka m'malo amenewa.
Malo okhala mbalame zodya nyama nthawi zonse amakhala pafupi ndi matupi akulu amadzi - nyanja, mitsinje ikuluikulu ndi nyanja, mitsinje. Mphepete mwa nyanja ndi osachepera 11 kilomita kutalika. Kwa banja logona, malo okwanira mahekitala asanu ndi atatu amafunika. Kusankha gawo mwachindunji kumadalira kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chingapezeke kuno. Ngati malowa ali ndi zofunkha, kuchuluka kwake kudzakhala kwakukulu.
Mbalame zimakhazikika m'nkhalango zowirira, zosaposa 200 mita kuchokera kumadzi. Kuti apange chisa, mtengo waukulu wokhala ndi korona wamkulu amafunidwa. Pakati pa nyengo yoswana, pewani malo omwe anthu amakhala nthawi zambiri, ngakhale ili ndi malo okhala nyama zambiri.
Ngati madzi m'derali atakutidwa ndi ayezi m'nyengo yozizira, ziwombankhanga zimasamukira kumwera, kupita kumalo okhala ndi nyengo yabwino. Amayendayenda okha, koma usiku amatha kusonkhana m'magulu. Ngakhale zibwenzi zimauluka padera, zimapezana nthawi yachisanu ndipo zimakhalanso zisawiri.
Kodi chiwombankhanga chimadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Eagle Bald USA
Zakudya za mbalame zodya nyama zimakhala ndi nsomba ndi masewera ang'onoang'ono. Ngati ndi kotheka, chiwombankhanga chimatha kutenga chakudya cha nyama zina kapena kudya chovunda. Potengera kusanthula kofananako, zidatsimikiziridwa kuti 58% yazakudya zonse zodyedwa ndi nsomba, 26% ndi ya nkhuku, 14% ya nyama zoyamwitsa ndi 2% yamagulu ena. Ziwombankhanga zimakonda nsomba kuposa mitundu ina ya chakudya.
Kutengera boma, mbalame zimadya:
- Salimoni;
- nsomba ya coho;
- Nyemba za Pacific;
- Chukuchan wamilomo yayikulu;
- carp;
- nsomba ya trauti;
- mullet;
- pike wakuda;
- mabokosi ang'onoang'ono.
Ngati dziwe silikwanira, ziwombankhanga zimasaka mbalame zina:
- nsomba zam'madzi;
- abakha;
- chimbudzi;
- atsekwe;
- nswala.
Nthawi zina amapha anthu akuluakulu monga tsekwe zoyera, nyanja, chungu choyera. Chifukwa chotetezedwa pang'ono ndi gulu la mbalame zachikoloni, ziwombankhanga zimawaukira kuchokera mlengalenga, ndikugwira anapiye ndi akulu omwe pa ntchentche, ndipo amatha kuba ndikudya mazira awo. Gawo lochepa la zakudya zimachokera kuzilombo.
Kupatula nyama yakufa, ziwombankhanga zonse sizikulu kuposa kalulu kukula kwake:
- makoswe;
- kusokoneza
- akalulu;
- mikwingwirima yamizeremizere;
- gophers.
Anthu ena okhala pazilumbazi amatha kusaka zisindikizo zazing'ono, mikango yam'nyanja, otter am'nyanja. Kuyesera kusaka ziweto kudalembedwa. Komabe amakonda kupitilira anthu ndikusaka kuthengo. Ziwombankhanga sizichita nawo nkhondo yosalingana ndi nyama zazikulu komanso zamphamvu.
Komabe, pali umboni wotsimikizira za mlandu umodzi pomwe chiwombankhanga chimamenya nkhosa yapakati yomwe imalemera makilogalamu oposa 60.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Mphungu Yakuda
Chilombocho chimasaka makamaka m'madzi osaya. Ali mlengalenga, amawona nyama, akumira pansi mwamphamvu ndikumugwira mwamphamvu. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, amatha kunyowetsa miyendo yake yokha, nthenga zonse zimangowuma. Liwiro laulendo wabwinobwino ndi makilomita 55-70 pa ola limodzi, ndipo kuthamanga pamadzi ndi makilomita 125-165 pa ola limodzi.
Kulemera kwa nyama yawo nthawi zambiri kumasiyana pakati pa makilogalamu 1-3. Ngakhale m'mabukuwa muli zodalirika zotchulira momwe chilombocho chimanyamula mwana wagwape wolemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 6, ndikuyika mbiri pakati pa mitundu yake. Iwo ali ndi minga pa zala zawo zomwe zimathandiza kusunga nyama.
Katundu akakhala wolemera kwambiri, amakokera ziombankhanga m'madzi, kenako zimasambira kupita kumtunda. Ngati madzi ndi ozizira kwambiri, mbalame imatha kufa ndi hypothermia. Ziwombankhanga zimatha kusaka limodzi: imodzi imasokoneza wovulalayo, pomwe inayo imaziukira kumbuyo. Amakonda kugwira nyama mwadzidzidzi.
