Nyalugwe wam'nyanja Ndi cholengedwa chodabwitsa chomwe chimakhala m'madzi a Antarctic. Ngakhale zisindikizozi zimagwira ntchito yapaderadera ku Antarctic, nthawi zambiri samamvetsetsa kuti ndi zamoyo. Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa za moyo wa nyamayi yoopsa yaku Southern Ocean yomwe muyenera kudziwa. Chisindikizo chamtunduwu chimakhala pafupifupi pamwamba pomwe pazakudya. Ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha utoto wake.
Chiyambi cha mitundu ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Leopard
Kwa nthawi yayitali kumaganiziridwa kuti nyama zam'madzi zam'magulu am'magazi zidachokera kwa kholo limodzi lokhala pamtunda, koma pakadali pano palibe umboni wowonekeratu wa izi. Zakale zakufa za mtundu wa Puijila darwini, zomwe zimakhala ku Arctic nthawi ya Miocene (zaka 23-5 miliyoni zapitazo), zidasowa. Mafupa osungidwa bwino adapezeka pachilumba cha Devon ku Canada.
Kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumchira, chinali chotalika masentimita 110 ndipo chinali ndi mapazi ngati zipilala m'malo mwa zipsepse momwe ana ake amakono amadzionetsera. Mapazi ake okhala ndi ukondewo amatha kupatula nthawi yina akusaka chakudya m'madzi amchere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizivuta kuyenda pamtunda kuposa mapiko am'mapazi m'nyengo yozizira, pomwe nyanja zowundana zimakakamiza kuti ifune chakudya pamalo olimba. Mchira wautali ndi miyendo yayifupi idawoneka ngati mtsinje otter.
Kanema: Chisindikizo cha Leopard
Ngakhale amaganiza kuti nyama zapamtunda zidasinthika kuchokera kuzamoyo zam'madzi, ena - monga makolo a anamgumi, manatee, ndi walruses - pomalizira pake adabwerera m'madzi amoyo, ndikupangitsa kuti mitundu yazosinthayi ngati Puijila ikhale chingwe chofunikira pakusintha.
Katswiri wa zinyama waku France a Henri Marie Ducroty de Blainville anali woyamba kufotokoza chisindikizo cha kambuku (Hydrurga leptonyx) mu 1820. Ndiwo mitundu yokhayo pamtundu wa Hydrurga. Achibale ake apafupi kwambiri ndi zisindikizo za Ross, crabeater ndi Weddell, zotchedwa zisindikizo za Lobodontini. Dzinalo Hydrurga limatanthauza "wogwira ntchito zamadzi", ndipo leptonyx amatanthauza "claw pang'ono" m'Chigiriki.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Nyalugwe wam'nyanja
Poyerekeza ndi zisindikizo zina, chisindikizo cha kambuku chimakhala chotalika komanso cholimba. Mitunduyi imadziwika ndi mutu wake waukulu komanso nsagwada ngati zokwawa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwazilombo zachilengedwe. Chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimavuta kuphonya ndi chovala choteteza, mbali yakumaso kwa chovalacho ndi yakuda kuposa mimba.
Zisindikizo za Leopard zimakhala ndi ubweya wofiirira waimvi wakuda womwe ndi mawonekedwe a kambuku wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, pomwe mbali yamkati mwa malayawo imakhala yowala, yoyera mpaka imvi. Akazi ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa amuna. Kutalika konse ndi 2.4-3.5 m, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi kwa 200 mpaka 600 kg. Zili zazitali mofanana ndi walrus wakumpoto, koma kulemera kwake kwa zisindikizo za kambuku kumakhala pafupifupi theka.
Malekezero a kamwa ya kambuku nthawi zonse amakhala opindika m'mwamba, ndikupanga kunamizira kapena kumwetulira koopsa. Nkhope zosadziwikiratuzi zimawonjezera chiweto chowopsa ndipo sichingakhale chodalirika. Izi ndizoopsa kwambiri zomwe zimawunika nthawi zonse nyama yawo. Nthawi zambiri, akapita kumtunda, amateteza malo awo, ndikuchenjeza aliyense amene ali pafupi kwambiri.