Ziwombankhanga zimadziwika kuti zimatenga chakudya kuchokera ku mbalame kapena nyama zina. Zakudya zomwe zimapezeka motere zimapanga 5% yazakudya zonse. Poona kusowa kosakwanira kwakusaka, achinyamata amakonda kuchita izi. Pakakhala mkangano ndi iwo omwe ziwombankhanga zabera nyama zawo, eni akewo akhoza kudya okha.
Kutchire, nthawi yomwe mbalame zodya nyama zimatha kukhala zaka 17-20. Mphungu yakale kwambiri mpaka 2010 imadziwika kuti ndi mbalame yaku Maine. Pa nthawi ya imfa yake, anali ndi zaka 32 ndi miyezi 11. Mbalame m'mabwinja zimakhala nthawi yayitali - mpaka zaka 36.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Bald Eagle Red Book
Kukula msinkhu kumachitika zaka 4-7. Ziwombankhanga ndi mbalame zokhazokha zokhazokha: zimakhalira ndi mkazi m'modzi yekha. Amakhulupirira kuti abwenzi amakhala okhulupirika kwa wina ndi mnzake moyo wawo wonse. Komabe, izi sizowona. Ngati wina sabwerera kozizira, wachiwiri akufuna banja lina. Zomwezo zimachitika pomwe m'modzi mwa awiriwa sangathe kuberekana.
M'nyengo yokwatirana, mbalame zimathamangitsana modzidzimutsa, zimagwa m'malere ndikuchita zanzeru zosiyanasiyana. Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi pamene othandizana nawo amalumikizana ndi zikhadabo ndipo, potembenuka, amagwa. Amatsegula zala zawo pansi pomwepo kenako amauluka. Amuna ndi akazi amatha kukhala limodzi panthambi ndikudziphatana ndi milomo yawo.
Pambuyo pakupanga awiriwa, mbalamezo zimasankha malo oti zibowole mtsogolo. Ku Florida, nyengo yodzala zisawawa imayamba mu Okutobala, ku Alaska kuyambira Januware, ku Ohio kuyambira Okutobala. Nyumba ya mbalame imamangidwa mu chisoti cha mtengo wamoyo pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Nthawi zina zisa zimakhala zazikulu modabwitsa.
Ziwombankhanga zimamanga zisa zazikulu kwambiri ku North America. Mmodzi wa iwo alembedwa mu Guinness Book of Records. Kutalika kwake kunali mamita 6 ndipo kulemera kwake kunaposa matani awiri.
Patatha mwezi umodzi kuchokera pamene ntchito yomanga idayamba, zazikazi zimayikira mazira 1 mpaka 3 pakadutsa masiku awiri. Ngati zowalamulira zawonongeka, zazikazi zimayikiranso mazira. Anapiye amaswa patatha masiku 35. Chifukwa chakusiyanitsidwa, ena amabadwa kale, ena pambuyo pake. Mkazi amakhala mchisa nthawi zonse ndipo amadyetsa ana. Wamphongo amapeza chakudya.
Pakadutsa sabata la 6, anapiyewo amadziwa kuduladula nyama, ndipo pofika 10 amayamba kuwuluka koyamba. Pakati pake, zimatha polephera ndipo ana amakhala milungu ingapo pansi. Ataphunzira kuuluka, anapiyewo amakhala limodzi ndi makolo awo kwakanthawi, kenako amangochokapo.
Adani achilengedwe a ziwombankhanga
Chithunzi: Mphungu Yaku America
Popeza mbalame zodya nyama zili pamwamba pa chakudya, zilibe mdani wina aliyense kupatulapo anthu. Zisa zitha kuwonongedwa ndi nkhandwe kapena akadzidzi a ziwombankhanga, akufuna kudya mazira. Ngati nyumba ya chiwombankhanga ili pansi, nkhandwe za Arctic zimatha kulowa mmenemo.
Pa nthawi yakusamuka kwakukulu, okhalawo adasaka mbalame zamasewera ndikuwombera chifukwa cha nthenga zawo zokongola. M'malo awo, mitengo idadulidwa ndipo gombe linamangidwa. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa midzi, madzi adatha. Izi zidapangitsa kuti awononge malo omwe mbalame zimakhala zaka makumi angapo zapitazo.
Amwenye a Ojibwe amakhulupirira kuti mafupa a ziwombankhanga amathandiza kuthana ndi matenda, ndipo zikhadabo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokongoletsera ndi zithumwa. Nthenga zimaperekedwa kwa asirikali kuti achite mwapadera ndipo zimadutsa mibadwomibadwo. Mbalame zinkaonedwa ngati amithenga a Mulungu.
Alimi sanakonde ziwombankhanga chifukwa chowukiridwa ndi mbalame zoweta. Amakhulupiliranso kuti nyama zolusa zikugwira nsomba zochuluka kwambiri m'madzi. Pofuna kudziteteza, nzika zija zidawaza nyama zakupha ndi mitembo ya ng'ombe. Pofika chaka cha 1930, mbalameyi inali yachilendo ku United States ndipo inkakhala ku Alaska.
Kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a DDT tinkagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi. Mbalame mosadziwa idadya ndi chakudya, chifukwa chake kagayidwe kashiamu m'matupi awo adasokonekera. Mazirawo amakhala osalimba kwambiri ndipo amathyoka polemera akazi.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chiwombankhanga chikuthawa
Mpaka pomwe azungu adakhazikika ku North America, pafupifupi ziwombankhanga zikwi mazana asanu zimakhala pano. Wojambula John Audubon adasindikiza nkhani m'magazini yake pakati pa zaka za zana la 19, kufotokoza nkhawa zake pakuwombera mbalame. Ananena zowona, ziwombankhanga zasanduka mitundu yosawerengeka ku United States.
M'zaka za m'ma 1950, panali pafupifupi 50 zikwi zolusa. Kutsatira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe adawononga ziwombankhanga zam'madzi, kuwerengetsa kovomerezeka kudachitika koyambirira kwa zaka za 1960, pomwe 478 mitundu yobereketsa idalembedwa.
Mu 1972, aboma adakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa poyizoni ndipo chiwerengerocho chidayamba kuchira mwachangu. Mu 2006, chiŵerengero cha maanja chinawonjezeka kuposa nthawi 20, poyerekeza ndi 1963 - mpaka 9879. Mu 1992, kuchuluka kwa ziwombankhanga padziko lonse lapansi kunali anthu 115,000, pomwe 50,000 amakhala ku Alaska ndi 20 ku British Columbia.
Mkhalidwe wosamalira nyama zolusa wasintha kangapo. Mu 1967, kum'mwera kwa nkhalangoyi, mbalame zimadziwika ngati nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha. Mu 1978, udindo udafika kumayiko onse, kuphatikiza Michigan, Oregon, Wisconsin, Minnesota ndi Washington.
Mu 1995, chisamaliro chidatsitsidwa kukhala Pangozi. Mu 2007, atabwezeretsa chiwerengerocho, sanachotsedwe m'magulu onse awiriwa. Lamulo la 1940 loteteza chitetezo cha ziwombankhanga likugwirabe ntchito, chifukwa malowa akuchepa chaka chilichonse, ndipo opha nyama mosalekeza saleka kusaka mbalame.
Alonda a Chiwombankhanga
Chithunzi: Mphungu yamphongo kuchokera ku Red Book
Mu International Red Data Book, mitunduyi imagawidwa m'gulu lomwe silikukhudzidwa kwenikweni. Mu Red Book of the Russian Federation, amapatsidwa udindo wosadziwika (gulu 4). Mapangano angapo apadziko lonse lapansi ndi Convention on International Trade in Banned Species amalimbikitsa kuteteza mitundu.
Kuyambira 1918, pakhala mgwirizano pakati pa United States ndi Great Britain yoletsa kuwombera mitundu yoposa 600 ya mbalame zosamuka. Mu 1940, mphungu yamphongo idayambitsidwa. Panali lamulo lofala lolanga chiwonongeko, malonda ndi kupezeka kwa mbalame kapena mazira awo. Canada ili ndi lamulo lina loletsa kukhala ndi mbalame kapena ziwalo zawo.
Kukhala ndi mbalame ku United States kumafuna chilolezo cholembedwa kuchokera ku Chiwonetsero cha Mphungu. Komabe, laisensiyo imaperekedwa kwa aliyense amene angafune, koma mabungwe aboma monga malo osungira nyama, malo owonetsera zakale, komanso magulu asayansi. Ikhoza kwa zaka zitatu. Bungweli liyenera kupatsa mbalame osati malo abwino okha, komanso ndi ogwira ntchito ophunzitsidwa mwapadera.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20, pomwe kupulumuka kwa zamoyozi kudawopsezedwa, mapulogalamu ambiri adapangidwa kuti athe kubereketsa mitunduyo pomangidwa ndikutulutsa anapiye kuthengo. Ornithologists adapanga angapo awiriawiri. Anasamutsa chowombera choyamba pachofungatira, chachiwiri chidakonzedwa ndi akazi. Pakadali pano pulogalamuyi, anthu 123 adakwezedwa.
Masiku ano mphungu yamphongo amapezeka kulikonse ku United States monga zikwangwani zankhondo, miyezo ya purezidenti, ndalama imodzi ya dollar, ndi ndalama za 25 cent. Chithunzicho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mabizinesi azinsinsi kuti alengeze kochokera ku America, monga American Airlines kapena Pratt Whitney.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 05/07/2019
Tsiku losinthidwa: 20.09.2019 pa 17:34