Thupi lake losindikizidwa bwino la kambukuyu limathandiza kuti lizithamanga kwambiri m'madzi, n'kumagwilizana kwambiri ndi mapiko ake aatali kwambiri. Khalidwe lina lodziwika ndi masharubu afupiafupi, achikasu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphunzira zachilengedwe. Zisindikizo za Leopard zili ndi pakamwa pambiri poyerekeza kukula kwa thupi.
Mano akuthwa ndi akuthwa, monga nyama zina zodya nyama, koma ma molars amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake m'njira yoti asese krill m'madzi, ngati chisindikizo cha crabeater. Alibe makutu akunja kapena makutu akunja, koma ali ndi ngalande yamkati yamakutu yomwe imabweretsa kutseguka kwakunja. Kumva mlengalenga ndikofanana ndi kumva kwa anthu, ndipo kambuku ka kambuku amagwiritsa ntchito makutu ake, komanso ndevu zake, kutsatira nyama zomwe zili pansi pamadzi.
Kodi kambuku amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Leopard cha Antarctica
Izi ndizisindikizo zachikunja, zomwe moyo wawo umakhudzana kwathunthu ndi ayezi. Malo okhalamo nyanja ya Antarctic ili pafupi ndi madzi oundana. Achinyamata amawoneka m'mbali mwa zilumba zazing'ono. Zisindikizo zotayika za kambuku zawonekeranso pagombe la Australia, New Zealand, South America ndi South Africa. Mu Ogasiti 2018, munthu m'modzi adawoneka ku Geraldton pagombe lakumadzulo kwa Australia. West Antarctica ili ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zisindikizo za kambuku kuposa zigawo zina.
Zosangalatsa: Nyalugwe wamwamuna wosungulumwa amasindikiza nyama zina zam'madzi ndi ma penguin m'madzi oundana a Antarctic. Ndipo akakhala kuti sakutanganidwa kufunafuna chakudya, amatha kudumphadumpha pamafunde oundana kuti apumule. Mitundu yawo yakunja ndi kumwetulira kwawo kosawonekera kumawapangitsa kuzindikira mosavuta!
Mamembala ambiri amtunduwu amakhala mkati mwa ayezi chaka chonse, amakhala otalikirana kwanthawi yayitali, kupatula nthawi yomwe amakhala ndi amayi awo. Magulu amtunduwu amatha kupita kumpoto kumpoto m'nyengo yozizira ya Australia kupita kuzilumba zazing'ono ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja zakumwera kwakumayiko kukaonetsetsa kuti ana awo akusamalidwa bwino. Ngakhale anthu osungulumwa amatha kuwonekera kumadera otsika, akazi nthawi zambiri samaswana kumeneko. Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti izi zimachitika chifukwa cha chitetezo cha ana.
Kodi nyalugwe amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Leopard
Kambuku ndi kanyama kofunika kwambiri m'dera lakummwera. Kukula msanga mpaka 40 km / h ndikutsika mpaka kuya pafupifupi 300 m, imasiya nyama yake ili ndi mwayi wochepa wopulumutsidwa. Zisindikizo za Leopard zimakhala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Antarctic krill amapanga pafupifupi 45% yazakudya zonse. Menyu imatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera komwe kuli komanso kupezeka kwa zinthu zina zokoma zobedwa. Mosiyana ndi ena onse am'banja, chakudya cha zisindikizo za nyalugwe chimaphatikizaponso nyama zakunyanja zaku Antarctic.
Nthawi zambiri amakodwa ndi chilombo chosakwanira:
- chisindikizo cha crabeater;
- Chisindikizo chaubweya ku Antarctic;
- chisindikizo
- anyani;
- Chisindikizo cha Weddell;
- nsomba;
- mbalame;
- cephalopodi.
Kufanana kwa fane namesake sikungokhala khungu chabe. Zisindikizo za Leopard ndi osaka oopsa kwambiri pa zisindikizo zonse ndipo ndi okhawo amene amadya nyama zamwazi ofunda. Amagwiritsa ntchito nsagwada zawo zamphamvu ndi mano atali kuti aphe nyama. Ndi nyama zolusa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimadikirira pansi pamadzi pafupi ndi alumali ndikugwira mbalame. Amathanso kukwera kuchokera pansi ndipo agwira mbalame pamwamba pamadzi miseche zawo. Nkhono zam'madzi ndi nyama zochepa kwambiri, koma gawo lofunika kwambiri pachakudyacho.
Chosangalatsa: Chingwe cha kambuku ndiye chisindikizo chokha chodziwika kusaka nyama yamagazi ofunda nthawi zonse.
Chochitika chodabwitsa chidachitika ndi wojambula zithunzi Paul Nicklen, yemwe, ngakhale anali pachiwopsezo, anali woyamba kulowa m'madzi a Antarctic kuti akatenge zisindikizo za kambuku m'malo awo achilengedwe. M'malo mwa chiwanda choyipa cham'nyanja, adakumana ndi nyalugwe wokongola, yemwe mwina amaganiza kuti anali patsogolo pa chidindo cha khanda mopanda nzeru.
Kwa masiku angapo, adabweretsa ma penguin amoyo ndi akufa ngati chakudya cha Nicklen ndikuyesera kumudyetsa, kapena kumuphunzitsanso kusaka ndi kudzidyetsa yekha. Chomwe chinamuchititsa mantha, Nicklen sanachite chidwi kwambiri ndi zomwe anali kupereka. Koma adakhala ndi zithunzi zodabwitsa za nyamayi yochititsa chidwi.
Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Leopard
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti, pafupipafupi, malire omiza ma aerobic azisindikizo zazing'ono amakhala pafupifupi mphindi 7. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'miyezi yachisanu, zisindikizo za kambuku sizidya krill, chomwe chimakhala gawo lalikulu lazakudya za zisindikizo zakale chifukwa krill amapezeka kwambiri. Izi nthawi zina zimatha kubweretsa kusaka limodzi.
Chosangalatsa: Pakhala pali milandu yosaka mgwirizano wa Antarctic fur seal, yochitidwa ndi chidindo chachinyamata ndipo mwina amayi ake amathandiza mwana wake wokula, kapena mwina wamkazi + wamwamuna kuti achulukitse zokolola.
Zisindikizo za kambuku zikatopa ndi kudya koma zikufuna kusangalatsidwa, zimatha kusewera mphaka ndi mbewa ndi ma penguin kapena zisindikizo zina. Penguin akasambira kupita kumtunda, anyalugwe amadula njira yomwe amathawira. Amachita izi mobwerezabwereza mpaka anyani atakwanitsa kufikira gombe, kapena atatopa. Zikuwoneka kuti palibe chifukwa pamasewerawa, makamaka popeza chisindikizo chimadya mphamvu zochulukirapo pamasewerawa ndipo mwina sangadye nyama zomwe amapha. Asayansi aganiza kuti izi ndizamasewerawa, kapena atha kukhala zisindikizo zazing'ono, zosakhwima zomwe zikuyang'ana kukulitsa luso lawo losaka.
Zisindikizo za Leopard sizigwirizana kwenikweni. Nthawi zambiri amasaka okha ndipo samakumana ndi anthu opitilira mmodzi kapena awiri amtundu wawo nthawi imodzi. Kupatula pamakhalidwe amenewa ndi nyengo yakuberekana yapachaka kuyambira Novembala mpaka Marichi, pomwe anthu angapo azikwatirana. Komabe, chifukwa cha machitidwe awo osasangalatsa komanso kusungulumwa, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pokhudzana ndi kubereka kwawo. Asayansi akuyesetsabe kudziwa momwe zisindikizo za kambuku zimasankhira anzawo komanso momwe amapangira magawo awo.
Kakhalidwe ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Sindikiza nyama ya kambuku
Chifukwa chakuti zisindikizo za kambuku zimakhala m'malo ovuta kufikako, ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika pokhudzana ndi kuswana kwawo. Komabe, njira yawo yoberekera imadziwika kuti mitala, ndiye kuti, amuna okwatirana ndi akazi angapo nthawi yakuswana. Mkazi wogonana (wazaka zitatu kapena zitatu) amatha kubereka mwana wamphongo m'mwezi wachilimwe mwa kukumana ndi mwamuna wamwamuna (wazaka 6-7 wazaka).
Kukhathamira kumachitika kuyambira Disembala mpaka Januware, atangosiya kuyamwa mwana wakhanda, pomwe wamkazi ndi oestrus. Pokonzekera kubadwa kwa zisindikizo, zazikazi zimakumba bowo lozungulira mu ayezi. Mwana wobadwa kumeneyu amalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 30 ndipo amakhala ndi mayi ake kwa mwezi umodzi asanaletsedwe kuyamwa ndikuphunzitsidwa kusaka. Chisindikizo chachimuna sichimagwira nawo ntchito posamalira ana ndipo chimabwerera kumoyo wawo wokhawokha pambuyo pa nthawi yokwatira. Kuswana kwambiri kwa zisindikizo za kambuku kumachitika pa ayezi wambiri.
Chosangalatsa: Kukhathamira kumachitika m'madzi, kenako champhongo chimasiya chachikazi kuti chisamalire kamwana, kamene kamabereka patatha masiku 274 ali ndi bere.
Amakhulupirira kuti nyimbo ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuswana, popeza amuna amakhala otakataka kwambiri panthawiyi. Mawu awa ajambulidwa ndipo akuwerengedwa. Ngakhale ndizochepa zomwe zimadziwika chifukwa chake mawuwa amatulutsidwa ndi amuna, amakhulupirira kuti amakhudzana ndi kapangidwe kake ka kubereka ndi kubereka. Amayimitsidwa mozondoka ndi kusunthasunthira uku ndi uku, amuna achikulire ali ndi mawonekedwe, okongoletsa omwe amawoneka kuti amaberekana mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndipo omwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi gawo la machitidwe awo oswana.
Kuchokera mu 1985 mpaka 1999, maulendo asanu ofufuza adachitika ku Antarctica kuti akaphunzire za zisindikizo za kambuku. Ziweto zimachitika kuyambira koyambirira kwa Novembala mpaka kumapeto kwa Disembala. Asayansiwo adawona kuti panali mwana wa ng'ombe mmodzi mwa akulu atatu aliwonse, komanso adawona kuti akazi ambiri amakhala kutali ndi zisindikizo zina zazikulu munthawi imeneyi, ndipo atawoneka m'magulu, sanasonyeze chilichonse chokhudzana. Kuchuluka kwa kufa kwa ana a kambuku mchaka choyamba kuli pafupifupi 25%.
Adani achilengedwe a zisindikizo za kambuku
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Leopard ku Antarctica
Kukhala ndi moyo wautali komanso wathanzi sikophweka ku Antarctica, ndipo zisindikizo za kambuku zili ndi mwayi wokhala ndi zakudya zabwino ndipo kulibe nyama zolusa. Anangumi opha ndiye okhawo olusa zisindikizo izi. Zisindikizo izi zikatha kuthawa mkwiyo wa nangumi wopha, atha kukhala zaka 26. Ngakhale zisindikizo za nyalugwe sizinyama zazikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, zimatha kukhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali kutengera malo awo okhazikika komanso olimba. Kuphatikiza pa anamgumi opha, zisindikizo zazing'ono za kambuku zimatha kusakidwanso ndi zisoti zazikulu komanso zisindikizo za njovu. Ma canines a nyama ndi 2.5 cm.
Kuyesera kuphunzira zolengedwa izi zitha kukhala zowopsa, ndipo nthawi ina zimadziwika kuti chisindikizo cha kambuku chidapha munthu. Posachedwapa, wasayansi ya m'madzi amene ankagwira ntchito ku British Antarctic Survey anamira atakokedwa ndi chidindo pafupifupi mamita 61 pansi pa madzi. Pakadali pano sizikudziwika ngati chidindo cha kambuku chimafuna kupha wasayansiyo, koma koposa zonse, ndichokumbutsa chofunikira cha nyama zakutchirezi.
Pofunafuna anyani anyani, kanyama kena kanyama kena kamayenda m'madzi m'mphepete mwa madzi oundana, pafupifupi kumizidwa m'madzi, kudikirira kuti mbalamezo zilunjika kunyanja. Amapha ma penguin osambira pogwira miyendo yawo, kenako mwamphamvu akugwedeza mbalameyo ndikumenya thupi lake mobwerezabwereza pamwamba pamadzi mpaka anyani atamwalira. Malipoti am'mbuyomu akuti zisindikizo za kambuku zimatsuka nyama zawo asanadyetse zapezeka kuti sizolondola.
Popanda mano ofunikira kudula nyama yake, iye amasunthira nyama yake mbali ndi mbali, ndikung'amba pang'ono. Nthawi yomweyo, krill amadyedwa ndi kuyamwa kudzera m'mano a chisindikizo, chomwe chimalola zisindikizo za kambuku kuti zisinthe pakati pamafashoni. Kusintha kwapaderaku kumatha kuwonetsa kupambana kwa chidindocho m'chilengedwe cha Antarctic.
Chiwerengero cha anthu komanso mtundu wa mitunduyi
Chithunzi: Chisindikizo cha Leopard
Pambuyo pa zisindikizo za Crabeater ndi Weddell, chisindikizo cha kambuku ndiye chisindikizo chambiri ku Antarctica. Chiwerengero cha anthu amtunduwu kuyambira 220,000 mpaka 440,000, zomwe zimapanga zisindikizo za kambuku za Least Concern. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zisindikizo za kambuku ku Antarctica, ndizovuta kuphunzira ndi njira zowonera zachikhalidwe chifukwa amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi nthawi yachilimwe ndi chilimwe ku Australia, pomwe kafukufuku amachitika mwamwambo.
Khalidwe lawo lapadera lopanga nyimbo zomveka pansi pamadzi kwanthawi yayitali zidapangitsa kuti apange zojambula zowoneka bwino, zomwe zidathandiza ochita kafukufuku kumvetsetsa mikhalidwe yambiri ya nyamayi. Zisindikizo za Leopard ndizabwino kwambiri ndipo zimawopseza anthu. Komabe, kuzunzidwa kwa anthu sikupezeka kawirikawiri. Zitsanzo zamakhalidwe achiwawa, kuzunzidwa komanso kuzunzidwa zalembedwa. Zochitika zofunikira ndizo:
Chisindikizo chachikulu cha kambuku chikuwombedwa ndi a Thomas Ord-Lees, membala wa Trans-Antarctic Expedition ya 1914-1917, pomwe ulendowu unali m'mahema panyanja. Chisindikizo cha kambuku, chotalika pafupifupi 3.7 mita ndikulemera makilogalamu 500, chinatsata Ord Lee pa ayezi. Anangopulumutsidwa pomwe membala wina waulendowu, a Frank Wilde, adawombera nyama.
Mu 1985, wofufuza malo waku Scotland a Gareth Wood adalumidwa kawiri mwendo pomwe chisindikizo cha kambuku chinayesera kukoka icho kuchokera mu ayezi kupita kunyanja. Anzake adakwanitsa kumupulumutsa pomumenya m'mutu ndi nsapato zothira. Imfa yokhayo yomwe idalembedwa idachitika mu 2003, pomwe chisindikizo cha kambuku chinaukira katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo Kirsty Brown ndikumukoka.
Kuphatikiza apo kambuku chisindikizo Onetsani chizolowezi choukira ma pontoon akuda kuchokera m'mabwato okhwima othamanga, pambuyo pake kunali koyenera kuwapatsa zida zapadera zotetezera kuti ziphulike.
Tsiku lofalitsa: 24.04.2019
Tsiku losintha: 19.09.2019 nthawi 22:35
